呼吸道合胞病毒在不同龄期BALB/c小鼠上的感染差异

呼吸道合胞病毒(Respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)是全世界范围内引起下呼吸道感染的主要病原体,主要高危人群为六个月以下新生儿及65岁以上人群。目前BALB/c小鼠是RSV感染的有效动物模型,但不同周龄BALB/c小鼠感染RSV后的差异性尚未有报道。本研究分别选择10、30、60周龄BALB/c小鼠,在鼻腔接种106及107PFU RSV后,对不同龄期小鼠临床一般症状、体重、鼻/肺部病毒滴度及肺组织炎症病理变化进行检测及比较。结果显示感染106PFU RSV后小鼠未出现明显的体重下降,而107PFU RSV感染后能有效引发小鼠在感染后6-11天出现明显的体重下降。检测结果显示,在107PFU感染的小鼠的鼻、肺组织能够检测到明显的病毒复制,肺部免疫组化显示病毒主要定位于肺泡周围,炎症观察结果显示出明显的肺部炎症细胞浸润及组织病理损伤。同时本研究还观察到随着小鼠周龄的增大,感染后体重下降越明显,并能检测到更为明显的肺部病毒及验证损伤。这些结果显示出本研究成功建立了不同周龄BALB/c小鼠RSV感染差异模型,为不同年龄人群RSV感染免疫机制的深入探讨及RSV相关抗体和疫苗药物的选择、评估提供依据。     

小鼠脑潜伏巨细胞病毒激活模型的建立

目的:我们建立了小鼠脑潜伏巨细胞病毒激活模型,来实现小鼠脑内潜伏的巨细胞病毒(MCMV)的激活,并对潜伏MCMV激活时程进行分析,确定MCMV即刻早期蛋白基因1(ie1)基因转录,完成对ie1基因转录和活病毒产生量时程动力学的分析,以及为进一步阐明原始MCMV在脑中潜伏的细胞类型提供模型。方法:采用出生后两天的BALB/c幼鼠,经右侧耳和眼连线为底边的正三角形的中心将Smith Strain MCMV 500 PFU/5μL注射进入右侧脑室,培养至16周。之后,将脂多糖(LPS)依15μg/kg体重(接近致死量)分别经腹腔和侧脑室内注射,对照组注射生理盐水。于注射后的1日,2日,5日,7日,14日和21日分别在LPS组和对照组中选取5只小鼠取脑。应用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和高敏感性病毒空斑实验(结合病毒空斑实验和RT-PCR)测定MCMV即刻早期蛋白1(IE1)mRNA的表达以及活病毒产生定量分析。结果:LPS组中,可于14日和21日的脑内检测到IE1 mRNA的转录,敏感性病毒空斑实验只在14日和21日出现细胞病毒效应(CPE),病毒量约为4.29×104 PFU/μL和5.20×105PFU/μL,相应对应MEF细胞匀浆物的RT-PCR结果检测到7,14,21日有IE1 mRNA转录。结论:该实验成功建立了小鼠脑潜伏巨细胞病毒激活的模型,并证实和分析了即刻早期蛋白基因ie1在潜伏MCMV激活过程中的表达和时程。该模型的建立将为进一步阐明MCMV在脑中潜伏细胞类型以及MCMV在急性感染、潜伏和重激活过程中对中枢神经细胞的影响提供研究平台,并为人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)的临床研究提供实验依据。     

