Sorbitol Synthesis in Transgenic Tobacco with Apple cDNA Encoding NADP-Dependent Sorbitol-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

The apple (Malus domestica) cDNA encoding NADP-dependent sorbitol-6-phosphatedehydrogenase (S6PDH) was stably integrated and expressed intransgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. SR1). Expression ofthe cDNA in either a sense or antisense orientation was accomplishedusing cauliflower mosaic virus regulatory sequences (CaMV35S).Sorbitol synthesis was confirmed by gas-chromatography-mass-spectroscopy(GC-MS). Sorbitol concentration in the leaves of the transgenicplants expressing the sense orientation varied from 186 to 446nmol (g fr wt)^-1. The concentration positively correlates withS6PDH activity in leaves. Neither sorbitol nor S6PDH activitywas detected in the extracts of nontransformed tobacco or transgenictobacco expressing the antisense orientation. These resultsprovide key genetic evidence that S6PDH expression is sufficientfor the synthesis of sorbitol in tobacco, implicating it asa key enzyme in the sorbitol biosynthetic pathway in apple andperhaps other members of the woody Rosaceae. ¹Present address: Laboratory of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture,Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-01 Japan     

Purification and Properties of NADP-Dependent Sorbitol-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Apple Seedlings

NADP-dependent sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH) waspurified from apple (Malus domestica) seedlings by a purificationprocedure that included two fractionations by affinity chromatography.The purified enzyme was a homogeneous protein that migratedas a single polypeptide chain with an apparent relative massof 36,000 during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis andthe native enzyme was a homodimer of the polypeptide. The maximumvelocity of the reduction of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) was muchhigher than that of the oxidation of sorbitol-6-phosphate (S6P)and the enzyme had high G6P-reducing activity over the pH rangefrom 7 to 11 even though the oxidation of S6P proceeded veryslowly at neutral pH. These results are consistent with thehypothesis that S6PDH plays a major role in the biosynthesisof sorbitol in vivo. The reduction of G6P to S6P was inhibitedby the addition of nucleotide di- or triphosphates. ATP, thestrongest inhibitor, and ADP inhibited the reduction of G6Pin a competitive manner with respect to NADPH and the K_i valueswere 0.18 mM for ATP and 0.30 mM for ADP. (Received March 24, 1992; Accepted May 25, 1993)     

Subcellular Localization of Sorbitol-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase in Protoplast from Apple Cotyledons

The subcellular localization of sorbitol-6-phosphate (S6P) dehydrogenasein protoplasts of apple cotyledons was examined by differentialcentrifugation and linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation(30–60%, w/w). The distribution of S6P dehydrogenase activitywas 55% in the 500 x g pellet of the homogenate and 35% in thesupernatant of 105,000 x g. When the x g pellet was recentrifugedin a linear sucrose density gradient, one major peak of activitywas found at a density of 1.23. This peak coincided with themajor peak of chlorophyll and NADP⁺-triose-P dehydrogenase activity.When the 500 x g pellet was sonicated, the major peak of S6Pdehydrogenase activity shifted to a lighter density (d=1.18).The shifted peak also coincided with the peak of chlorophyll.The enzyme detected in the major peak of chlorophyll (d=1.23)was partially solubilized by sonic or detergent treatment, butnot by hypotonic solution. The results supported the localizationof S6P dehydrogenase in chloroplasts, and presumably their associationwith thylakoid membranes. Part of the enzyme was assumed tobe naturally present in the cytosol, too. (Received November 4, 1980; Accepted January 21, 1981)     

苹果6-磷酸山梨醇脱氢酶基因启动子逆境诱导表达特性研究

为研究6-磷酸山梨醇脱氢酶(sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,S6PDH)基因启动子(S6PDHp)的逆境诱导表达特性,利用Gateway技术构建了S6PDH基因启动子区5'端系列缺失体与GUS基因的融合表达载体,并通过农杆菌介导法转化拟南芥。对转基因拟南芥进行低温和外源ABA处理,通过GUS蛋白活性变化分析S6PDHp的逆境诱导表达特性。研究结果发现,通过Gateway技术构建了4个S6PDHp 5'端系列缺失体与β-葡萄糖苷酸酶(GUS)基因的融合表达载体(pGWB433-S6PDHp1、pGWB433-S6PDHp2、pGWB433-S6PDHp3和p GWB433-S6PDHp4)并获得了相应的转基因拟南芥。对转基因植株进行低温处理后发现,p GWB433-S6PDHp3转基因植株中的GUS活性增幅最大,达到显著水平,而其他转基因植株中的GUS活性基本保持不变。外源ABA处理后发现,除p GWB433-S6PDHp4外,其余启动子缺失体转基因拟南芥中GUS活性显著升高。以上结果表明,低温和外源ABA能够诱导S6PDHp的表达,但不同的缺失体响应程度不同,意味着在S6PDHp序列(-2 396bp至-236bp)中可能存在着响应逆境胁迫的正负调控顺式作用元件。     

