DNA条形编码在蚜虫类昆虫中的应用

2003年提出的DNA条形编码技术给生物分类研究带来了空前的繁荣,众多学者对此进行了分析和讨论.蚜虫类昆虫具有多型、转主寄生等复杂的生物学特性,其形态特征多有特化或退化,因此,DNA条形编码在蚜虫类昆虫中的应用必将给蚜虫分类学研究带来巨大的活力.文章总结了国际DNA条形编码技术的研究进展和现状,并展望了DNA条形编码在蚜虫类昆虫研究中应用的方向,该研究技术主要用于对蚜虫物种快速准确的鉴定、解决多型性问题、发现隐存分类单元,探讨蚜虫种间的系统发育关系、蚜虫与寄主植物的关系,解释蚜虫地理分布格局和推测近期分化物种的成因等.     

DNA条形编码技术在动物分类中的研究进展

DNA条形编码(DNA Barcoding)技术是一种新的生物分类方法,它是分子生物学和生物信息学相结合的产物。这一概念认为,就像在商店里扫描仪读取条形码那样,对地球上每一种生物也能通过快速分析其DNA中的一小段(线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶Ⅰ亚基,mt COI)加以识别。在最近3年里,该技术已成为生物分类学中研究的热点。理论上,DNA条形编码在生物分类鉴定中具有重要作用,但目前国际上对其的争论也不少。综述了DNA条形编码技术的产生、发展概况、原理与操作及其在动物分类中的应用,突出了该技术在寄生虫分类中应用的意义与可行性,并讨论了DNA条形编码在生物分类应用中可能存在的问题。     

DNA条形码技术及其在保护生物学中的应用

物质文明及生活水平的提升为人类带来诸多好处的同时,也使人们越来越清晰地意识到保护生物多样性及生态系统稳定性的重大意义.DNA条形码技术作为现今生物分类学中重要的分子技术,可以快速准确地鉴定物种.多国科学家都在致力于对DNA条形码的研究,以便能共同组建数据库.将现有物种正确分类并期望用于发现新种,为生物的保护及生态系统的维护作出巨大贡献.细胞色素C氧化酶亚单位I(COI)是现在动物种类鉴定中最常用的基因之一.综述DNA条形编码技术的产生、原理、发展概况与操作及其在保护动物分类中的应用.阐明该技术在保护生物学中应用的意义与可行性,并讨论DNA条形编码在生物分类应用中可能存在的问题.     

DNA条形码在鞘翅目昆虫分子系统学研究中的应用

近年来,DNA条形码(DNA Barcoding)技术已经成为生物分类学研究中备受关注的新型技术,并在鞘翅目昆虫系统发育研究中得到广泛应用。本文总结了鞘翅目昆虫DNA条形码研究所用COⅠ基因序列,概述了DNA条形码在鞘翅目昆虫的物种分类鉴定、发现新种和隐存种、系统发育关系研究等方面的应用,并对DNA条形码研究技术新进展和标准序列筛选需要注意的问题进行了讨论。     

DNA条形码识别Ⅰ.DNA条形码研究进展及应用前景

DNA条形码(DNA Barcoding)是近年来生物分类学中引人注目的发展热点.本文综述了DNA条形码的发展历史、识别原理以及公共数据库,并讨论了DNA条形码在检疫检验领域的应用前景.DNA条形码与DNA芯片技术的结合,将推动传统物种鉴定方法的更新,可在检疫检验领域中实现非专家检定,这对进出口口岸生物监测具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.     

线粒体DNA编码细胞色素氧化酶亚基基因的进展

细胞色素氧化酶由13个亚基组成,其中构成级联反应核心的最大3个亚基(COXⅠ,COXⅡ和COXⅢ)由mtDNA编码,其余10个亚基(COⅣ,Ⅴa,Ⅴb,Ⅵa,Ⅵb,Ⅵc,Ⅶa,Ⅶb,Ⅶc,和Ⅷ)均由nDNA编码。COXⅠ亚基与hemea、hemea3、CuB结合,直接参与质子泵过程;COXⅡ亚基与CuA结合,位于线粒体包质面与细胞色素C进行反应;COXⅠП亚基参与氧化还原连接的质子易位过程;其余10个亚基的功能尚不明确。COX是线粒体组装所必需的基因,其表达调控与nDNA和mtDNA相互作用有关。     