鼠巨细胞病毒感染裸鼠肝脏损伤模型的建立

摘要 目的：建立鼠巨细胞病毒（MCMV）感染BALB/c裸鼠肝脏损伤的模型。方法：健康SPF级BALB/c裸鼠10只随机分为实验组和对照组,每组5只。实验组小鼠每只经腹腔注射接种250 μL MCMV 病毒悬液,对照组小鼠每只腹腔接种250 μL DMEM 培养液,于接种后第7天处死,无菌分离其肝脏,通过测定肝组织谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、实时荧光定量PCR检测MCMV DNA拷贝数、苏木精-伊红（HE）染色等方法,观察裸鼠肝脏组织的受损情况。结果：所有实验组的裸鼠均出现了不同程度的腹水;实验组裸鼠测定的肝组织ALT值较对照组明显上升（P<0.05）;实时荧光定量PCR检测出实验组裸鼠肝脏MCMV DNA呈阳性;实验组肝脏病理切片HE染色可见大量炎症细胞浸润,肝细胞嗜酸性变,可见不规则包涵体,而对照组正常。结论：经腹腔注射250 μL MCMV病毒悬液7天后成功构建了裸鼠肝脏损伤的模型,为探究人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）的发病机制以及抗病毒新药和疫苗的研发提供了有利条件。     

不同剂量DPP4转导后MERS-CoV感染小鼠模型的临床及生物学特征比较

本研究探讨不同剂量DPP4转导小鼠后对中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus,MERS-CoV)感染建模及其生物特性的影响。首先将表达MERS-CoV受体DPP4的重组腺病毒以高剂量(2.5×108 PFU/只)、低剂量(0.5×108 PFU/只)分别转导转导BALB/c小鼠,继而滴鼻接种MERS-CoV,建立MERS-CoV感染小鼠模型。对成功构建的小鼠感染模型分别进行体征、病毒复制、免疫病理及抗体应答的比较分析。结果表明:两种剂量DPP4转导后MERS-CoV感染小鼠,均可引起典型肺炎表征,在小鼠肺部能检测到病毒复制及免疫病理,但高剂量DPP4转导组小鼠肺炎体征与肺病理损伤更明显,病毒复制水平亦高于低剂量DPP4转导组。小鼠感染建模后2w后可检测到结构蛋白特异抗体与中和抗体,高剂量DPP4转导组抗体应答亦明显高于低剂量转导组。本研究以两种剂量DPP4转导小鼠,均成功建立了MERS-CoV感染的小鼠模型,受体DPP4转导水平可影响MERS-CoV感染小鼠体征、病毒复制及抗体应答。     

博尔纳病病毒对BALB/c小鼠感染性检测

目的分析博尔纳病病毒（Borna disease virus,BDV）H1766株对BALB/c小鼠的感染性。方法选择病毒滴度为2.0×107FFU/ml的BDV病毒液分别对新生和成年BALB/c小鼠进行脑内接种,并用相同病毒液对原代培养的新生BALB/c小鼠脑细胞进行接种。经过一定时间的病毒作用后分别提取总RNA,采用巢式RT-PCR方法检测BDV-p40基因,并通过免疫组化方法检测脑内接种脑组织中BDV-P40蛋白。结果脑内接种病毒的小鼠脑组织中可以检测到BDV-p40基因和BDV-P40蛋白,培养的小鼠脑细胞中可以检测到BDV-p40基因。结论BDVH1766株可以感染新生和成年的BALB/c小鼠。     

