杀雄剂SQ-1诱导小麦生理型雄性不育小花完整叶绿体差异蛋白质组学的鉴定

为了在蛋白质水平揭示小麦雄性不育的分子遗传机制,以小麦经杀雄剂SQ-1诱导的生理型雄性不育系,以及对应正常可育系所构建的等生理差异系为试材,应用差速离心和蔗糖密度梯度离心,首先分离出供试材料小花的完整叶绿体,制备蛋白样品后采用固相IEF/SDS-PAGE双向凝胶电泳技术对完整叶绿体蛋白质进行了分离、银染,得到了重复性较好的双向电泳图谱．PDQuest 2DE软件分析识别出约150个较为清晰的蛋白质点,采用MALDI-TOF鉴定出的6个差异表达蛋白质分别是：PAP-fibrillin、ATRABB1A、底物同源结构域蛋白/Rho GAP结构域蛋白、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（Cu/Zn-SOD）、R2R3-MYB转录因子及1个假定蛋白质．生物信息学功能分析暗示,这些蛋白直接参与了花药内激素调节、蛋白质转运、蛋白质互作、活性氧积累及花药的发育,表明SQ-1诱导的小麦生理型雄性不育其败育机理可能就与这些生理代谢过程的变异直接相关．     

杀雄剂SQ-1诱导小麦雄性不育花粉粒差异蛋白质组学研究

采用固相pH梯度/SDS-PAGE双向凝胶电泳对经杀雄剂SQ-1处理和未处理的小麦(Triticum aestivum)成熟期花粉总蛋白质进行了分离, 银染显色, 获得了分辨率和重复性较好的双向电泳图谱. 通过PDQuest 2DE图像软件的分析, 在等电点4～7之间可识别350个以上较为清晰的蛋白质点, 其中差异表达明显的蛋白质点数为21个. 将11个差异点采用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱进行了肽质量指纹图谱分析, 采用Mascot软件在Swiss-prot数据库查询, 鉴定出了7个蛋白质, 它们分别是液泡转化酶、动力蛋白轻链TCTEX-1、锰超氧化物歧化酶、果糖-1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、凝集素蛋白激酶和一种未知功能的蛋白. 对已知蛋白的功能进行分析, 推测杀雄剂SQ-1诱导小麦雄性不育可能与能量代谢失衡、淀粉合成受抑制、活性氧积累、细胞凋亡以及花器官发育调节基因作用失控等有关.     

小麦苗期水分胁迫诱导差异表达cDNA的研究

以小麦幼苗为材料 ,采用mRNA差异显示方法和银染技术 ,对经过用 16 % (- 0 .5MPa)PEG - 6 0 0 0溶液处理不同时间而诱导表达的小麦基因进行分离 ,共得到cDNA差异片段 5 2条。经ReverseNorthern验证 ,检出阳性表达片段 15个 ,克隆并测序。经GenBank查询 ,11个片段序列与已知序列有较高的同源性 ,4个片段同源性非常低 ,可能为新基因。     

Differential Thermal Analysis of Milk Proteins

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used for study of milk protein denaturation. Protein solutions produced an endothermic peak of characteristic shape and temperature of peak minimum. The peak minimum is considered the coagulation temperature of the protein.

The influence of pH and additives such as sugars and NaCl was clearly observed on the thermograms of β-lactoglobulin solution. Addition of κ-casein to β-lactoglobulin solution showed an inhibitory effect on the heat coagulation.

Solid proteins produced two-stage exothermic peaks between 200°C and 400°C.

DTA was a useful method in the study of heat denaturation and degradation of protein.     

