Differential Reaction of Alfalfa Cultivars to Meloidogyne hapla and M. chitwoodi Populations

Meloidogyne hapla reproduced and suppressed growth (P < 0.05) of susceptible Lahontan and Moapa alfalfa at 15, 20, and 25 C. At 30 C, resistant Nevada Syn XX lost resistance to M. hapla. M. hapla invaded and reproduced on Rhizobium meliloti nodules of Lahontan and Moapa, inducing giant cell formation and structural disorder of vascular bundles of nodules without disrupting bacteroids. At 15, 20, and 25 C a M. chitwoodi population from Utah reproduced on Lahontan, Moapa, and Nevada Syn XX alfalfa, suppressing growth (P < 0.05). Final densities of the Utah M. chitwoodi population were greater (P < 0.05) than those of Idaho and Washington State populations on Lahontan at 15 and 25 C and on Nevada Syn XX at 15 C, but were less consistent and smaller (P < 0.05) than those of M. hapla on Lahontan and Moapa at 20 and 25 C. Inconsistent reproduction of the Utah M. chitwoodi population on alfalfa suggests the possible existence of nematode strains revealed by variability in alfalfa resistance. No reproduction or inconsistent final nematode population densities with no damage were observed on Lahontan, Moapa, and Nevada Syn XX plants grown in soil infested with Idaho and Washington State M. chitwoodi populations.     

Host Suitability of Twelve Leguminosae Species to Populations of Meloidogyne hapla and M. chitwoodi

Legumes of the genera Astragalus (milkvetch), Coronilla (crownvetch), Lathyrus (pea vine), Lotus (birdsfoot trefoil), Medicago (alfalfa), Melilotus (clover), Trifolium (clover), and Vicia (common vetch) were inoculated with a population of Melaidogyne chitwoodi from Utah or with one of three M. hapla populations from California, Utah, and Wyoming.Thirty-nine percent to 86% of alfalfa (M. scutellata) and 10% to 55% of red clover (T. pratense) plants survived inoculation with the nematode populations at a greenhouse temperature of 24 ± 3°C. All plants of the other legume species survived all nematode populations, except 4% of the white clover (T. repens) plants inoculated with the California M. hapla population. Entries were usually more susceptible to the M. hapla populations than to M. chitwoodi. Galling of host roots differed between nematode populations and species. Root-galling indices (1 = none, 6 = severely galled) ranged from 1 on pea vine inoculated with the California population of M. hapla to 6 on yellow sweet clover inoculated with the Wyoming population of M. hapla. The nematode reproductive factor (Rf = final nematode population/initial nematode population) ranged from 0 for all nematode populations on pea vine to 35 for the Wyoming population of M. hapla on alfalfa (M. sativa).     

Andropause ou P.A.D.A.M.

Recently the word P.A.D.A.M. has been proposed to replace the term Andropause (Partiel Andrologen Deficiency in Aging Males). This implies that most if not all problems of the aging male are due to testosterone déficiency, which is not at all true when one considers the results of endocrine investigations in that group. So many other sociological and relational causes are involved that the term P.A.D.A.M. is clearly a misnomer.     

Diatoms in sediment cores in Utah Lake,Utah, U.S.A.

Diatoms from sediment cores taken from Provo Bay, Geneva and midlake sites in Utah Lake, Utah County, Utah were studied. Algal communities from strata at four centimeterintervals of the cores were analyzed. This study has demonstrated that the diatom flora in Utah Lake has changed through time and that the diatom communities of Provo Bay are floristically unique from those of the main body of the lake.     

Cellular immune responses in Huntington's disease (H.D.). Detection of H.D. and multiple sclerosis (M.S.) brain antigenicity by H.D. but not M.S. lymphocytes.

Lymphocytes from patients with Huntington's disease (H.D.) exhibit a cellular immune response which consists of two components: a minor component directed against antigen common to all human brains, and a major component directed against antigen found thus far only in H.D. and multiple sclerosis (M.S.) gray matter. M.S. lymphocytes exhibit a response to antigen common to all human brains, but fail to show any H.D. or M.S. brain-specific response.     

