Effect of silicon on grain yield of rice under cadmium-stress

Many publications indicated various beneficial effects of the addition of silicon (Si) in soil on the physiology of rice plants. The gene responsible for the Si-uptake in rice, low Si-influx 1 (Lsi1), was identified and cloned for this study. The photosynthetic rate (Pn), grain yield, and resistance to Cadmium (Cd)-stress of the wild-type (WT) and Lsi1-transgenic Lemont rice lines under Cd-stress were examined in an attempt to better understand the mechanism associated with the Si-addition, Cd-stress, and rice physiology. Si-fertilization significantly reduced the Cd-content in rice under Cd-stress. The effect was most significant in the Lsi1-overexpression transgenic Lemont rice (Lsi1-OE line) under high Cd-stress. Conversely, Cd in soil lowered the Si-uptake of the plants indicating a significant interaction between the two elements. During the grain-filling period, Cd-stress greatly reduced the chlorophyll content and Pn of the rice resulting in a diminished grain output. However, Lsi1-OE line with a higher chlorophyll content and Pn than either WT or Lsi1-RNAi transgenic Lemont rice (Lsi1-RNAi line) maintained a high photo-assimilate transportation for high yield potential. At harvest, Lsi1-OE line contained more Si and less Cd than WT, whereas the Lsi1-RNAi line showed an opposite result. In general, Cd-stress reduced, while Si-fertilization significantly increased, the grain yield on rice. However, no significant difference on the grain yields existed between WT and Lsi1-RNAi line. This might be due to a compensation effect generated by Lsi1-RNAi line. It appeared that Si in the soil, as well as the enhancing or inhibiting Lsi1 expression and the resistance to Cd-toxicity of the plants, could significantly affect the rice yield making alternations on these factors a plausible approach for production improvement.     

云南不同类型一季稻产量形成及其与气象因子的关系

利用云南省14个不同海拔农业气象观测站1994-2010年水稻大田发育期和产量观测资料,研究水稻产量形成及气象因子对低产水稻产量构成因素的影响;根据14个站点水稻产量构成因素的系统聚类分析结果和水稻类型,将水稻分为低产粳型、低产籼型、高产粳型和高产籼型4个类型.对这4类水稻产量构成因素的分析结果表明,单位面积颖花量与产量呈极显著正相关,低产粳型水稻产量主要受结实率和颖花量影响,其他3类颖花量对产量影响较大.低产粳型水稻主要受低温的影响,孕穗期低温降低颖花量和有效穗数,孕穗期和抽穗开花期低温增加空壳率,以平均气温、平均最高气温和冷积温的影响较大;乳熟前期较低的平均气温增加秕谷率,同时降低千粒重.低产籼型水稻产量构成因素受多种气象因子的综合影响明显;分蘖期和拔节期一定程度的增温不利于增加低产籼型水稻有效穗数,而分蘖期较多的日照时数和较大的平均气温日较差有利于有效穗数的增加,分蘖期和拔节期气温和日照时数与每穗粒数的关系呈“抛物线型”;低产籼型水稻空壳率一定程度上受抽穗开花期低温的影响,而乳熟前期高温少雨不仅增加秕谷率,还导致千粒重明显下降.     

Growth characteristics and endosperm structure of superior and inferior spikelets of indica rice under high-temperature stress

Heat stress severely reduces rice yield and quality; however, differences between the superior, early-flowering and inferior, later-flowering spikelets of indica rice in response to high-temperature stress during grain filling remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of high temperature (HT, 33.6/20.7 °C day/night) on growth, endosperm structure, and hormone and polyamine content of superior and inferior spikelets of heat-sensitive (SG-1) and heat-tolerant (HHZ) indica cultivars. The HT decreased fertilization rate, caused earlier grain filling, and reduced duration of grain filling, thus resulting in decreased grain mass and a poor endosperm structure. In addition, soluble sugar and sucrose content increased, and starch synthesis decreased by HT at the early stage of grain filling. The HT increased polyamine [spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm)] and abscisic acid (ABA) content, but reduced zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content in the grains. Such effects were more apparent in the inferior than superior spikelets; however, the inferior spikelets of SG-1 were more affected than those of HHZ. At the middle grain filling stage, HT produced little difference between the two cultivars. Our results suggest that the poor development of inferior spikelets of SG-1 under the HT could be attributed, at least in part, to the changed content and ratios of free polyamines [putrescine (Put), Spd, and Spm] and phytohormones (Z+ZR, IAA, and ABA) and the conversion efficiency of sucrose into starch.     