Immunohistological Analysis of Chemically Induced Proteins in Sugar Beet

Tissue-specific distribution of basic β-1,3-glucanase (Glu2), basic class II chitinase (Ch2), basic class IV chitinase (Ch4), and acidic class III chitinase (SE2) were examined both in leaves and roots of sugar beet treated with salicylic acid (SA), benzothiadiazole (BTH) and glycine betaine. Protein localization was monitored by immunohistological analysis using specific antibodies. BTH, SA as well as glycine betaine induced both Glu2 and chitinase isozymes in leaves and roots of treated plants. The enzymes were accumulated in extracellular space and cell walls. They were mostly deposited in parenchyma cells of leaves and cortex parenchyma and endodermis of roots. In leaf tissues, BTH and SA induced proteins more effectively than glycine betaine but the effect of glycine betaine in roots was as efficient as BTH and SA. Glycine betaine induced the formation of extracellular globuli containing Ch4. Induced proteins were spatially distributed over the whole plant regardless the site of the inducer application. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于iTRAQ技术分析五倍子作用白念珠菌后的差异蛋白表达

为了探讨五倍子抗白念珠菌的作用机制,提取4 μg/mL五倍子提取液作用后的白念珠菌（SC5314）总蛋白,采用同位素标记相对和绝对定量（isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation,iTRAQ）蛋白质组学技术、液相色谱串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）技术分析和鉴定差异表达的蛋白质,并对差异表达蛋白进行生物信息学分析。经LC-MS/MS鉴定出3 721种蛋白质,其中,差异表达蛋白104种,包括57种表达上调蛋白和47种表达下调蛋白。通过生物信息学分析发现,上述差异蛋白参与了氧化还原反应、过氧化氢分解代谢以及能量代谢等生物学过程。研究表明,五倍子抗白念珠菌的作用机制可能是通过抑制氧化磷酸化,进而影响菌体能量代谢和物质生成,最终导致细胞结构与功能的改变。     

Quantitative Changes in Maize Membrane Proteins Induced by Aluminium

Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used for monitoring Al-induced changes in polypeptide composition of membrane proteins isolated from 3-d-old maize seedlings subjected to aluminium stress. Analysis of peripheral membrane proteins isolated from maize root showed an Al-induced increase in accumulation of 14 polypeptides with apparent molecular mass from 10 to 135 kDa. Qualitative differences were found between peripheral membrane proteins isolated from root tip (increased accumulation of 4 polypeptides with M_r 42 000 – 135 000) and from root base (increased accumulation of 10 polypeptides with M_r 10 000 – 59 000). On the other hand, no Al-induced changes were observed in peripheral membrane proteins isolated from maize coleoptile and integral membrane proteins isolated either from root or coleoptile. These results indicate that peripheral membrane proteins undergo considerable changes during 24-h Al treatment while integral membrane proteins pattern is stable.     

脊髓全横断损伤后差异表达蛋白的蛋白质组学分析

 对脊髓全横断损伤前后的大鼠脊髓全蛋白质进行双向凝胶电泳,借助PDQuest软件从中找出差异表达蛋白质点.应用基质辅助激光解吸电离串联质谱,对差异表达的蛋白质点进行鉴定,成功鉴定出18种蛋白质.脊髓损伤3 d后表达上调的蛋白质有巨噬细胞游走抑制因子、S期激酶相关蛋白 1、热休克蛋白 27、多配体蛋白聚糖 3、T细胞受体β链可变区、膜联蛋白Ⅲ、腺苷酸激酶 1、半乳凝素 3、丙酮酸脱氢酶、磷脂酶 B、嗜铬粒蛋白 A、热休克蛋白70凝结蛋白 1;同时表达下调的蛋白质有磷酸丙糖异构酶、神经鞘氨醇磷酸化受体、热休克蛋白10、肽酰 脯氨酰 顺反式异构酶 A多数差异蛋白质涉及到神经细胞的增殖、凋亡、应激反应等过程,为进一步阐明中枢神经系统的损伤和修复机制提供了理论依据.摘要 对脊髓全横断损伤前后的大鼠脊髓全蛋白质进行双向凝胶电泳,借助PDQuest软件从中找出差异表达蛋白质点.应用基质辅助激光解吸电离串联质谱,对差异表达的蛋白质点进行鉴定,成功鉴定出18种蛋白质.脊髓损伤3 d后表达上调的蛋白质有巨噬细胞游走抑制因子、S期激酶相关蛋白 1、热休克蛋白 27、多配体蛋白聚糖 3、T细胞受体β链可变区、膜联蛋白Ⅲ、腺苷酸激酶 1、半乳凝素 3、丙酮酸脱氢酶、磷脂酶 B、嗜铬粒蛋白 A、热休克蛋白70凝结蛋白 1;同时表达下调的蛋白质有磷酸丙糖异构酶、神经鞘氨醇磷酸化受体、热休克蛋白10、肽酰 脯氨酰 顺反式异构酶 A多数差异蛋白质涉及到神经细胞的增殖、凋亡、应激反应等过程,为进一步阐明中枢神经系统的损伤和修复机制提供了理论依据.     