BALB/c小鼠和雪貂感染H7N9禽流感病毒后的肺组织动态病理学变化

目的了解用H7N9禽流感病毒分别感染BALB/c小鼠和雪貂后,其肺部动态病理改变,为临床诊断、治疗、预防及机制研究提供帮助。方法 BALB/c小鼠经鼻腔接种106EID50(50μL)H7N9禽流感病毒后第1、2、3、5、7、14、28天分别安乐死2~3只小鼠;雪貂经鼻腔吸入接种106EID50(500μL)H7N9禽流感病毒后第3、7、14、28天分别安乐死1只雪貂,分别观察动物的临床特征改变,肺组织的大体组织形态学变化,HE染色观察动态病理改变,免疫组化染色观察病毒分布及肺组织各种炎细胞的浸润情况。结果感染病毒后的小鼠出现竖毛、嗜睡、死亡等表现,雪貂表现为打喷嚏、鼻腔分泌物、稀便、嗜睡等;大体观察小鼠与雪貂肺组织均可见到暗红色病灶;光镜观察小鼠与雪貂的肺组织均呈现坏死性支气管炎和渗出性间质性肺炎、肺泡炎。感染第2天开始出现炎性病变,7~9 d炎症病变最严重,14 d后逐渐修复吸收,28 d基本完全吸收;T、B淋巴细胞,巨噬细胞不同程度的表达增多,以T细胞增多为主,尤其是CD8+T细胞两种动物均大量表达。结论 H7N9禽流感病毒感染可引起BALB/c小鼠和雪貂肺组织急性支气管炎和肺炎,感染后7~9 d肺部炎症的组织病理学变化最严重,CD8+T细胞明显增多,14d后病灶逐渐吸收。该研究可为临床诊断、治疗、预防该病及进行疾病机制研究提供帮助。     

小鼠对仙台病毒Tianjin株易感性研究

研究129Sv、DBA/2、Kunming、BALB/c四种小鼠对仙台病毒Tianjin株的感染特点,并通过观察易感性的不同,确定适于研究此病毒致病性及疫苗的小型啮齿类实验动物。用9～11d龄鸡胚接种仙台病毒Tianjin株,72h后收集尿囊腔内效价为1:1 280病毒液,用5μl和6倍稀释的30μl病毒液分别接种129Sv、DBA/2、Kunming、BALB/c小鼠,观查12d小鼠体重变化,计算生存率。用6倍稀释的30μl病毒液接种Kunming、BALB/c小鼠,于接种前第1天以及接种后第4、7天断颈处死,取左肺制成切片,HE染色观察病理改变,综合判断仙台病毒Tianjin株对四种鼠感染的易感性的不同。129Sv、DBA/2小鼠在接种仙台病毒Tianjin株5μl后,最高平均体重下降分别为13.0%、4.7%,四种鼠12d生存率均为100%;接种稀释的30μl病毒液,129Sv、DBA/2、Kunming、BALB/c最高平均体重下降21.7%、30.3%、16.7%、9.6%;12d生存率分别为20%、0%、80%、100%。Kunming鼠在感染后第4、7d的肺组织病理改变较BALB/c严重,表现为大量炎细胞渗出,粘膜下层实质性增厚。以上实验结果表明DBA/2对仙台病毒Tianjin株感染最易感,BALB/c耐受性最强,易感顺序为DBA/2129SvKunmingBALB/c。DBA/2和129Sv小鼠可作为仙台病毒Tianjin株致病性及疫苗研究的首选实验动物。     

嗜酸乳杆菌胞壁粗提物及DNA对实验性结肠炎结肠上皮NF-κB 表达的影响

目的:研究嗜酸乳杆菌BCW和DNA对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠结肠粘膜上皮NF-κB表达的影响。方法:雌性BABL/c小鼠40只随机分为正常组、嗜酸乳杆菌BCW组、嗜酸乳杆菌DNA组和生理盐水对照组,除正常组小鼠外,其余各组自由饮用1.5%DSS7天建立小鼠结肠炎模型,随即给予嗜酸乳杆菌BCW(20ug/10g)、嗜酸乳杆菌DNA(0.2ug/10g)和生理盐水灌肠7天,每天观察小鼠情况,实验结束时处死小鼠,去结肠组织行HE染色观测结肠炎症情况,并行结肠上皮NF-κB免疫组化。结果:饮用DSS小鼠DAI积分显著增高,结肠组织粘膜破坏、炎症细胞浸润,结肠上皮NF-κB表达增加(9.15±0.43),嗜酸乳杆菌BCW和DNA能降低小鼠DAI积分,减轻粘膜损伤,降低结肠上皮NF-κB的表达(4.67±0.56/6.03±0.60)。结论:嗜酸乳杆菌BCW和DNA能缓解急性溃疡性结肠炎,降低结肠上皮NF-κB的表达。     

