荧光假单胞菌感染大鲵的病理损伤

通过对感染荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescents)发病的大鲵(Andrias davidianus)主要器官进行病理剖解和病理组织学观察,以明确大鲵感染荧光假单胞菌引起的病理学损伤特点。结果表明,大鲵感染荧光假单胞菌后,主要表现为腹部极度膨胀、腹水和严重胃肠道反应,严重者可见将胃呕吐至口腔;组织器官具有典型的病理变化,其主要靶器官为肾、肝、肠道、皮肤和肌肉。分别引起坏死性肾小球肾炎、肝炎。此外,还可引起轻微肠炎及皮炎。可在肾小管管腔内、肝细胞坏死灶内、肠道固有层内及皮肤肌肉中发现数量极多的杆状细菌。     

秦岭山区中国大鲵生境因子的选择

通过对秦岭山区中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)栖息地生境因子调查、统计,利用R语言分析了各因子与大鲵生境选择的相关性,得出研究结果:秦岭山区影响大鲵生存的主要因子为栖息地类型(相关系数r=0.98),其次是水温(相关系数r=-0.8)、河岸坡度(r=-0.6)和p H (r=-0.6);浊度(相关系数r=0.5)、电导率(r=0.49)、DO(r=0.4)、人为干扰(r=0.35)和海拔(r=0.31)对大鲵分布影响不大。研究结果为探讨中国大鲵对野生环境的适应性选择提供了参考。     

中国大鲵肝脏的超微结构

应用透射电镜对中国大鲵的肝脏进行了超微结构研究.观察表明,大鲵肝不具肝小叶,与其他脊椎动物有所不同.肝细胞含有单个卵圆形的核;细胞质内含有粗面内质网、高尔基囊泡、线粒体、糖原颗粒和脂滴等细胞器和内含物.胆小管由两个相邻肝细胞质膜凹陷围成,而肝血窦则由内皮细胞的胞质构成.胆小管腔和窦周隙内浸润许多由肝细胞发出的微绒毛结构.还发现了枯否氏细胞和贮脂细胞.还讨论了中国大鲵肝脏的一般形态结构特点.     

Pathological Changes in Andrias davidianus Infected with Chinese Giant Salamander Ranavirus

Chinese giant salamander ranavirus(CGSRV) is an emerging pathogen in captive populations of the Chinese giant salamander(Andrias davidianus). We processed 140 morbid Chinese giant salamanders from seven captive breeding populations over five years, and describe the disease associated with CGSRV infection. The most common gross signs were significant swelling of the legs and coelomic cavity, erythema of the legs and ventrum in juveniles; cutaneous erosions and ulcerations in adults, particularly the limbs and the head; and marked petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages of the internal organs, particularly the liver, spleen and kidney. Histological examination showed degeneration, necrosis, and inflammation in many organs, particularly in the organs where hemorrhage was observed. There was evidence of eosinophilic inclusion bodies in degenerated and necrotic cells. We identified virus particles and empty capsids without viral nucleoid in the inclusion bodies using electron microscopy. Virus particles were hexagonal or round shape, and appeared in paracrystalline arrays, aggregates, or singly. All enveloped viral particles were 140–160 nm. Polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing verified that the virus particles were CGSRV. These results collectively support that CGSRV was the etiologic agent responsible for these mass die-offs of the Chinese giant salamander. The pathology described herein will be useful in diagnosing cases of ranaviral disease caused by CGSRV, and provide evidence that this pathogen is a significant threat to the Chinese giant salamander.     

大鲵免疫分子CD9的克隆与鉴定

CD9是4次跨膜蛋白家族成员,对机体的免疫调控发挥着重要作用．本文首次报道了大鲵CD9的鉴定及其对免疫刺激的应答．大鲵CD9（Chinese giant salamander CD9, cgsCD9）由232个氨基酸组成,被4个跨膜结构域分割成1个胞内环、2个胞外环和2个短的胞内末端,这是4次跨膜蛋白的主要结构特征．1个糖基化位点NDS、1个CCG模体和7个半胱氨酸残基保守地存在于cgsCD9．cgsCD9与其它脊椎动物CD9具有最高77%氨基酸序列一致性,并与两栖动物CD9归属一族．实时定量RT-PCR结果显示,cgsCD9在大鲵中分布广泛,脾脏组织的表达水平最高,并且脂多糖能显著提高cgsCD9 mRNA的表达．过表达于Jurkat细胞中的cgsCD9能促进核因子κB的活化以及白介素-6的表达,而cgsCD9的作用在CCG模体突变为AAA后几乎丧失．上述结果表明,cgsCD9在大鲵抵抗细菌的免疫应答中发挥重要作用．     