不同生育期遮光对水稻生长发育和产量形成的影响

研究了不同生育期遮光45%(水稻生长的前期、中1期、中2期、后期)对水稻形态发育、光合产物积累、稻株养分含量、产量构成等的影响,并重点研究了植株对N、P、K养分的吸收规律。结果表明,各期遮光后均使干物质积累速率降低,植株N、P、K养分吸收量减少,对产量有不同程度的影响,但植株体内N、P、K养分含量上升。前期遮光主要使分蘖数急剧下降,有效穗数减少,叶面积系数下降,产量下降11.56%,但株高增加;中1期遮光后对水稻生长影响不大,产量仅降低5.46%;中2期遮光主要使每穗粒数和千粒重下降,对产量影响较大,降低幅度达30.80%;后期遮光主要影响结实粒和千粒重,其产量最低,降低55.40%.文中还对弱光照条件下的生育期安排和施肥决策提出了建议.     

Apoplasmic assimilates and grain growth of contrasting rice cultivars differing in grain dry mass and size

Apical dominance in assimilate filling impacts grain growth in basal spikelets of rice panicle. In this study, organic materials of the pericarp, apoplasmic space and endosperm of the apical and basal caryopses, and photosynthesis of the flag leaf were measured during early part of grain development in three types of rice cultivars with similar phenology, but difference in grain weight and size in the dry and wet seasons of 2006 and 2007, respectively. Photosynthetic activity of the flag leaf was consistently low in small-seeded cultivars. Rates of grain filling and cell division of endosperm and concentration of assimilates, starch, proteins and chlorophylls of the caryopsis were lower, but spikelet ethylene production and peroxidase activity were higher in a small-seeded cultivar compared to a big-seeded cultivar. Similar disparities in grain filling and other attributes were noticed for the inferior basal spikelets of the panicle compared to the superior apical spikelets, except the assimilate concentration of the pericarp and endosperm. Temporal fluctuation in assimilate concentration of the organs were similar between the cultivars. Concentration of apoplasmic assimilates mostly exhibited negative correlation with that of pericarp and endosperm. Compared to the apical spikelets, correlation was more negative for the basal spikelets. Conversely, correlation was positive between the concentration of apoplasmic assimilates and endosperm cell number and grain weight of the cultivars. Ethylene released from the spikelets at anthesis affected growth and cell division rates of endosperm and enhanced protein and chlorophyll degradation and peroxidase activity of the caryopsis. It was concluded that variation in spikelet ethylene production may be responsible for differences in size or weight of grains among rice cultivars and spikelets at different locations of the panicle. The concentration of apoplasmic assimilates could be an indicator for grain filling capacity, and ethylene regulated the concentration by affecting pericarp activity for assimilate unloading.     

脱落酸对水稻抽穗开花期高温胁迫的诱抗效应

为探究脱落酸(ABA)对水稻(Oryzasativa)抽穗开花期高温胁迫的诱抗效应,以江西省主推水稻品种黄华占为材料,于孕穗期用蒸馏水、ABA溶液(10、50和100μmol·L^-1)、氟啶酮(FLU)和原花青素(PC) 6种溶液进行叶面喷施,然后移入对照(CK)和高温胁迫(HS)环境处理8天,考查籽粒活性氧(ROS)积累、抗氧化防御能力、产量构成及相关基因的表达。结果表明,高温胁迫下,水稻的穗长、穗重、结实率、千粒重和产量与超氧阴离子和过氧化氢含量呈显著负相关。高温胁迫下,喷施ABA显著上调了ABA应答和抗氧化防御基因的表达,籽粒中活性氧含量下降了8.24%–31.35%;喷施ABA显著增加了水稻的穗长、穗重、结实率和千粒重,显著上调了产量形成基因的表达,增产12.73%–20.77%。高温胁迫下,喷施FLU可抑制ABA的生物合成,导致ROS过量积累和水稻减产;喷施抗氧化剂PC则抑制ROS过量积累,使产量增加。以上结果表明,高温胁迫下,孕穗期喷施ABA不仅能够激发ABA信号通路,而且上调抗氧化防御能力和产量形成基因的表达,进而提高水稻在抽穗开花期的耐热性,达到增...     