Differential Expression of Proteins in Response to Molybdenum Deficiency in Winter Wheat Leaves Under Low-Temperature Stress

Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential micronutrient for plants. To obtain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cold resistance enhanced by molybdenum application in winter wheat, we applied a proteomic approach to investigate the differential expression of proteins in response to molybdenum deficiency in winter wheat leaves under low-temperature stress. Of 13 protein spots that were identified, five spots were involved in the light reaction of photosynthesis, five were involved in the dark reaction of photosynthesis, and three were highly involved in RNA binding and protein synthesis. Before the application of cold stress, four differentially expressed proteins between the Mo deficiency (?Mo) vs. Mo application (+Mo) comparison are involved in carbon metabolism and photosynthetic electron transport. After 48 h of cold stress, nine differentially expressed proteins between the ?Mo vs. +Mo comparison are involved in carbon metabolism, photosynthetic electron transport, RNA binding, and protein synthesis. Under ?Mo condition, cold stress induced a more than twofold decrease in the accumulation of six differential proteins including ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large-chain precursor, phosphoglycerate kinase, cp31BHv, chlorophyll a/b-binding protein, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit, and ribosomal protein P1, whereas under +Mo condition cold stress only decreased the expression of RuBisCO large subunit, suggesting that Mo application might contribute to the balance or stability of these proteins especially under low-temperature stress and that Mo deficiency has greater influence on differential protein expression in winter wheat after low-temperature stress. Further investigations showed that Mo deficiency decreased the concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids; the maximum net photosynthetic rate; the apparent quantum yield; and carboxylation efficiency, even before the application of the cold stress, although the decrease rates were greater after 48 h of cold treatment, which is consistent with changes in the expressions of differential proteins in winter wheat under low-temperature stress. These findings provide some new evidence that Mo might be involved in the light and dark reaction of photosynthesis and protein synthesis.     

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Differentially Expressed Proteins Induced by Hydrogen Sulfide in Spinacia oleracea Leaves

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), as a potential gaseous messenger molecule, has been suggested to play important roles in a wide range of physiological processes in plants. The aim of present study was to investigate which set of proteins is involved in H₂S-regulated metabolism or signaling pathways. Spinacia oleracea seedlings were treated with 100 µM NaHS, a donor of H₂S. Changes in protein expression profiles were analyzed by 2-D gel electrophoresis coupled with MALDI-TOF MS. Over 1000 protein spots were reproducibly resolved, of which the abundance of 92 spots was changed by at least 2-fold (sixty-five were up-regulated, whereas 27 were down-regulated). These proteins were functionally divided into 9 groups, including energy production and photosynthesis, cell rescue, development and cell defense, substance metabolism, protein synthesis and folding, cellular signal transduction. Further, we found that these proteins were mainly localized in cell wall, plasma membrane, chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus, peroxisome and cytosol. Our results demonstrate that H₂S is involved in various cellular and physiological activities and has a distinct influence on photosynthesis, cell defense and cellular signal transduction in S. oleracea leaves. These findings provide new insights into proteomic responses in plants under physiological levels of H₂S.     