中国大鲵四种群的遗传结构和地理分化

为了确定栖息地的破碎化和片断化引起中国大鲵的地理分化和遗传结构变异,本文测定了来自广西、河南、陕西和湖南4个地理种群的28条大鲵的mtDNAD loop基因全序列。根据这4个地理种群的地理分布,分成珠江单元(广西种群)、黄河单元(河南种群)和长江单元(湖南和陕西种群)。通过ClustalX、MEGA2.0、DnaSP4.0、Arlequin1.1分析发现,全序列长度为771bp,其中64个多态性核苷酸变异位点,占全部碱基数的8.26%。转换和颠换分别为6和2个,插入/缺失11个。27个单倍型间的序列差异平均为1.32%。3个单元的单倍型多样性指数和核苷酸多样性指数值都偏低,而且珠江单元的这两个指数值都低于长江和黄河两个单元。珠江单元和黄河、长江单元之间分化程度显著(P<0.001),而长江和黄河单元之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。地理单元内分化程度占99.31%,而单元间只有0.69%,表明遗传差异主要发生在单元内,而且各地理单元之间的基因流较频繁。构建的NJ树和MP树显示,27个单倍型呈现一种混杂的分布格局,并未分成代表3个地理单元的聚合群。     

Transcriptome Profiles in the Spleen of the Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus) Challenged with Citrobacter freundii

Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry - The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) is one of the most important ecological breeding species with distinct characteristics and is cultured in...     

中国大鲵非损害性DNA取样及提取方法的比较研究

基于DNA 分子的研究方法在物种分类及系统学、生态遗传学、保护生物学等领域中被广泛运用,但针对动物DNA取样方法的比较研究整体上较为缺乏。动物DNA取样要在对实验对象造成最小化影响和获得满足研究需要的DNA之间保持平衡,这需要不断探索取样方法的优缺点和适用性。本研究以人工繁育的水生有尾两栖动物中国大鲵（Andrias davidianus）为研究对象,比较口腔拭子、皮肤拭子、皮肤脱落物和尾静脉采血4种取样方式对DNA质量的影响。另外,基于其中皮肤拭子样品,进一步比较试剂盒法、高盐法、苯酚氯仿法和磁珠法对DNA提取效果的影响。结果表明,4种非损害性取样方法均能获取目标物种的DNA,且均未对取样对象的行为或适合度产生明显影响,但在DNA质量和浓度方面存在一定差异,其中,相对最好的为尾静脉采血,其次是口腔拭子和皮肤拭子,最差的为皮肤脱落物样品。而基于皮肤拭子样品采用4种不同DNA提取方法所获得的DNA效果整体差异不大。本研究通过以中国大鲵作为水生和非皮毛类动物的代表类群,研究并总结了不同DNA取样方法和提取方式的优缺点和注意事项,可为未来中国大鲵或其他珍稀濒危动物的非损害性取样方法及相关分子生态学研究提供借鉴。     

大鲵MHCⅡB基因SNP位点筛选及与抗虹彩病毒性状关联分析

主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex, MHC)是位于脊椎动物染色体特定区域,编码主要组织相容性抗原的重要连锁基因群,具有调控细胞识别、激活免疫应答及调节特定病理反应等生理作用。其中,MHCⅡ类基因的多态性最高,是研究遗传、进化以及抗病育种标记的热点基因。然而,在大鲵虹彩病毒感染过程中MHC基因的表达和抗病机制尚不完全明确。本研究以1龄幼鲵作为研究对象,克隆得到MHCⅡB基因cDNA片段共1 010 bp,通过对比易感组和抗病组组织表达谱差异及候选基因序列结构特征,从而筛选抗病相关的SNP位点。结果显示,易感组中MHCⅡB基因在各组织中的m RNA表达量均显著高于抗病组,其中在皮肤组织中表达最高,为(55.715 2±0.01)。对比易感组和抗病组MHCⅡB基因序列信息,共筛选出6个候选SNP位点,占基因总碱基数的0.6%,包括4个转换位点和2个颠换位点。其中5’UTR区有1个,基因编码区有2个,3’UTR区有3个。位于基因编码区214 bp处的G/A颠换(G214A)为同义突变,而611 bp处的A/T转换(A611T)为错义突变,使抗病组该位点的苏氨酸突变为丝氨酸。蛋白质二级结构分析显示,突变后的二级结构中α螺旋增比最大,增幅近20%。本研究结果表明大鲵MHCⅡB基因参与机体虹彩病毒免疫应答过程,其多态性与抗病性状存在一定的关联性。     

中国大鲵肺脏的显微和超微结构

中国大鲵Andrias davidianus Blanchard,1871属于两栖纲有尾目隐鳃鲵科,是地球现存个体最大的两栖动物。大鲵在我国分布广泛（侯进慧等,2004）,是由水生脊椎动物向陆生脊椎动物过渡的类群,因此是研究动物进化的好材料。目前,有关大鲵内脏器官的组织形态学及结构方面的研究已有一些报道（霍军,程会昌,2003;方展强,2006）,本文报道对其肺脏超微结构的研究。     

Identification of SOCS5 Gene in the Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus) and Expression Profiles in Response to Citrobacter freundii Challenge

Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry - The full-length cDNA sequences of suppressor of cytokine signaling 5 (SOCS5) from Andrias davidianus gene, named as adSOCS5, was cloned and characterized...     

