改造中国仓鼠卵巢细胞

原核细胞、酵母细胞以及昆虫细胞相比,中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（CHO）作为宿主细胞表达的外源蛋白最接近其天然构象,因而CHO细胞表达系统是生物工程制药最为理想的表达系统。但这种系统也存在诸多缺点。如在大规模培养中CHO细胞会面临着对无血清培养基的适应性差、细胞无限度增殖以及细胞凋亡等很多难题。所以除了在培养基、培养条件和表达载体方面下功夫优化该系统外,对CHO细胞本身进行改造已成为优化CHO表达系统的另一热点。      

中国仓鼠卵巢细胞的悬浮适应及代谢特征

目的：通过悬浮适应,使中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（CHO细胞）获得悬浮生长的特性,并可在悬浮培养条件下较快地生长。方法：将CHO细胞以3×10^5／mL接种于100mL的三角瓶内,培养时加入1％小牛血清、1g/LPIuronic F-68、25μg／mL硫酸葡聚糖,培养体积35mL,摇床转速90r／min,每24h离心换液,当细胞增殖为2×10^6／mL时传代。结果：经过悬浮适应,细胞的平均比生长速率由适应最初的0．27／d提高为适应后的0．48／d,最大总细胞密度由适应初期的2．5×10^6／mL提高为适应后的6．3×10^6／mL,目的蛋白活性也由适应前的2781U／mL提高为适应后的8878U／mL,适应后细胞的葡萄糖平均比消耗率为1．42μmol／（10^6细胞·d）,低于适应前的2．16μmol／（10^6细胞·d）。结论：贴壁生长的CHO细胞经过悬浮适应,不仅可以在悬浮培养条件下快速生长,而且细胞对葡萄糖的利用率也得到提高。     

中国仓鼠卵巢细胞及其表达载体的改造

哺乳动物细胞因其表达的外源蛋白最接近天然构象,已成为生产重组蛋白药物的理想系统。其中,中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（CHO）是目前最为常用的表达系统,但这种系统也存在很多缺点,如大规模培养中表达量低、生产成本高、细胞无限度增殖及细胞凋亡等。目前,通过优化培养基配方和培养条件很难从根本上解决上述问题,必须从整个表达系统着手进行改造,其中CHO细胞本身和表达载体的改造最为关键。     

Infection of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells by Pseudorabies Virus

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have recently been used for identification of receptors for several alphaherpesviruses, including pseudorabies virus (PrV) (R. J. Geraghty, C. Krummenacher, G. H. Cohen, R. J. Eisenberg, and P. G. Spear, Science 280:1618-1620, 1998). The experiments were based on the fact that CHO cells are inefficient target cells for PrV. However, a detailed analysis of the interaction between PrV and CHO wild-type and recombinant PrV-receptor bearing cells has not been performed. We show here that PrV has a growth defect on CHO cells which leads to a ca. 100-fold reduction in plating efficiency, strongly delayed penetration kinetics, and a 10(4)-fold reduction in one-step growth. Entry of PrV into CHO cells is significantly delayed but is not affected by inhibitors of endocytosis, suggesting that the mechanism of penetration resembles that on permissive cells. The defects in plating efficiency and penetration could be corrected by expression of herpesvirus entry mediators B (HveB), HveC, or HveD, with HveC being the most effective. However, the defects in one-step growth and plaque formation were not corrected by expression of PrV receptors, indicating an additional restriction in viral replication after entry. Surprisingly, PrV infection of CHO cells was sensitive to neutralization by a gB-specific monoclonal antibody, which does not inhibit PrV infection of other host cells. Moreover, the same monoclonal antibody neutralized PrV infectivity on cells displaying the interference phenomenon by overexpression of gD and subsequent intracellular sequestration of gD receptors. Thus, absence of gD receptors on two different host cells leads to an increased sensitivity of PrV toward gB neutralization. We hypothesize that this is due to the increased requirement for interaction of gB with a cellular surface protein in the absence of the gD-gD receptor interaction. As expected, CHO cells are as susceptible as other host cells to infection by PrV gD(-) Pass, an infectious gD-negative PrV mutant. However, PrV gD(-) Pass was also not able to form plaques on CHO cells.     