嗜酸乳杆菌胞壁粗提物及DNA对实验性结肠炎结肠上皮NF-κB表达的影响

目的：研究嗜酸乳杆菌BCW和DNA对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠结肠粘膜上皮NF-κB表达的影响。方法：雌性BABL/c小鼠40只随机分为正常组、嗜酸乳杆菌BCW组、嗜酸乳杆菌DNA组和生理盐水对照组,除正常组小鼠外,其余各组自由饮用1.5%DSS7天建立小鼠结肠炎模型,随即给予嗜酸乳杆菌BCW（20ug/10g）、嗜酸乳杆菌DNA（0.2ug/10g）和生理盐水灌肠7天,每天观察小鼠情况,实验结束时处死小鼠,去结肠组织行HE染色观测结肠炎症情况,并行结肠上皮NF-κB免疫组化。结果：饮用DSS小鼠DAI积分显著增高,结肠组织粘膜破坏、炎症细胞浸润,结肠上皮NF-κB表达增加（9.15±0.43）,嗜酸乳杆菌BCW和DNA能降低小鼠DAI积分,减轻粘膜损伤,降低结肠上皮NF-κB的表达（4.67±0.56/6.03±0.60）。结论：嗜酸乳杆菌BCW和DNA能缓解急性溃疡性结肠炎,降低结肠上皮NF-κB的表达。     

高致病性禽流感（H5N1）实验流行病学初探——感染途径

目的观测不同感染途径实验性感染BALB／c小鼠后的感染状况,了解H5N1病毒的感染特点,为更深入的流行病学研究提供理论基础。方法分别通过口腔接种、污染饲料、腹腔注射、皮肤损伤途径感染6—8周龄BALB／c小鼠,定期安乐动物采血及各器官组织进行血清学、病原学、病理学检查,记录抗体变化、病毒分离情况及病理学改变。结果各途径感染小鼠感染后出现竖毛、弓背、觅食减少、体重减轻、精神呆滞及神经系统症状,肺组织病毒分离及RT-PCR阳性,病理表现间质性肺炎。感染后第7d动物血清中可检测到H5N1抗体。结论通过口腔接种、污染饲料、腹腔注射及皮肤损伤多种途径感染BALB／c小鼠,均能发生感染,提示呼吸道以外的感染方式不容忽视,有益于人类更好的防控禽流感;可通过多种方式建模,深入研究禽流感的发病机制。     

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying both normal cardiovascular function and the pathophysiological basis of human cardiovascular disease. Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development ^1-3. In order to study the role of genetic or pharmacologic alterations in the early development of cardiac function, ultrasound imaging of the live fetus has become an important tool for early recognition of abnormalities and longitudinal follow-up. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging is an ideal method for detecting and studying congenital malformations and the impact on cardiac function prior to death ⁴. It allows early recognition of abnormalities in the living fetus and the progression of disease can be followed in utero with longitudinal studies ^5,6. Until recently, imaging of fetal mouse hearts frequently involved invasive methods. The fetus had to be sacrificed to perform magnetic resonance microscopy and electron microscopy or surgically delivered for transillumination microscopy. An application of high-frequency probes with conventional 2-D and pulsed-wave Doppler imaging has been shown to provide measurements of cardiac contraction and heart rates during embryonic development with databases of normal developmental changes now available ^6-10. M-mode imaging further provides important functional data, although, the proper imaging planes are often difficult to obtain. High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the fetus has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on the early development of cardiac structures ¹¹.     