Importance of Temperature in the Pathology of Meloidogyne hapla and M. chitwoodi on Legumes

Effects of temperatures on the host-parasite relationships were studied for three legume species and four populations of root-knot nematodes from the western United States. The nematode populations were Meloidogyne hapla from California (MHCA), Utah (MHUT), and Wyoming (MHWY), and a population of M. chitwoodi from Utah (MCUT). The legumes were milkvetch (Astragalus cicer), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis). All milkvetch plants survived inoculation with all nematode populations, while alfalfa and yellow sweet clover were more susceptible. On yellow sweet clover, MHCA was most pathogenic at 30 °C based on suppression of shoot growth while MHUT, MHWY, and MCUT were most pathogenic at 25 °C. All nematode populations suppressed growth of yellow sweet clover more than growth of milkvetch and alfalfa. The reproductive factor (Rf = final nematode population/initial nematode population) of MHCA was positively correlated (r = 0.83) with temperature between 15 °C and 30 °C. The greatest Rf occurred on alfalfa inoculated with MHCA at 30 °C. The Rf of MHUT, MHWY, and MCUT were positively correlated (r= 0.76, r= 0.78, and r= 0.73, respectively) with temperature between 15 °C and 25 °C. The Rf values of MHUT and MHWY were similar on all species and exceeded the Rf of MCUT at all temperatures (P < 0.05).     

扁苞蕗蕨和长柄蕗蕨的细胞分类学研究

本文首次报道了四川产扁苞蕗蕨和长柄蕗蕨的染色体及孢子发生情况。它们的染色体数目分别为 n=26和n=28,都是有性生殖的二倍体。染色体基数26在蕗蕨属的发现进一步证明了它和膜蕨属、厚壁蕨属的密切亲缘关系。这两种蕗蕨的孢子囊通常形成128个孢子及少数256个孢子的情况被描述,它们应该被看成是有性生殖真蕨,尤其是在膜蕨科和薄囊真蕨中的其他较原始的类群中的正常的孢子发生路线。     

Cytotaxonomic Observations on Mecodium paniculiflorum (Presl) Copel and M. osmnndoides (V. D.B.) Ching

Mecodium paniculiflorum (Presl) Copel. and M. osmundoides (v. d. B.) Ching from Sichuan Province have been examined cytologically. They have the chromosome numbers n = 26 and n=28 respectively, which are recorded for the first time. Their spores produced after normal meiosis are seemly available. Both the species are sexual diploid. The chromosome number n=26 of M. paniculiflorum shows that it is distinct from M. polyanthos (Sw.) Copel. with the chromosome number n=28. However, M. osmundoides has the same chromosorrie number with M. polyanthos. Therefore, it may be an Asian member of M. polyanthos group. The occurrence of the basic number 26 in the genus Mecodium has given a strong evidence of the close relationship between Mecodium and Hymenophyllum, Meringium. It has been known that in Hymenophyllaceae, they are the only three genera with more than four base numbers. They have shared the base numbers 21 and 28. Now, they have the third common base number 26 (or 13) which is a spicific basic number in the family. In addition, all they have bivalved involucres and other similar characters, so it is reasonable that they are treated as subgenera or section under the same genus Hymenophyllum by C. V. Morton[13] and K. lwatsuki[7,8]. During the sporogenesis of M. paniculiflorum and M. osmundoides, the initial archesporiaI cell in a developing sporangium usually divides successively five times by mitosis resulting 32-spore mother cells, and then meiosis occurs regularly, giving rise to 128 spores finally. In a few cases, 64-SMC or 256-spore sporangia are also produced in M, osmundoides. It is suggested that besides forming 64-spore sporangium, forming 128-spore and 256-spore sporangia should be conscidered as normal sporogenesis lines in sexually-reproducing ferns, especially in Hyme- nophyllaceae and other ancient group of leptosporangiate ferns. The voucher specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of our Institute (PE).     