中国仓鼠卵巢细胞表达新技术

中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（CHO细胞）是基因工程药物生产的最佳表达系统之一,在生物制药中被广泛应用。传统的获得高表达CHO细胞株的方法费时、费力。近年来出现了一些CHO细胞高效表达新技术,它们从克服位置效应,提高基因转录效率、mRNA翻译效率及稳定性、筛选高表达细胞的效率等不同层次调控外源基因在CHO细胞中的高效表达。与MTX加压扩增基因获得高效表达外源基因的方法比较,能够节约时间、减少工作量,不易丢失高表达细胞株。     

红细胞生成素在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中稳定表达

红细胞生成素是调节体内血液生成的一种重要体液因子,对红细胞以及血小板发生都有调节作用,具有非常巨大的临床应用价值。由于该蛋白在正常体内含量甚微,目前国外已研制出体外高表达红细胞生成素的细胞株,临床应用表明其分泌产物对多种贫血尤其是由肾衰引起的贫血具有十分显著的疗效,而且安全可靠。国外几年前就有批量生产,但我国至今无自己的重组产品问市。为此,我们进     

红细胞生成素cDNA在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中的稳定表达

将(?)红细胞生成素(EPO)cDNA构建的重组表达质粒用电穿孔法引入COS-7细胞,ELISA和红系集落测活结果表明,该重组质粒在哺乳动物细胞中能够表达有生物活性的红细胞生成素。进一步将其转染CHO-dhfr~-细胞,经氨甲喋呤(MTX)加压扩增,混合细胞中各克隆表达水平比较一致,细胞的平均表达水平为2-3μg/10~6 Cells/24hr。细胞冻存后复苏其表达水平与冻存前一致,表明外源基因整合稳定。     

外源蛋白在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中高效表达的策略

高效表达外源蛋白,在生物制药中有重要意义.中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（Chinese hamster ovary cell）是表达外源蛋白的最佳真核表达系统之一.影响外源蛋白在CHO细胞表达的因素甚多,主要包括载体、宿主细胞和外源基因几方面.深入了解和灵活运用它们之间的关系,有助于获得外源基因在CHO细胞中的高效表达.     

Kinetics of Micronucleus Expression In Synchronized Irradiated Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

The kinetics of expression of radiation-induced micronuclei (MN) in synchronized Chinese hamster cells (CHO) was examined. the purpose of the study was to determine if the cell cycle distribution of a population significantly influences the levels of radiation induced MN, thereby obscuring the exact quantification of the radiation effect. Cells were synchronized by centrifugal elutriation, irradiated, and then different phases of the cell cycle were examined for: cell cycle progression, division probability, and temporal expression of MN. the results demonstrate that the time interval for maximal MN expression is long enough that the position of cells in the cell cycle and radiation induced division delays do not prevent the majority of cells from completing their first post-irradiation mitosis, therefore, expressing MN. By following the progression of synchronized cell populations by flow cytometry and also examining the time of division of individual cells for 24 hr after irradiation, we observed that the maximum number of cells from all phases of the cell cycle are in their first post-irradiation interphase at that time, thus explaining the MN results.     

An Impaired Uptake of Glucosamine in Tunicamycin Resistant Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

Tunicamycin resistant mutants (TM^R) were isolated and characterized from Chinese hamster ovary cells. One feature of this TM^R mutants was a marked decrease in incorporation of radioactive glucosamine, both into membrane glycoproteins and G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus.

The cellular uptake and incorporation into acid insoluble materials of various radioactive substances, including glucosamine, galactosamine, mannose, 2-deoxyglucose and leucine, was examined for the purpose of determination whether the reduced incorporation of radioactive glucosamine into glycoproteins was due to a defect in the glycosylation step or decreased uptake of glucosamine by cells.

While incorporation of glucosamine and 2-deoxyglucose into acid insoluble fractions was reduced strikingly in the mutants, the incorporation of mannose and leucine were the same as in the parent cells.

The uptake of glucosamine in TM^R cells was lower than that in the wild type cells, and the Km value for glucosamine uptake differed between the mutants and wild type cells. There was no obvious difference in the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose and mannose.     

人骨形态发生蛋白7在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中的表达研究

目的:构建重组人骨形态发生蛋白-7(rhBMP7)表达质粒,并研究其在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中的表达。方法:将hBMP7重组表达质粒电转到中国仓鼠卵巢细胞(CHO)中,并用DOT-BLOT和ELISA方法分析检测rhBMP7在重组CHO细胞中的表达。结果:hBMP7 cDNA整合到CHO细胞基因组中并被转录。点杂交和ELISA检测证实rhBMP7在CHO细胞中得到表达。结论:hBMP7成功在CHO表达系统中得到表达。     

Solubilization of Serotonin1A Receptors Heterologously Expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

1. The serotonin1A (5-HT1A) receptors are members of a superfamily of seven transmembrane domain receptors that couple to G-proteins. They appear to be involved in various behavioral and cognitive functions. 2. We report here, for the first time, the solubilization of 5-HT1A receptors stably expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells using the zwitterionic detergent CHAPS in presence of NaCl followed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. We show by ligand-binding assay that the 5-HT1A receptor solubilized this way is functionally active. We have optimized the efficiency of solubilization with respect to total protein and NaCl concentration. 3. Our results show that careful control of salt and protein concentration is crucial in optimal solubilization of membrane receptors heterologously expressed in cells in culture. The effective solubilization of important neurotransmitter receptors such as 5-HT1A receptors which are present in very low amounts in the native tissue may represent an important step in characterizing membrane receptors expressed in mammalian cells in culture.     