3D Bite Modeling and Feeding Mechanics of the Largest Living Amphibian,the Chinese Giant Salamander Andrias davidianus (Amphibia:Urodela)

Biting is an integral feature of the feeding mechanism for aquatic and terrestrial salamanders to capture, fix or immobilize elusive or struggling prey. However, little information is available on how it works and the functional implications of this biting system in amphibians although such approaches might be essential to understand feeding systems performed by early tetrapods. Herein, the skull biomechanics of the Chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus is investigated using 3D finite element analysis. The results reveal that the prey contact position is crucial for the structural performance of the skull, which is probably related to the lack of a bony bridge between the posterior end of the maxilla and the anterior quadrato-squamosal region. Giant salamanders perform asymmetrical strikes. These strikes are unusual and specialized behavior but might indeed be beneficial in such sit-and-wait or ambush-predators to capture laterally approaching prey. However, once captured by an asymmetrical strike, large, elusive and struggling prey have to be brought to the anterior jaw region to be subdued by a strong bite. Given their basal position within extant salamanders and their “conservative” morphology, cryptobranchids may be useful models to reconstruct the feeding ecology and biomechanics of different members of early tetrapods and amphibians, with similar osteological and myological constraints.     

水温与雌二醇对中国大鲵幼体生长与肝的影响

为探讨水温与外源17β-雌二醇(E2)暴露对中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)幼体生长的影响,设置了3个水温、2个E2暴露浓度与3个暴露时间交互处理共18组,并在3个水温下设置了3个对照组,每组幼鲵20尾,分别在出膜143、182、248天称量各组幼鲵体重。为进一步探寻E2对幼鲵生长影响的原因,在出膜143天对幼鲵的肝进行了组织切片观察。结果表明,幼鲵在(20±1)℃水温下生长最快、在(13±1)℃生长次之、在1~16℃生长最慢;在(20±1)℃水温下,外源E2暴露对幼鲵生长具有一定的抑制作用,且暴露时间越长、抑制作用越强,暴露剂量越大、抑制作用越大;E2暴露浓度为25μg/L的幼鲵极少数肝细胞质内出现了脂肪空泡,肝血窦有所扩大;E2暴露浓度为250μg/L的幼鲵约30%肝细胞与细胞核肿大、细胞质中出现脂肪空泡、被覆在肝实质表面的上皮细胞向肝实质内迁移、肝血窦扩大等。本文认为,E2暴露对幼鲵肝组织结构造成的损伤,可能是抑制幼鲵生长的主要原因。     

中国大鲵繁殖生物学研究进展

中国大鲵（Amndrias davidiamus Blanchard）是我国特有濒危的两栖物种,是研究生物进化、生物多样性、性别决定分子机制等的好材料,对于科学研究具有巨大的潜在贡献。近年来人们对它的研究力度不断加大,本文综述厂大鲵的繁殖生物学的近期研究工作,也简要探讨了大鲵繁殖生物学今后研究的主要工作,以期为大鲵繁殖生物学及繁殖技术的进一步的研究提供有价值的参考。     

中国安徽省祁门县大鲵属一新种（两栖纲：隐鳃鲵科）

中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)是世界上最大的两栖动物,曾在中国广泛分布。前期的3项分子遗传学研究表明：黄山的中国大鲵种群存在独特的遗传分化,是一个未被描述的物种。这3项研究中的分子数据均基于本文通讯作者1995年之前采自中国安徽省黄山市祁门县的原生大鲵标本。本文基于形态学比较,将1995年以前本文通讯作者在祁门县采集的11个大鲵标本描述为大鲵属一新种：祁门大鲵(Andrias cheni sp. nov.)。我们测量了11个标本的25个形态特征,并与大鲵属的其他物种进行比较。祁门大鲵与大鲵属其他物种可通过以下特征进行区分：(1)头躯扁平,头长略大于头宽,头宽/头长(HW/HL)比为0.80 ~ 0.98;(2)头部和下颌相对光滑,有不规则排列的小结节;(3)颈部侧褶与体褶不连续;(4)第三指比第一指长,指式Ⅰ< Ⅳ < Ⅲ < Ⅱ;(5)四肢粗而短,后肢比前肢长,前肢长/后肢长(FLL/PLL)比为0.78 ~ 0.96;(6)尾部肌肉发达,基部粗大,后部和上部逐渐变平,尾长约为总长度的1/3。经形态比较,本研究将祁门大鲵描述为新种,大鲵属物种增加到5个。本文提供了相对完备的形态数据,可为后续大鲵野生谱系的资源保护、人工种群遗传管理和增殖放流等提供参考。     