Atypical Genetic Locus Associated with the zwf Gene Encoding the Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Enterococcus mundtii CRL35

The zwf gene encoding glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD, EC.1.1.1.49) from Enterococcus mundtii CRL35 was cloned as a 4921 bp EcoRI fragment and analyzed. The predicted zwf gene product consists of 506 residues with a molecular mass of 58.4 kDa, and is fully active in Escherichia coli as demonstrated by its heterologous expression in the zwf-negative mutant E. coli Su294. It shows a high degree of sequence identity (40–60%) to G6PDs described in other bacteria. Upstream of the zwf gene, a homolog of the DtxR family was identified (ORF D). Analysis of the 5′ sequence of ORF D revealed a potential promoter sequence, which would suggest the presence of an operon-like structure between ORF D and the zwf gene. Finally, it was found that Fe²⁺ levels have an important role as a modulator of G6PD activity. This is the first report of this type of regulation of G6PD activity. A possible involvement in oxidative stress is discussed.     

Purification and Characteristics of Sorbitol-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase from Loquat Leaves

To study the role of sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in sorbitol synthesis in leaves of Rosaceous plants, properties of the enzyme and its presence in several plants in the family was investigated. The activity of the enzyme, which catalyzes an NADP-dependent oxidation of the substrate to glucose-6-phosphate, was detected in leaves of Prunus mume, Prunus persica, Rhaphiolepsis indica, Sorbus aucuparia, Cydonia oblonga, Photinia glabra, Sorbaria kirilowii, and Spiraea thunbergii.     

Evidence for the Heterolobosea from Phylogenetic Analysis of Genes Encoding Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

ABSTRACT The phylogenetic relationships between major slime mould groups and the identification of their unicellular relatives has been a subject of controversy for many years. Traditionally, it has been assumed that two slime mould groups, the acrasids and the dictyostelids were related by virtue of their cellular slime mould habit; a view still endorsed by at least one current classification scheme, However, a decade ago, on the basis of detailed ultrastructural resemblances, it was proposed that acrasids of the family Acrasidae were not relatives of other slime moulds but instead related to a group of mostly free-living unicellular amoebae, the Schizopyrenida. The class Heterolobosea was created to contain these organisms and has since figured in many discussions of protist evolution. We sought to test the validity of Heterolobosea by characterizing homologs of the highly conserved glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from an acrasid, Acrasis rosea ; a dictyostelid, Dictyostelium discoideum ; and the schizopyrenid Naegleria andersoni. Phylogenetic analysis of these and other GAPDH sequences, using maximum parsimony, neighbour-joining distance and maximum likelihood methods strongly supports the Heterolobosea hypothesis and discredits the concept of a cellular slime mould grouping. Moreover, all of our analyses place Dictyostelium discoideum as a relatively recently originating lineage, most closely related to the Metazoa, similar to other recently published phylogenies of protein-coding genes. However, GAPDH phylogenies do not show robust branching orders for most of the relationships between major groups. We propose that several of the incongruencies observed between GAPDH and other molecular phylogenies are artifacts resulting from substitutional saturation of this enzyme.     

Genetic Mapping of Loci for Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, Gluconate-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, and Gluconate-6-Phosphate Dehydrase in Escherichia coli

The loci on the Escherichia coli genome of mutations affecting the constitutive enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (zwf) and gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (gnd), and the inducible enzyme gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrase (edd), were determined by conjugation and transduction experiments, chiefly by three-factor crosses. They are in the same region of the chromosome, and their order is gnd-his-(edd, zwf)-aroD; gnd and his are cotransduceable, as are zwf and edd. The position of gnd in Salmonella typhimurium was shown to be similar to that in E. coli.     