双酚A和壬基酚对隆线溞和微型裸腹溞的毒性

我们以隆线溞和微型裸腹溞为实验动物,进行了两种酚类内分泌干扰物双酚A（BPA）和壬基酚(NP)的毒性效应研究。急性实验测定出双酚A对隆线溞的24h和48h半数致死浓度（LC50）为：12.02mg/L和11.64mg/L,对微型裸腹溞24h和48h半数致死浓度LC50为：13.70mg/L和9.63mg/L。而壬基酚对隆线溞的24h和48h半数致死浓度（LC50）分别为：0.221mg/L和0.159mg/L,对微型裸腹溞的24h和48h半数致死浓度（LC50）分别为：0.334mg/L和0.126mg/L。实验表明微型裸腹溞对双酚A和壬基酚的敏感度高于隆线溞,能够很好的指示水环境的污染。慢性毒性实验发现双酚A对微型裸腹溞后代的雌雄比例有明显的影响,影响类似于hormesis现象。而壬基酚对隆线溞的慢性毒性研究发现,隆线溞的生活史、后代成活率均受到暴露的壬基酚浓度升高的不利影响。这些研究表明低浓度双酚A长期暴露的潜在毒性与高浓度壬基酚的急性毒性在这两种内分泌干扰物污染环境的研究中有重要意义。     

A new species of Townsendia (Compositae) from Utah

An endemic, yellow ray-flowered species ofTownsendia is described asT. aprica from Sevier Co., Utah. It is apparently most closely related toT. montana Nutt. of western Montana and Wyoming south to southern Utah andT. mensana M. E. Jones of northern and western Utah and adjacent Nevada.     

麂属(Muntiacus)动物MDR-1基因序列分析及其分子进化关系

对麂属（Muntiacus)中的3种动物：赤麂（M.muntjak)(2n-6♀,7♂）,小麂（M.reevesi)(2n=46),黑麂（M.crinifrons(2n=8♀,9♂）MDR－1基因（multidrug resistance,多药耐药基因）726bp左右的片段进行了序列分析并根据序列信息建立分子系统树,同时探讨了这3种动物的起源,分类地位及进化关系。     

Kinetic behavior of associating enzyme systems ofthe type M in equilibrium M2 in equilibrium M3 in equilibrium ... and of the type 2M in equilibrium D in equilibrium D2 in equilibrium D3 in equilibrium ...

A theoretical analysis has been made of dependencies of specific enzymatic activity (a) on the concentration of the enzyme for associating enzyme systems, in which the association of protein molecules leads to the formation of linear associates of an unlimited length (M in equilibrium M2 in equilibrium M3 in equilibrium ...) and is accompanied by steric shielding of active centers, and also for systems of the type 2 M in equilibrium D in equilibrium D2 in equilibrium D3 in equilibrium ... (M is an inactive monomer and D is an active dimer), in which the specific enzymatic activity of the dimer does not depend on the degree of association. For both models an analysis has been made of the S-shape of the curves of the dependence of a on the concentration of the substrate. Experimental data for glutamate dehydrogenase from ox liver and phosphofructokinase from rabbit skeletal muscles have been used as illustrations.     

Variation at the M235T locus of the angiotensinogen gene and essential hypertension: a population-based case-control study from Rochester,Minnesota

A variant of the angiotensinogen gene, M235T, has been associated with essential hypertension in selected subjects from Paris, France and Salt Lake City, Utah. In the present report, we studied a population-based sample consisting of 104 subjects diagnosed with hypertension before age 60 and 195 matched normotensive individuals from Rochester, Minnesota. We determined whether there was a relationship between the M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene and the occurrence of essential hypertension using two methods. First, a contingency chi-square analysis was carried out to test for an association between the M235T polymorphism and hypertension status. Second, multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to determine whether variation at the M235T polymorphism was a significant predictor of the probability of having essential hypertension. We detected no statistically significant association between the M235T polymorphism and the occurrence of essential hypertension. In particular, the association was not significant in either gender or in a subset of severely hypertensive subjects requiring two or more anti-hypertensive medications. Furthermore, variation in the number of M235T alleles did not make a significant contribution to predicting the probability of having essential hypertension, either alone or in conjunction with other predictor variables. These results suggest that the contribution of variation in the angiotensinogen gene to the occurrence of essential hypertension is less than initially suspected, or may not be constant across populations.     