硅素分期施用对镉污染水稻光合特性及物质积累的影响

硅(Si)可有效提高水稻对镉(Cd)的抗性,但关于优化硅肥管理对水稻耐Cd性、光合及物质积累等响应机制尚不明晰。采用受污染的农田土壤,通过盆栽试验研究移栽期施Si(T)、拔节期施Si(J)、移栽和拔节期等量分期施Si(TJ)对Cd污染水稻光合作用及物质积累的影响,以不施Si(CK)为对照。结果表明：施Si可明显提高Cd污染下水稻净光合速率,延长叶片光合功能,促进叶片Si沉积,增加Cd在叶中的固定,减少其向籽粒转移。与CK相比,TJ处理在全生育期具有较高的光合速率,产量显著高于其他处理。T、TJ、J处理叶片细胞壁Cd的固持量分别增加11.45%、24.16%和30.15%,且叶片Cd更多以惰性形态(包括果胶和蛋白质结合态Cd、不溶解性磷酸Cd和残渣态Cd)存在,导致叶片Cd转移系数降低,T、TJ、J较CK分别降低33.91%、56.67%和52.16%。此外,主成分分析结果表明,3种Si处理对水稻耐Cd性和光合特性的综合影响大小为TJ>J>T。综合考虑Si调控光合作用、产量、叶片和籽粒Cd浓度的效应,推荐Si素于移栽期与拔节期分期施用。     

Involvement of 1-Methylcyclopropene in Plant Growth,Ethylene Production,and Synthase Activity of Inferior Spikelets in Hybrid Rice Differing in Panicle Architectures

Chlorophyll content (SPAD values) of leaves, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) activities and ethylene production of inferior spikelets, aboveground biomass, grain yield, and yield components were studied to compare the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on plant growth, and inferior spikelet development in hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) differing in panicle architectures. There were four hybrid rice cultivars in this trial, including two lax-panicled cultivars, Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ) and Guodao 6 (GD6), and two compact-panicled cultivars, Yongyou 9 (YY9) and Yongyou 12 (YY12). Results showed that chlorophyll content of leaves in 1-MCP treatment was higher than control (CK) after application of 1-MCP. ACS activities and ethylene production in 1-MCP treatment for LYPJ, GD6, and YY9 were significantly decreased compared to their corresponding CK. Aboveground biomass and grain yield of cultivars were increased with the increase of chlorophyll content of leaves, but decreased with the increase of ACS activities and ethylene production of inferior spikelets. On average, grain yield in 1-MCP treatment for LYPJ was increased by 7.3 % compared to CK, GD6 was increased by 2.6 %, YY9 was increased by 3.2 %, and YY12 was increased by 0.8 %, respectively. Application of 1-MCP showed marked effects on increasing spikelet fertility and harvest index of cultivars, but exhibited little effects on improving sink capacity and 1,000-grain weight. Our results indicate that 1-MCP could play a positive role in regulating the growth and development of hybrid rice with lax panicles or with compact panicles.     