Regulation of Intracellular Ca2+ by CFTR in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

In cystic fibrosis, the mutation of the CFTR protein causes reduced transepithelial Cl⁻ secretion. As recently proposed, beside its role of Cl⁻ channel, CFTR may regulate the activity of other channels such as a Ca²⁺-activated Cl⁻ channel. Using a calcium imaging system, we show, in adenovirus-CFTR infected Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell monolayers, that CFTR can act as a regulator of intracellular [Ca²⁺] _i ([Ca²⁺] _i ), involving purino-receptors. Apical exposure to ATP or UTP produced an increase in ([Ca²⁺] _i in noninfected CHO cell monolayers (CHO-WT), in CHO monolayers infected with an adenovirus-CFTR (CHO-CFTR) or infected with an adenovirus-LacZ (CHO-LacZ). The transient [Ca²⁺] _i increase produced by ATP or UTP could be mimicked by activation of CFTR with forskolin (20 μm) in CHO-CFTR confluent monolayers. However, forskolin had no significant effect on [Ca²⁺] _i in noninfected CHO-WT or in CHO-LacZ cells. Pretreatment with purino-receptor antagonists such as suramin (100 μm) or reactive blue-2. (100 μm), and with hexokinase (0.28 U/mg) inhibited the [Ca²⁺] _i response to forskolin in CHO-CFTR infected cells. Taken together, our experiments provide evidence for purino-receptor activation by ATP released from the cell and regulation of [Ca²⁺] _i by CFTR in CHO epithelial cell membranes. Received: 5 April 1999/Revised: 28 June 1999     

The Kinetics of Polyethylenimine-Mediated Transfection in Suspension Cultures of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

The kinetics of polyethylenimine (PEI)-mediated gene transfer at early times after transfection of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell in suspension were investigated using a novel in vitro assay. Addition of an excess of competitor DNA to the culture medium at various times after the initiation of transfection inhibited further cellular uptake of PEI–DNA particles. Using this approach, a constant rate of particle uptake was observed during the first 60 min of transfection at a PEI:DNA ratio of 2:1 (w/w) and a cell density of 2 × 10⁶ cells/ml under serum-free conditions. The uptake rate declined considerably during the next 2 h of transfection. Both the rate and the level of PEI–DNA uptake in serum-free minimal medium were found to be dependent on the PEI–DNA ratio, the cell density at the time of transfection, and the extent of particle aggregation. These studies of the early phase of PEI-mediated transfection are expected to lead to further opportunities for optimization of gene transfer to suspension cultures of mammalian cells for the purpose of large-scale transient recombinant protein production.     

人肝细胞生长因子cDNA克隆在CHO细胞中的表达

肝细胞生长因子是一种由α、β链组成的杂合二聚体糖蛋白,能促进肝细胞、多种上皮细胞、内皮细胞和神经胶质细胞的有丝分裂,并对多种肿瘤细胞具有细胞毒性作用或者抑制其生长［１～４］,其作用无种属特异性,如人肝细胞生长因子能促进大鼠肝细胞增殖［５］。由于天然Ｈ...     

Barium Influx Mediated by the Cardiac Sodium-Calcium Exchanger in Transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

We examined Ba²⁺ influx using isotopic and fura-2 techniques in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the bovine cardiac Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger (CK1.4 cells). Ba²⁺ competitively inhibited exchange-me diated ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ uptake with a K _i ∼ 3 mM. Ba²⁺ uptake was stimulated by pretreating the cells with ouabain and by removing extracellular Na⁺, as expected for Na⁺/Ba²⁺ exchange activity. The maximal velocity of Ba²⁺ accumulation was estimated to be 50% of that for Ca²⁺. When the monovalent cation ionophore gramicidin was used to equilibrate internal and external concentrations of Na⁺, Ba²⁺ influx was negligible in the absence of Na⁺ and increased to a maximum at 20–40 mM Na⁺. At higher Na⁺ concentrations, Ba²⁺ influx declined, presumably due to the competition between Na⁺ and Ba²⁺ for transport sites on the exchanger. Unlike Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺ did not appear to be taken up by intracellular organelles: Thus, ¹³³Ba²⁺ uptake in ouabain-treated cells was not reduced by mitochondrial inhibitors such as Cl-CCP or oligomycin-rotenone. Moreover, intracellular Ca²⁺ stores that had been depleted of Ca²⁺ by pretreatment of the cells with ionomycin (a Ca²⁺ ionophore) remained empty during a subsequent period of Ba²⁺ influx. Ca²⁺ uptake or release by intracellular organelles secondarily regulated exchange activity through alterations in [Ca²⁺]_i. Exchange-mediated Ba²⁺ influx was inhibited when cytosolic [Ca²⁺] was reduced to 20 nM or less and was accelerated at cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentrations of 25–50 nM. We conclude that (a) Ba²⁺ substitutes for Ca²⁺ as a transport substrate for the exchanger, (b) cytosolic Ba²⁺ does not appear to be sequestered by intracellular organelles, and (c) exchange-mediated Ba²⁺ influx is accelerated by low concentrations of cytosolic Ca²⁺.     