玉米果糖—6—磷酸，2—激酶／果糖—2，6—二磷酸酶基因的结构与表达分析

通过RT-PCR,结果RACE技术,得到了玉米（Zea maysL.)果糖-6-磷酸,2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶的全长cDNA克隆。命名为mF2KP,氨基酸序列同源性比较发现,mF2KP蛋白可以分为两个部分;C端包含高度保守的催化功能区。N端为植物中特有的多肽,将mF2KP基因中一段包含完整催化功能区的片段在大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli)中表达,融合蛋白具有果糖-6-磷酸,2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶活性,Northern杂交证明在种子活力不同的幼苗中,mF2KP的转录水平存在明显差异。种子活力越高,幼苗中mF2KP的转录水平越低。     

玉米果糖-6-磷酸,2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶基因的结构与表达分析

通过RT-PCR,结合RACE技术,得到了玉米(Zea mays L.)果糖-6-磷酸,2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶的全长cDNA克隆,命名为mF2KP.氨基酸序列同源性比较发现,mF2KP蛋白可以分为两个部分:C端包含高度保守的催化功能区,N端为植物中特有的多肽.将mF2KP基因中一段包含完整催化功能区的片段在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中表达,融合蛋白具有果糖-6-磷酸,2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酶活性.Northern杂交证明在种子活力不同的幼苗中,mF2KP的转录水平存在明显差异.种子活力越高,幼苗中mF2KP的转录水平越低.     

Cloning, Structure, and Chromosome Localization of the Mouse Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Gene

Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) is a nuclear-encoded, mitochondrial matrix enzyme. In humans, deficiency of GCDH leads to glutaric acidemia type I, an inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism characterized by a progressive neurodegenerative disease. In this report we describe the cloning and structure of the mouse GCDH (Gcdh) gene and cDNA and its chromosomal localization. The mouse Gcdh cDNA is 1.75 kb long and contains an open reading frame of 438 amino acids. The amino acid sequences of mouse, human, and pig GCDH are highly conserved. The mouse Gcdh gene contains 11 exons and spans 7 kb of genomic DNA. Gcdh was mapped by backcross analysis to mouse chromosome 8 within a region that is homologous to a region of human chromosome 19, where the human gene was previously mapped.     

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from the Chemolithotroph Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was partially purified from both glucose-grown and iron-glucose-grown Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The enzyme possesses a dual nucleotide specificity for either nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and has a molecular weight of 110,000 as determined by gel electrophoresis. Evidence is presented that T. ferrooxidans glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is identical when isolated from cells grown mixotrophically (iron-glucose grown) or cells grown heterotrophically (glucose-grown cells). The enzyme is activated by Mg(2+), and to a lesser extent by low concentrations of Mn(2+). Reduced NAD inhibits the enzyme from T. ferrooxidans. No deviation from normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics was observed in velocity versus substrate concentration experiments. Adenosine triphosphate exerted a profound inhibition of the enzyme; the effect was 10 times more pronounced in the presence of NAD as compared to NADP. The physiological significance of this inhibition is discussed.     

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase/6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase Ratio and the Glucose-6-Phosphate, 6-Phosphogluconate and Fructose-6-Phosphate Contents in Tobacco Plants Infected with Potato Virus Y

The ratio of activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (G6P DH/6PG DH), and the contents of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), 6-phosphogluconate (6PG) and fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) were studied at various stages of potato virus Y (PVY) multiplication in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun. G6P DH/6PG DH increased through the experiment from 0.42 to 0.53 in leaves of healthy tobacco, and up to 0.59 in PVY systemically infected leaves. However, these ratios in the ruptured protoplast preparations, and the chloroplast and cytosol fractions of healthy protoplasts were similar to that from infected ones. The ratio lower than 1, found in the healthy and/or PVY- infected leaf tissues and in the infected protoplasts as well, confirms the assumption that G6P DH is the control enzyme of oxidative pentosephosphate pathway not only in the healthy but also in the infected plants. The contents of G6P, 6PG and F6P in the period of the highest PVY multiplication were strongly decreased (to 30 – 50 % when compared with control healthy leaves) and were negatively correlated with the G6P DH and 6PG DH activities.     

Genetic Map Position of the Gluconate-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gene in Salmonella typhimurium

Gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GND) is genetically determined in Salmonella typhimurium by a locus (gnd) mapping between the somatic antigen (rfb) and histidine (his) operons. The enzyme is constitutive. Strains of Salmonella carrying an F' genetic element which contains the gnd(+) gene have GND activity two to three times that of the wild type. This gene dosage effect was used to determine that the GND reaction is not rate-limiting for the metabolism of glucose by the pentose shunt in S. typhimurium.