Hormones in the grains in relation to sink strength and postanthesis development of spikelets in rice

Inferior spikelets usually exhibit a slower grain filling rate and lower grain weight than superior spikelets in a rice (Oryza sativa L.) panicle. This study investigated whether the variations in grain filling between the two kinds of spikelets were attributed to their sink strength and whether the sink strength was regulated by the hormonal levels in the grains. Using two field-grown rice genotypes, the division rate of endosperm cells, hormonal levels in the grains, and grain weight of both superior and inferior spikelets were determined during the grain filling period. The results showed that superior spikelets had dominance over inferior spikelets in endosperm cell division rate and cell number, grain filling and grain weight. Changes in zeatin (Z) and zeatin riboside (ZR) contents paralleled and were very significantly correlated with the cell division rate and cell number. Cell division rate and the content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the grains were also significantly correlated. Gibberellin (GAs; GA₁+ GA₄) content of the grains was high but ABA levels were low at the early grain filling stage. ABA increased substantially during the linear phase of grain growth and was very significantly correlated with grain dry weight during this period. Application of kinetin at 2 through 6 days post anthesis (DPA) significantly increased cell number, while spraying ABA at 11 through 15 DPA significantly increased the grain filling rate. The results suggest that differences in sink strength are responsible for variations in grain filling between superior and inferior spikelets. Both cytokinins and IAA in the grains may mediate cell division in rice endosperm at early grain filling stages, and therefore regulate the sink size of the grain, whereas ABA content correlates with sink activity during the linear period of grain growth.     

High-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry reveals the contrasting subcellular distribution of arsenic and silicon in rice roots

Rice (Oryza sativa) takes up arsenite mainly through the silicic acid transport pathway. Understanding the uptake and sequestration of arsenic (As) into the rice plant is important for developing strategies to reduce As concentration in rice grain. In this study, the cellular and subcellular distributions of As and silicon (Si) in rice roots were investigated using high-pressure freezing, high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. Rice plants, both the lsi2 mutant lacking the Si/arsenite efflux transporter Lsi2 and its wild-type cultivar, with or without an iron plaque, were treated with arsenate or arsenite. The formation of iron plaque on the root surface resulted in strong accumulation of As and phosphorous on the epidermis. The lsi2 mutant showed stronger As accumulation in the endodermal vacuoles, where the Lsi2 transporter is located in the plasma membranes, than the wild-type line. As also accumulated in the vacuoles of some xylem parenchyma cells and in some pericycle cells, particularly in the wild-type mature root zone. Vacuolar accumulation of As is associated with sulfur, suggesting that As may be stored as arsenite-phytochelatin complexes. Si was localized in the cell walls of the endodermal cells with little apparent effect of the Lsi2 mutation on its distribution. This study reveals the vacuolar sequestration of As in rice roots and contrasting patterns of As and Si subcellular localization, despite both being transported across the plasma membranes by the same transporters.     

Tomato roots have a functional silicon influx transporter but not a functional silicon efflux transporter

Silicon (Si) accumulation in shoots differs greatly with plant species, but the molecular mechanisms for this interspecific difference are unknown. Here, we isolated homologous genes of rice Si influx (SlLsi1) and efflux (SlLsi2) transporter genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and functionally characterized these genes. SlLsi1 showed transport activity for Si when expressed in both rice lsi1 mutant and Xenopus laevis oocytes. SlLsi1 was constitutively expressed in the roots. Immunostaining showed that SlLsi1 was localized at the plasma membrane of both root tip and basal region without polarity. Furthermore, overexpression of SlLsi1 in tomato increased Si concentration in the roots and root cell sap but did not alter the Si concentration in the shoots. By contrast, two Lsi2-like proteins did not show efflux transport activity for Si in Xenopus oocytes. However, when functional CsLsi2 from cucumber was expressed in tomato, the Si uptake was significantly increased, resulting in higher Si accumulation in the leaves and enhanced tolerance of the leaves to water deficit and high temperature. Our results suggest that the low Si accumulation in tomato is attributed to the lack of functional Si efflux transporter Lsi2 required for active Si uptake although SlLsi1 is functional.     