Murine catalase phenotypes

An examination of three inbred strains of mice differing with respect to liver and kidney catalase activity reveals two distinct genetic factors controlling the level of liver catalase activity. The first genetic factor controls the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Specific activity of purified enzyme from C57BL/6 and C57BL/Ha strains is 60% of that of the DBA/2 strain. The second factor controls the content of liver catalase. Liver catalase of C57BL/Ha is degraded in vivo at a rate one half that of liver catalase of DBA/2 and C57BL/6, resulting in the accumulation of twice as many catalase molecules in C57BL/Ha. The factor affecting turnover of catalase is apparently specific for catalase of liver since no differences exist in kidney catalase levels between C57BL/Ha and C57BL/6. Furthermore, this factor does not appear to alter the metabolism of total liver protein since no substantial difference in the turnover rate of liver protein is observed among the strains. It is particularly significant that the genetic factor affecting the amount of liver catalase does so by altering the rate of catalase degradation rather than the rate of synthesis, confirming the previously published report of Rechcigl and Heston (1967). Thus, these studies emphasize that the quantity of an enzyme in animal cells is a balance between the rate of synthesis and the rate of degradation of the enzyme.This paper was presented at a symposium entitled Genetic Control of Mammalian Metabolism held at The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, June 30–July 2, 1969. The symposium was supported in part by an allocation from NIH General Research Support Grant FR 05545 from the Division of Research Resources to The Jackson Laboratory.This investigation was supported by USPHS Research Grant GM 14931 from the Division of General Medical Sciences, and Grants PF-373 and P-427 from the American Cancer Society.     

Murine Skin Transplantation

As one of the most stringent and least technically challenging models, skin transplantation is a standard method to assay host T cell responses to MHC-disparate donor antigens. The aim of this video-article is to provide the viewer with a step-by-step visual demonstration of skin transplantation using the mouse model. The protocol is divided into 5 main components: 1) harvesting donor skin; 2) preparing recipient for transplant; 3) skin transplant; 4) bandage removal and monitoring graft rejection; 5) helpful hints. Once proficient, the procedure itself should take <10 min to perform.Download video file.^{(38M, mov)}     

Separation of Murine Cellular and Murine Leukaemia Virus DNA Polymerases

The DNA polymerase of murine leukaemia virus has been purified and can be separated physically from enzymes with some similar properties that are present in normal cells. Chromatographic and immunological methods have made it possible to identify the viral enzyme in virus-transformed cells.     

Murine Kidney Transplant Technique

The first mouse kidney transplant technique was published in 1973¹ by the Russell laboratory. Although it took some years for other labs to become proficient in and utilize this technique, it is now widely used by many laboratories around the world. A significant refinement to the original technique using the donor aorta to form the arterial anastomosis instead of the renal artery was developed and reported in 1993 by Kalina and Mottram ² with a further advancement coming from the same laboratory in 1999 ³. While one can become proficient in this model, a search of the literature reveals that many labs still experience a high proportion of graft loss due to arterial thrombosis. We describe here a technique that was devised in our laboratory that vastly reduces the arterial thrombus reported by others ^4,5. This is achieved by forming a heel-and-toe cuff of the donor infra-renal aorta that facilitates a larger anastomosis and straighter blood flow into the kidney.     

Murine tumor suppressor models

Tumor suppressor genes have been shown to be necessary for proper maintenance of cell growth control. Inactivation of these genes in the germline of humans is linked to inherited cancer predisposition. Moreover, sporadically arising human tumors often have somatic mutations in tumor suppressor genes. During the past few years, advances in molecular and cellular biology have led to the creation of animal models that have germline mutations of various tumor suppressor genes. Such mice potentially represent important animal models for familial cancer predisposition syndromes, and the study of the tumorigenesis process has been greatly assisted by their development. Such models have also demonstrated the importance of tumor suppressor function in embryonic development. In this review, we describe mice with inactivated germline tumor suppressor genes that are genetically analogous to 10 different inherited cancer syndromes in humans. We describe the variable usefulness of the mutant mice as models for human disease.     

Murine Leukaemia C-type Virus associated with Functional Murine Carcinomas of Endocrine Origin

The discovery of C-type viral particles related to murine leukaemia virus in two different mouse tumour cell types is indirect support for the “oncogene” hypothesis.