基于线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I基因序列的帘蛤科贝类分子系统发育研究

对21种帘蛤科贝类线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(cytochrome c oxidase subunit I,COI)基因核苷酸序列进行了分析,以探讨这一序列在种质鉴定、分子系统发生研究中的应用价值。测序结果表明,所有物种扩增片段长度均为707 bp(含引物),序列A+T含量(62.4%—67.8%)明显高于G+C含量。物种间共有变异位点379个,其中简约信息位点334个;此区段共编码235个氨基酸,种间共有氨基酸变异位点100个。以COI基因片段序列为标记,用中国蛤蜊(Mactra chinensis)作外群,构建了35种帘蛤科贝类(其中14种贝类COI序列从GenBank下载)的系统发生树,结合拓扑结构分析和序列比对分析,结果表明:支持将短文蛤(Meretrix petechinalis)和丽文蛤(M.lusoria)订为文蛤(M.meretrix)的同物异名的观点,建议将丽文蛤和短文蛤订为文蛤的地理亚种;支持将薄片镜蛤(Dosinia corrugata)和D.angulosa订为2个独立种的观点;认为将波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)和织锦巴非蛤(P.textile)订为2个独立种是合适的。COI基因序列含有丰富的遗传信息,适合作为帘蛤科贝类种群遗传结构和系统发生研究的分子标记。     

低氧训练对骨骼肌p53及其调控的线粒体有氧代谢信号通路基因表达的影响

目的:探讨低氧训练对大鼠骨骼肌p53及其调控的线粒体有氧代谢信号通路基因表达的影响,以及对线粒体有氧氧化供能能力的影响。方法:30只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为3组(n=10),低住低练组(LoLo)、高住高练组(HiHi)和高住高练低训组(HiHiLo)。以当地海拔1 500 m为常氧环境,模拟海拔3 500 m为低氧环境,各组大鼠按训练方案训练5周后,取股四头肌行匀浆及提取线粒体。Real-time PCR检测p53、细胞色素c氧化酶合成2(SCO2),细胞色素c氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COXⅠ)和谷氨酰胺酶2(GLS2) mRNA表达,Westem blot检测p53、SCO2、COXⅠ和GLS2蛋白表达;ELISA测定α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶(α-KGDHC),细胞色素c氧化酶(COX)及ATP合酶(ATP synthase)活性。结果:(1)与LoLo组比较,HiHi和HiHiLo组p53 mRNA水平显著升高(P<0.01),HiHiLo组p53蛋白表达水平显著下降(P<0.01);HiHi和HiHiLo组SCO2 mRNA水平和蛋白表达水平均显著升高(P<0.01);H...     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因的凤蝶亚科部分物种系统发育关系

通过对凤蝶亚科Papilioninae11属27种的线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶Ⅰ基因(COⅠ)序列测定,以阿波罗绢蝶Parnassius apollo为外群,分别采用邻接法(NJ)、最大简约法(MP)和最大似然法(ML)构建凤蝶亚科的系统发育树,初步探讨了其系统发育关系。结果显示,凤蝶亚科11属27个物种分为4个主要的分支,分别是裳凤蝶族Troidini、凤蝶族Papilionini、燕凤蝶族Lampropterini和喙凤蝶族Teinopalpini,与传统分类学观点一致。其中,燕凤蝶族构成凤蝶亚科系统发育树基部的一个独立分支,且为单系发生。凤蝶属Papilio中美凤蝶亚属Menelaides和翠凤蝶亚属Princeps首先相聚,华凤蝶亚属Sinoprinceps和凤蝶亚属Papilio亲缘关系较近,随后两分支再聚为一支,构成凤蝶属。本研究结果从分子水平验证了凤蝶亚科传统的形态分类地位,并为澄清凤蝶亚科物种间系统发育关系提供了基础资料。     

DNA条形码在膜翅目昆虫中的应用分析

DNA条形码的提出,实现了分类学的一次质的飞跃,简便、快捷以及精确的优点使其被广泛应用在物种的分类工作中。膜翅目为昆虫纲的第3大目,其物种具有高度的多样性,种类鉴定工作复杂艰巨。DNA条形码在膜翅目中得到广泛应用。本文针对DNA条形码在膜翅目昆虫的物种分类鉴定、物种发现和隐存种、食物网与生物多样性等方面研究情况予以综述。     

DNA条形码与动植物分类学的研究

DNA条形码在动植物分类学中的研究最近几年非常火热。这项技术在国外研究的比较多,国内的许多方面的研究还没达到国际水平。我国的动植物种类比较繁多,地区差异也较大,怎样能将这些物种准确,快速的进行分类,是众多动植物学家一直在研究的难题。针对DNA条形码研究的现状和他在动植物学中应用以及它存在的争议来进一步认识DNA条形码。     