氮硅肥配施对水稻生长、产量及土壤肥力的影响

采用田间试验研究了氮硅肥配施对水稻生长、产量、养分吸收及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明 ,氮、硅肥单施都能促进水稻生长及对养分的吸收 ,氮肥效果好于硅肥。氮硅肥配施下 ,水稻有效穗数、穗实粒数、千粒重、水稻产量以及水稻地上部生物量 ,植株氮、磷、钾、硅养分含量增幅均高于氮肥和硅肥单施。随施硅量增加 ,氮 /硅比率后期有明显下降趋势。氮硅配施提高了土壤速效氮含量和有效硅含量、降低了土壤速效钾含量 ,而对速效磷、pH、有机质及全氮无明显影响。     

留桩高度对培两优210再生稻产量和源库性状的影响

水稻主季稻留桩高度是影响再生稻高产的重要因素之一.以两系杂交稻组合培两优210为研究材料,在主季稻收割时设3个留桩高度处理(40 cm、20 cm和10 cm),研究主季稻留桩高度对再生稻产量及源库性状的影响.结果表明,随留桩高度的降低,(1) 培两优210再生稻生育期延长,株高、穗长与叶面积指数增加;(2) 灌浆期间叶片磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性衰减率减小,作物生长率增加,节间维管束数目和大小及枝梗过氧化氢酶活性增加;(3) 茎鞘非结构碳水化合物积累和输出速率增加,比叶重和粒叶比提高,穗总粒数增加,进而增加产量.两系杂交稻培两优210作中稻栽培时其适宜留低桩,留桩高度10 cm处理再生稻具有"源"足"流"畅"库"大的特点.     

Post‐flowering night respiration and altered sink activity account for high night temperature‐induced grain yield and quality loss in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

High night temperature (HNT) is a major constraint to sustaining global rice production under future climate. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms were elucidated for HNT‐induced grain yield and quality loss in rice. Contrasting rice cultivars (N22, tolerant; Gharib, susceptible; IR64, high yielding with superior grain quality) were tested under control (23°C) and HNT (29°C) using unique field‐based tents from panicle initiation till physiological maturity. HNT affected 1000 grain weight, grain yield, grain chalk and amylose content in Gharib and IR64. HNT increased night respiration (Rn) accounted for higher carbon losses during post‐flowering phase. Gharib and IR64 recorded 16 and 9% yield reduction with a 63 and 35% increase in average post‐flowering Rn under HNT, respectively. HNT altered sugar accumulation in the rachis and spikelets across the cultivars with Gharib and IR64 recording higher sugar accumulation in the rachis. HNT reduced panicle starch content in Gharib (22%) and IR64 (11%) at physiological maturity, but not in the tolerant N22. At the enzymatic level, HNT reduced sink strength with lower cell wall invertase and sucrose synthase activity in Gharib and IR64, which affected starch accumulation in the developing grain, thereby reducing grain weight and quality. Interestingly, N22 recorded lower Rn‐mediated carbon losses and minimum impact on sink strength under HNT. Mechanistic responses identified will facilitate crop models to precisely estimate HNT‐induced damage under future warming scenarios.     

不同秧苗素质和移栽密度条件下臭氧胁迫对水稻光合作用、物质生产和产量的影响

近地层臭氧浓度升高使水稻生长受抑进而使产量下降,但这种影响是否因不同栽培条件而异尚不清楚。2011年依托先进的稻田臭氧FACE(Free Air gas Concentration Enrichment)技术平台,以汕优63为供试材料,臭氧设置大气臭氧浓度(Ambient)和高臭氧浓度(比Ambient高50%),秧苗素质设置弱苗(移栽时无分蘖)和壮苗(移栽时带两个分蘖),移栽密度设置低密度(16穴/m2)、中密度(24穴/m2)和高密度(32穴/m2),研究不同秧苗素质和移栽密度条件下臭氧胁迫对水稻生长和产量的影响。结果表明:高浓度臭氧使水稻结实期叶片SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率明显下降,但胞间CO2浓度和叶温无显著变化。高浓度臭氧对水稻拔节前物质生产量没有影响,但使拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期物质生产量平均分别降低13%和29%,进而使成熟期生物产量和籽粒产量均显著下降。方差分析表明,臭氧与秧苗素质间没有互作效应,但臭氧与移栽密度的互作对最终产量的影响达显著水平。以上结果表明,臭氧胁迫使水稻生长后期光合受阻,导致物质生产和产量显著下降;适当增加移栽密度可能会减少臭氧胁迫下水稻产量的损失。     