Induction of embryogenicTriticum aestivum L. calli. I. Quantification of genotype and culture medium effects

Somatic embryo (embryoid) formation from immature-embryo-derived calli was quantified in replicated experiments involving 10Triticum aestivum L. genotypes. Several published media formulations, which had previously been optimized for wheat tissue culture, were tested for each genotype. Embryos from each plant were randomly assigned to each medium. Percentage precocious germination of immature embryos and mean percentage scutellar callus per explant were recorded. Embryoids per callus were determined by microscopic examination at 28 and 56 days. There were highly significant differences among genotypes, media, and individual plants from which explants were taken. A medium based on double the Murashige and Skoog (MS) inorganic salt concentration was significantly better than other media. Inclusion of all MS vitamins appeared essential for optimal response. Two genotypes were tested in a second experiment where both 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (9.05 M) and 6-furfurylaminopurine (0.46 M) were substituted for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (4.52 M) in either double or normal MS medium. This substitution significantly increased embryoid formation at 28 days. Additions of either 6-furfurylaminopurine or coconut water increased precocious germination of both embryo explants and embryoids.This study was supported in part by NASA-Ames Cooperative Agreement No. NCC2-139. Contribution of the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, UT, Journal Paper No. 3358.     

麂属(Muntiacus)动物线粒体12SrRNA和细胞色素B基因序列分析及其分子进化关系

对麂属（Muntiacus)中的3种动物;赤麂（M.muntjak)（2n=6♀,7♂）,小麂（M.reevesi)(2n=46）,黑（M.crinifrons(2♀,9♂）线粒体DNA12SrRNA和细胞色素B783bp左右的片段进行序列分析,并根据序列信息建立分子系统树,同时探讨了这3种动物的起源,分类地位及进化关系。     

How M.MspI and M.HpaII decide which base to methylate.

The HpaII methylase (M.HpaII) recognizes the sequence CCGG and methylates the inner cytosine residue. The MspI methylase (MspI) recognizes the same sequence but methylates the outer cytosine residue. Both methylases have the usual architecture of 10 well-conserved motifs surrounding a variable region, responsible for sequence specific recognition, that is quite different in the two methylases. We have constructed hybrids between these two methylases and studied their methylation properties. A hybrid containing the variable region and C-terminal sequences from M.MspI methylates the outer cytosine residue. A second hybrid identical to the first except that the variable region derives from the M.HpaII methylates the inner cytosine residue. Thus the choice of base to be methylated within the recognition sequence is determined by the variable region.     

结核杆菌DnaA蛋白在耻垢分枝杆菌中的同源表达

目的：在耻垢分枝杆菌中表达重组结核杆菌DnaA蛋白并对表达产物进行鉴定。方法：用PCR的方法扩增结核杆菌dnaA基因并克隆至表达载体pMF406中,构建重组大肠杆菌-分枝杆菌穿梭质粒pMF-dnaA。经双酶切及测序鉴定后,用电转化的方法将重组质粒转至耻垢分枝杆菌mc2155中。用0.02%乙酰胺诱导重组耻垢分枝杆菌,对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE和Western blotting检测和鉴定。结果：重组耻垢分枝杆菌构建成功,SDS-PAGE及Western blotting结果显示该重组耻垢杆菌可以实现结核杆菌DnaA蛋白的同源高效表达。结论：结核杆菌DnaA蛋白的同源表达为结核杆菌DNA复制机制的研究奠定了基础。     

Produits neutres et alcaloides de Myrtopsis macrocarpa,M. myrtoidea,M. novae-caledoniae et M. sellingii

Stems and leaves of Myrtopsis macrocarpa, M. myrtoidea, M. novae-caledoniae and M. sellingii yielded terpenes, sterols, coumarins, alkaloids (furoquinolines and quinolones) and amides. A new quinolone (8-methoxy flindersine) occurs in Myrtopsis macrocarpa, a new amide (N-benzoyltryptamine) in M. myrtoidea, two new coumarins (myrsellin and myrsellinol) and a new dihydrofuroquinoline (myrtopsine) in M. sellingii. Structures of the new compounds are proposed from chemical and spectroscopic evidence.