DNA barcoding is a new approach in comparative genomics of plants

DNA barcoding was proposed as a method for recognition and identification of eukaryotic species through comparison of sequences of a standard short DNA fragment—DNA barcode—from an unknown specimen to a library of reference sequences from known species. This allows identifying an organism at any stage of development from a very small tissue sample, fresh or conserved many years ago. Molecular identification of plant samples can be used in various scientific and applied fields. It would also help to find new species, which is particularly important for cryptogamic plants. An optimal DNA barcode region is a small fragment presented in all species of a major taxonomic group, having invariable nucleotide sequence in all members of the same species, but with sufficient variation to discriminate among the species. This fragment should be flanked by low-variable regions for use of universal primers in PCR for amplification and sequencing. The DNA barcode that is well established in animals is a sequence of a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene CO1. However, searching for DNA barcode in plants proved to be a more challenging task. No DNA region universally suitable for all plants and meeting all of the necessary criteria has been found. Apparently, a multilocus or two-stage approach should be applied for this purpose. Several fragments of the chloroplast genome (trnH-psbA, matK, rpoC, rpoB, rbcL) in combinations of two or three regions were suggested as candidate regions with highest potential, but more representative samples should be examined to choose the best candidate. The possibility is discussed to use as DNA barcode internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear rRNA genes, which are highly variable, widely employed in molecular phylogenetic studies at the species level, but also have some limitations.     

DNA barcoding: how it complements taxonomy, molecular phylogenetics and population genetics

DNA barcoding aims to provide an efficient method for species-level identifications and, as such, will contribute powerfully to taxonomic and biodiversity research. As the number of DNA barcode sequences accumulates, however, these data will also provide a unique 'horizontal' genomics perspective with broad implications. For example, here we compare the goals and methods of DNA barcoding with those of molecular phylogenetics and population genetics, and suggest that DNA barcoding can complement current research in these areas by providing background information that will be helpful in the selection of taxa for further analyses.     

New taxonomy and old collections: integrating DNA barcoding into the collection curation process

Because they house large biodiversity collections and are also research centres with sequencing facilities, natural history museums are well placed to develop DNA barcoding best practices. The main difficulty is generally the vouchering system: it must ensure that all data produced remain attached to the corresponding specimen, from the field to publication in articles and online databases. The Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris is one of the leading laboratories in the Marine Barcode of Life (MarBOL) project, which was used as a pilot programme to include barcode collections for marine molluscs and crustaceans. The system is based on two relational databases. The first one classically records the data (locality and identification) attached to the specimens. In the second one, tissue-clippings, DNA extractions (both preserved in 2D barcode tubes) and PCR data (including primers) are linked to the corresponding specimen. All the steps of the process [sampling event, specimen identification, molecular processing, data submission to Barcode Of Life Database (BOLD) and GenBank] are thus linked together. Furthermore, we have developed several web-based tools to automatically upload data into the system, control the quality of the sequences produced and facilitate the submission to online databases. This work is the result of a joint effort from several teams in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), but also from a collaborative network of taxonomists and molecular systematists outside the museum, resulting in the vouchering so far of ～41,000 sequences and the production of ～11,000 COI sequences.     

Integrative taxonomy at work: DNA barcoding of taeniids harboured by wild and domestic cats

In modern taxonomy, DNA barcoding is particularly useful where biometric parameters are difficult to determine or useless owing to the poor quality of samples. These situations are frequent in parasitology. Here, we present an integrated study, based on both DNA barcoding and morphological analysis, on cestodes belonging to the genus Taenia, for which biodiversity is still largely underestimated. In particular, we characterized cestodes from Italian wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris), free‐ranging domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) and hybrids populations. Adult taeniids were collected by post‐mortem examinations of the hosts and morphologically identified as Taenia taeniaeformis. We produced cox1 barcode sequences for all the analysed specimens, and we compared them with reference sequences of individuals belonging to the genus Taenia retrieved from GenBank. In order to evaluate the performance of a DNA barcoding approach to discriminate these parasites, the strength of correlation between species identification based on classical morphology and the molecular divergence of cox1 sequences was measured. Our study provides clear evidence that DNA barcoding is highly efficient to reveal the presence of cryptic lineages within already‐described taeniid species. Indeed, we detected three well‐defined molecular lineages within the whole panel of specimens morphologically identified as T. taeniaeformis. Two of these molecular groups were already identified by other authors and should be ranked at species level. The third molecular group encompasses only samples collected in Italy during this study, and it represents a third candidate species, still morphologically undescribed.     

DNA barcoding should accompany taxonomy - the case of Cerebratulus spp (Nemertea)

Many issues in DNA barcoding need to be solved before it can reach its goal to become a general database for species identification. While species delimitations are more or less well established in several taxa, there are still many groups where this is not the case. Without the proper taxonomic background/knowledge and corroboration with other kinds of data, the DNA barcoding approach may fail to identify species accurately. The classification and taxonomy of phylum Nemertea (nemerteans, ribbon worms) are traditionally based on morphology, but are not corroborated by an increasing amount of genetic data when it comes to classification either into species or into higher taxa. The taxonomy of the phylum needs to be improved before the full potential of DNA barcoding can be utilized to make sure that valid Linnean names accompany the barcode sequences. We illustrate the problematic situation in the phylum Nemertea by a case study from the genus Cerebratulus.