高产磷高效水稻磷素吸收利用特征

通过正常供磷的大田试验（2011年）,以产量和磷籽粒生产效率为指标,将27份中熟水稻亲本材料划分为4个类型,再通过正常和低磷处理的土培试验（2012年）,筛选出高产磷高效水稻材料,并探讨各种磷效率对产量的贡献率.结果表明： 结合两年的试验结果,供试材料的产量和磷利用效率均存在显著的基因型差异,筛选出GR泸17/矮TTP//泸17_2（QR20）为高产磷高效材料.在两个供磷水平下,QR20的产量和磷利用效率均显著高于低产磷低效材料玉香B,其产量分别是玉香B的1.96和1.92倍.大田和土培试验结果均表明,磷积累量对产量的贡献率均高于磷籽粒生产效率和磷收获指数.正常供磷条件下,磷积累量和磷籽粒生产效率对产量的贡献率差异不大,低磷条件下差异较大（66.5%和26.6%）,磷收获指数对产量的贡献率最低,最高仅为11.8%（土培）.土培试验中,正常供磷条件下,拔节-抽穗阶段的磷积累量对产量和磷收获指数的贡献率最高,分别为93.4%和85.7%,对磷籽粒生产效率的贡献率为41.8%;在低磷条件下,分蘖-拔节阶段的磷积累量对产量和磷籽粒生产效率的贡献率最高,分别为56.9%和20.1%,对磷收获指数的贡献率为16.0%.土培正常供磷条件下,水稻QR20的产量、磷积累量和磷收获指数相对于低磷处理分别增加了20.6%、18.1%和18.2%,差异显著.综上,磷效率对水稻产量的贡献率大小依次为磷吸收效率＞利用效率＞转运效率;正常供磷条件下,拔节-抽穗阶段的磷积累量对产量的贡献率最高,低磷胁迫下,分蘖-拔节阶段的磷积累量对产量的贡献率最高,这两个阶段可能是水稻高产磷高效协调统一的关键时期.
     

高浓度CO2对稻穗不同位置籽粒结实和米质性状的影响

不断升高的大气CO₂浓度影响水稻颖花发育、灌浆结实和品质形成,但这种影响是否与籽粒在稻穗上的着生部位有关尚不清楚.利用稻田FACE (Free-Air CO₂ Enrichment)平台,以优质丰产粳稻‘武运粳23’为材料,CO₂处理设背景CO₂浓度(Ambient)和高CO₂浓度(增200 μmol·mol^-1, FACE)两个水平,研究开放大田条件下高浓度CO₂对水稻颖花密度、籽粒结实能力、稻米外观和食味品质的影响及其与稻穗不同着生位置的关系.结果表明:FACE处理使武运粳23籽粒产量平均增加18.3%,从产量构成因素看,穗数和饱粒重分别增加21.4%、9.4%,每穗颖花数、饱粒率平均减少9.0%、2.2%.FACE水稻饱粒率下降主要与稻穗不同部位空粒率大幅增加有关.FACE水稻每穗颖花数减少主要与稻穗上部、中部二次枝梗现存颖花大幅减少有关,而其他位置颖花数均无显著变化;稻穗不同位置饱粒重和饱粒率对FACE的响应无显著差异.FACE处理使绿粒率下降,但糙米长度和宽度均增加,稻穗不同部位趋势一致.FACE使垩白粒率(增幅59%)、垩白度(增幅55%)均极显著增加,增幅表现为稻穗一次枝梗>二次枝梗、上部>中部>下部.FACE使稻穗不同位置稻米直链淀粉含量略增,使最高粘度、热浆粘度、崩解值、最终粘度和消减值略降,但多未达显著水平.FACE使稻米糊化温度显著下降,弱势粒的降幅大于强势粒.综上,高浓度CO₂环境下武运粳23产量增加主要与穗数增多和籽粒增重有关,而稻穗明显变小;高浓度CO₂使稻米绿粒率减少,垩白增多,而对蒸煮食味品质影响较少;颖花着生位置对高浓度CO₂环境下水稻颖花发育、结实和品质的影响因不同测定指标而异.