湖南张家界市大鲵资源调查

为科学确定张家界大鲵国家级自然保护区境内大鲵Andrias davidianus资源状况,2006～2008年对该保护区大鲵资源的分布区域和数量进行了调查.结果表明,近年该保护区野生大鲵呈不连续点状分布,约为0.2万尾,资源量仍有衰退趋势,人工养殖资源量增加较大,约3.21万尾.需要加强野生大鲵保护管理,增加人工放流数量与效益,以逐步恢复野生大鲵资源,同时继续发展大鲵人工养殖,不断增加大鲵的资源总量.     

Olfactory metamorphosis in the Coastal Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

This study examined the gross morphology and ultrastructure of the olfactory organ of larvae, neotenic adults, and terrestrial adults of the Coastal Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus). The olfactory organ of all aquatic animals (larvae and neotenes) is similar in structure, forming a tube extending from the external naris to the choana. A nonsensory vestibule leads into the main olfactory cavity. The epithelium of the main olfactory cavity is thrown into a series of transverse valleys and ridges, with at least six dorsal and nine ventral valleys lined with olfactory epithelium, and separated by ridges of respiratory epithelium. The ridges enlarge with growth, forming large flaps extending into the lumen in neotenes. The vomeronasal organ is a diverticulum off the ventrolateral side of the main olfactory cavity. In terrestrial animals, by contrast, the vestibule has been lost. The main olfactory cavity has become much broader and dorsoventrally compressed. The prominent transverse ridges are lost, although small diagonal ridges of respiratory epithelium are found in the lateral region of the ventral olfactory epithelium. The posterior and posteromedial wall of the main olfactory cavity is composed of respiratory epithelium, in contrast to the olfactory epithelium found here in aquatic forms. The vomeronasal organ remains similar to that in large larvae, but is now connected to the mouth by a groove that extends back through the choana onto the palate. Bowman's glands are present in the main olfactory cavity at all stages, but are most abundant and best developed in terrestrial adults. They are lacking in the lateral olfactory epithelium of the main olfactory cavity. At the ultrastructural level, in aquatic animals receptor cells of the main olfactory cavity can have cilia, short microvilli, a mix of the two, or long microvilli. Supporting cells are of two types: secretory supporting cells with small, electron-dense secretory granules, and ciliated supporting cells. Receptor cells of the vomeronasal organ are exclusively microvillar, but supporting cells are secretory or ciliated, as in the main olfactory cavity. After metamorphosis two distinct types of sensory epithelium occur in the main olfactory cavity. The predominant epithelium, covering most of the roof and the medial part of the floor, is characterized by supporting cells with large, electron-lucent vesicles. The epithelium on the lateral floor of the main olfactory cavity, by contrast, resembles that of aquatic animals. Both types have both microvillar and ciliated receptor cells. No important changes are noted in cell types of the vomeronasal organ after metamorphosis. A literature survey suggests that some features of the metamorphic changes described here are characteristic of all salamanders, while others appear unique to D. tenebrosus.     

史氏鲟的生态习性及其保护性利用

史氏鲟是中国现存鲟鱼中最具经济价值的优质珍稀鱼类,集观赏、美食于一体,具有个体大、寿命长、幼鱼成活率高、生长速度快等特点,经驯化后能迅速生长,对环境有较强的适应性;通过对史氏鲟生态习性、饲料和加工的研究,探讨史氏鲟繁养及利用技术;在对史氏鲟进行保护性利用的前提下深入研究史氏鲟的养殖和加工,为其他鲟鱼的研发积累经验。     

中国大鲵不同组织同工酶的比较研究

中国大鲵Chinese Giant Salamander(Andrias davidianus)是1869年被David[1]在中国西部发现的,俗称娃娃鱼、狗鱼、啼鱼,隶属两栖纲、有尾目、隐鳃鲵科、大鲵属,是世界上最大的珍稀有尾两栖类动物,被列为国家二级保护动物。曾广泛分布于我国中南部各省,是由水生脊椎动物向陆生脊椎动物过渡的类群,具有独特的科研和经济价值[2,3],从20世纪70年代起,很多学者[4—6]对大鲵的性腺发育、人工繁殖、胚胎发育及大鲵的资源状况和生态等方面做了一些研究,而有关中国大鲵同工酶方面的研究很少,同工酶的研究不仅有助于探讨个体发育过程中个体基因的表…