Novel Promoters Derived from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells via In Silico and In Vitro Analysis

For the industrial production of recombinant proteins in mammalian cell lines, a high rate of gene expression is desired. Therefore, strong viral promoters are commonly used. However, these have several drawbacks as they override cellular responses, are not integrated into the cellular network, and thus can induce stress and potentially epigenetic silencing. Endogenous promoters potentially have the advantage of a better response to cellular state and thus a lower stress level by uncontrolled overexpression of the transgene. Such fine‐tuning is typically achieved by endogenous enhancers and other regulatory elements, which are difficult to identify purely based on the genomic sequence. Here, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) endogenous promoters and enhancers are identified using histone marks and chromatin states, ranked based on expression level and tested for normalized promoter strength. Successive truncation of these promoters at the 5′‐ and 3′‐end as well as the combination with enhancers are identified in the vicinity of the promoter sequence further enhance promoter activity up to threefold. In an initial screen within stable cell lines, the strongest CHO promoter appears to be more stable than the human cytomegalovirus promoter with enhancer, making it a promising candidate for recombinant protein production and cell engineering applications. A deeper understanding of promoter functionality and response elements will be required to take full advantage of such promoters for cell engineering, in particular, for multigene network engineering applications.     

Biochemical Characterization and Solubilization of Human NK2 Receptor Expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

Abstract

The human ileum neurokinin NK₂ receptor has been stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) expression system. Amplified cell populations expressing approximately 7×10⁵ NK₂ receptors/cell were selected in the presence of the DHFR inhibitor methotrexate. Cross-linking of [¹²⁵I]NKA to NK₂ receptor transfected cells revealed a specifically labeled protein of apparent molecular weight 64 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein was deglycosylated by the enzymes N-glycosidase F and endoglycosydase F to a protein of apparent molecular weight of 39 kDa. The NK₂ receptor was solubilized in an active form from CHO cell membranes using the zwitterionic detergent CHAPS. This method represents a valuable approach for the production of significant amounts of NK₂ receptor protein from mammalian cells.     

Acceleration of Sodium-Calcium Exchange Activity during ATP-induced Calcium Release in Transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

The P_2U purinergic agonist ATP (0.3 mM) elicited an increase in [Ca²⁺]_i due to Ca²⁺ release from intracellular stores in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells that express the bovine cardiac Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger (CK1.4 cells). The following observations indicate that ATP-evoked Ca²⁺ release was accompanied by a Ca²⁺- dependent regulatory activation of Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange activity: Addition of extracellular Ca²⁺ (0.7 mM) 0–1 min after ATP evoked a dramatic rise in [Ca²⁺]_i in Na⁺-free media (Li⁺ substitution) compared to Na⁺-containing media; no differences between Na⁺- and Li⁺-based media were observed with vector-transfected cells. In the presence of physiological concentrations of extracellular Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, the ATP-evoked rise in [Ca²⁺]_i declined more rapidly in CK1.4 cells compared to control cells, but then attained a long-lived plateau of elevated [Ca²⁺]_i which eventually came to exceed the declining [Ca²⁺]_i values in control cells. ATP elicited a transient acceleration of exchange-mediated Ba²⁺ influx, consistent with regulatory activation of the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger. The acceleration of Ba²⁺ influx was not observed in vector-transfected control cells, or in CK1.4 cells in the absence of intracellular Na⁺ or when the Ca²⁺ content of the intracellular stores had been reduced by prior treatment with ionomycin. The protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate attenuated the exchange-mediated rise in [Ca²⁺]_i under Na⁺-free conditions, but did not inhibit the ATP-evoked stimulation of Ba²⁺ influx. The effects of PMA are therefore not due to inhibition of exchange activity, but probably reflect the influence of protein kinase C on other Ca²⁺ homeostatic mechanisms. We conclude that exchange activity is accelerated during ATP-evoked Ca²⁺ release from intracellular stores through regulatory activation by increased [Ca²⁺]_i. In the absence of extracellular Ca²⁺, the stimulation of exchange activity is short-lived and follows the time course of the [Ca²⁺]_i transient; in the presence of extracellular Ca²⁺, we suggest that the exchanger remains activated for a longer period of time, thereby stabilizing and prolonging the plateau phase of store-dependent Ca²⁺ entry.