Global Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes and Proteins in the Wheat Callus Infected by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation is an extremely complex and evolved process involving genetic determinants of both the bacteria and the host plant cells. However, the mechanism of the determinants remains obscure, especially in some cereal crops such as wheat, which is recalcitrant for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. In this study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were analyzed in wheat callus cells co-cultured with Agrobacterium by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS). A set of 4,889 DEGs and 90 DEPs were identified, respectively. Most of them are related to metabolism, chromatin assembly or disassembly and immune defense. After comparative analysis, 24 of the 90 DEPs were detected in RNA-seq and proteomics datasets simultaneously. In addition, real-time RT-PCR experiments were performed to check the differential expression of the 24 genes, and the results were consistent with the RNA-seq data. According to gene ontology (GO) analysis, we found that a big part of these differentially expressed genes were related to the process of stress or immunity response. Several putative determinants and candidate effectors responsive to Agrobacterium mediated transformation of wheat cells were discussed. We speculate that some of these genes are possibly related to Agrobacterium infection. Our results will help to understand the interaction between Agrobacterium and host cells, and may facilitate developing efficient transformation strategies in cereal crops.     

Cluster Formation of Anchored Proteins Induced by Membrane-Mediated Interaction

Computer simulations were used to study the cluster formation of anchored proteins in a membrane. The rate and extent of clustering was found to be dependent upon the hydrophobic length of the anchored proteins embedded in the membrane. The cluster formation mechanism of anchored proteins in our work was ascribed to the different local perturbations on the upper and lower monolayers of the membrane and the intermonolayer coupling. Simulation results demonstrated that only when the penetration depth of anchored proteins was larger than half the membrane thickness, could the structure of the lower monolayer be significantly deformed. Additionally, studies on the local structures of membranes indicated weak perturbation of bilayer thickness for a shallowly inserted protein, while there was significant perturbation for a more deeply inserted protein. The origin of membrane-mediated protein-protein interaction is therefore due to the local perturbation of the membrane thickness, and the entropy loss—both of which are caused by the conformation restriction on the lipid chains and the enhanced intermonolayer coupling for a deeply inserted protein. Finally, in this study we addressed the difference of cluster formation mechanisms between anchored proteins and transmembrane proteins.     

新疆冬春麦区小麦地方品种贮藏蛋白遗传多样性研究

采用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）对236份新疆小麦地方品种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）的组成进行了分析。结果表明：Glu-Ⅰ位点共有19种等位基因,其中Glu-Al位点3种,Glu-Bl位点7种,Glu—D1住点9种;亚基null、7＋8、2＋12在各自的位点上出现频率最高,分别达到91．95％、85．17％、80．93％;亚基组成类型共有21种,主要为null／7＋8／2＋12,频率达70．34％;同时筛选出33份含有1、2^＊、13＋16、14＋15、5＋10、1．5＋10、174-18等优质亚基的材料,可作为优质基因源。利用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（A-PAGE）对其中的65份地方品种进行醇溶蛋白多样性分析。结果表明：电泳出现64条迁移率不同的谱带,构成65种组合,其中ω区出现的谱带最多,达17条;其次是β和γ区各16条,α区出现的谱带数最少,为15条。从每条谱带在65份材料中出现的频率看,总的变异范围为1．54％～93．85％;α、β、γ和ω4个分区多样性指数（H1）分别为0．498、0．386、0．523和0．348,表明新疆麦区小麦地方品种贮藏蛋白位点存在丰富的遗传多样性。     

Regulation of Phosphorylation of Wheat Mitochondrial Proteins by Divalent Cations

Mitochondria isolated from 4-day-old dark-grown wheat seedlings were purified by self-generating Percoll gradient. Phosphorylation reaction was carried out in vitro with the addition of [ c-³²P]ATP and polypeptides resolved by 50S-PAGE were subjected to autoradiography. Amongst endogenous polypeptides phosphorylated, four polypeptides of 120, 66, 43 and 21 kD were prominent. Addition of Mg²⁺ (5 mM) caused dephosphorylation of 120 and 66 kO polypeptides but, simultaneously, induced/enhanced the phosphorylation of some polypeptides, with the effect being more pronounced on a 67 kD species. The phosphorylation of 120 kD species and a few other polypeptides was also down-regulated and that of a 18 kD polypeptide was up-regulated by Ca²⁺. The present study provides evidence that phosphorylation status of mitochondrial proteins is regulated by Mg²⁺ and/or Ca²⁺-dependent phosphatase(s) and protein kinase(s).     

Histopathogenesis of Galls Induced by Meloidogyne naasi in Wheat Roots

Histopathogenesis of galls induced by Meloidogyne naasi in wheat roots was studied. Large numbers of larvae penetrated wheat root tips within 24 hr; larvae migrated both inter- and intracellularly, causing cortical hypertrophy. Giant cells were formed in the stele around the head of each nematode within 4 to 5 days. Initial pathological alterations in giant cell formation consisted of hypertrophy of protophloem and protoxylem cells, their nuclei and nucleoli. Giant ceils contained 2 to 8 agglomerated multinucleolate nuclei. Synchronous mitotic divisions were first observed 9 days after inoculation. After 21 days, giant cells became highly vacuolate. Observations 40 days after inoculation revealed a complete degeneration of cell contents in many giant cells but their thick walls remained intact. Abnormal xylem completely surrounded the degenerated or partially degenerated giant cells.     

Hormonally Induced Polyembryos in Wheat

It had been shown previously that wheat plants, which had been sprayed with auxin herbicide al flowering lime, produced seeds with extra shoots. These shoots have now been found lo belong So new, and relatively normal, embryos formed in the lower part of the scutellum.     

利用双向电泳技术研究异烟肼耐药MTB感染U937引致的差异表达蛋白

利用双向电泳技术对结核分枝杆菌（MTB）异烟肼（INH）耐药株和敏感株感染人源巨 噬细胞（U937）后的全细胞蛋白表达图谱进行差异比较和分析,发现其中产生差异的有86个蛋白质斑点.利用基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱技术对其中8个差异表达蛋白质斑点进行分析鉴定,获得8个明确的肽质量指纹图谱.通过在蛋白质数据库中进行检索分析,确定这8个蛋白质中的2个为在INH耐药株感染的U937中差异表达的干细胞生长因子和主要组织相容性复合物Ⅰ类抗原,6个为在敏感株感染的U937中差异表达的微管蛋白β4、信号转导和转录激活子3、延长因子-2激酶、环指蛋白29、锌指蛋白193和SNARE Vti1a-β蛋白.实验结果显示,INH耐药株和敏感株感染后的U937表达蛋白有差异,这有助于分析解释临床中观察到的受INH耐药株感染的病例出现毒力下降、致病性下降、传染性降低以及潜伏期延长的现象.结果为针对INH耐药株进行的新疫苗的设计提供了探索方向.     

小麦质核互作型雄性不育系及其保持系花药差异蛋白质组学分析

为了能从蛋白质水平揭示小麦细胞质雄性不育的分子遗传机制,采用IEF/SDS-PAGE双向凝胶电泳技术,对小麦质核互作型雄性不育系(S)-1376A及其保持系(A)-1376B在花药发育的单核期、二核期蛋白质进行了差异蛋白质组学研究,经考马斯亮蓝染色,得到了重复性较好的双向电泳图谱．PDQuest 软件在分子质量9.0～100.0 ku、等电点4～7 线性范围内,可识别约610个蛋白质点,对28个差异表达的蛋白质点采用基质辅助激光解吸分离飞行时间质谱进行肽指纹图谱分析,并利用Mascot 软件在NCBInr数据库搜索,鉴定出12个差异表达蛋白,其中5个差异表达蛋白可能与雄性不育有关,分别是泛素结合酶E2、甘氨酸富集蛋白、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、假定半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂及1, 5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶小链克隆512,它们参与了物质能量代谢、细胞程序化死亡及花发育调控等过程,推测不育系(S)-1376A 雄性不育性可能与这些生理生化代谢有关．研究结果为揭示雄性不育机理提供了理论依据．