牛病毒性腹泻病毒E2抗原表位表达及验证

[目的]获得高效表达的重组牛病毒性腹泻病毒(Bovine viral diarrhoea virus,BVDV)E2免疫抗原蛋白。[方法]应用软件分析BVDV-E2蛋白抗原表位,将富含抗原表位基因片段连接表达载体p GEX-4T-1,并转化至大肠杆菌(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE和Western Blot检测诱导表达蛋白,经镍柱分离纯化;以纯化蛋白为包被抗原,用间接ELISA检测抗原对免疫血清的反应性。[结果]成功克隆BVDV-E2抗原表位基因,并在大肠杆菌中高效表达,Western Blot和ELISA证实表达重组蛋白对BVDV阳性血清具有反应原性。[结论]获得大小为49.5 k Da的BVDV-E2抗原表位蛋白,并且该抗原稀释度在1:40,抗体稀释度在1:20时结合效果最佳。可用于后续的纳米抗体筛选的研究。     

猪细小病毒NS1抗原表位的真核表达及ELISA方法的建立

以猪细小病毒NS1抗原表位的真核表达及ELISA建立为目的,以猪细小病毒基因组DNA为模板,扩增获得PPVNS1主要抗原表位基因,将其插入到真核表达载体pPICZα-A中,获得重组质粒pPICZα-A-NS1。电转化后将重组毕赤酵母菌株诱导表达,SDS-PAGE检测证实重组蛋白获得了高效表达,Western blot实验表明表达产物具有良好的反应原性。将纯化后的重组蛋白包被酶标板,经棋盘法优化,初步建立了检测猪细小病毒特异性抗体的间接ELISA方法。结果表明,抗原最佳包被浓度为1.9μg/mL,血清最佳稀释度为1∶80,阳性判断标准定为OD待检血清>0.4且OD待检血清/OD标准阴性值>2.0。用该方法对猪血清样品进行检测,结果显示本方法与HI试验的符合率达91.2%,与国外同类试剂盒的符合率为92.1%,该间接ELISA方法特异性强、敏感性高,可用于猪细小病毒病感染抗体的检测。     

小反刍兽疫病毒F基因缺失体的克隆、表达及鉴定

旨在研究小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)囊膜与宿主细胞的融合机制,构建F基因缺失体,并且在原核细胞内表达。鉴于F基因中包含的两段保守序列HR1和HR2在融合过程中具有关键性作用,分别构建p ET30a-HR1和p ET30a-HR2原核表达载体,将测序正确的重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)细胞内进行IPTG诱导表达,在最优表达条件下大量表达,并利用镍琼脂糖凝胶纯化蛋白。结果显示,获得的重组蛋白与预期大小一致且以可溶性方式表达,纯化的蛋白纯度大于90%;重组蛋白与抗His标签抗体和抗PPRV Nigeria 75/1株阳性血清均能发生反应,证明重组蛋白具有反应原性。     

狂犬病病毒M蛋白在杆状病毒中的表达、纯化及多克隆抗体的制备

为表达狂犬病病毒(Rabies Virus,RV)基质蛋白(M)蛋白,进而制备多克隆抗体。本研究以狂犬病病毒BD06株RNA为模版,通过RT-PCR扩增M蛋白基因全序列,将其插入质粒pFastbac I中,获取的重组质粒pFastbac I-M,经酶切鉴定后,转化到DH10Bac E.coli感受态中,以获取重组穿梭质粒Bacmid-M。用lipofectamine2000介导Bacmid-M转染Sf9细胞获取重组杆状病毒AcMNPV-M。用抗His标签的单体、犬抗RV阳性血清及兔抗RV阳性血清通过Western-Blot鉴定重组蛋白的表达及其反应原性。用镍离子亲和层析柱纯化重组蛋白,并免疫新西兰大耳白兔制备多克隆抗体,用Western-Blot和FAVN试验鉴定多克隆抗体的反应原性及其病毒中和效价。结果表明:(1)利用杆状病毒表达系统成功的表达了大小约为25kD的重组M蛋白;(2)重组M蛋白具有良好的免疫原性和反应原性;(3)制备的多克隆抗体与狂犬病病毒BD06、SRV 9、CVS-24、ERA、PV 2061及aG株的M蛋白均能发生特异性反应,但其无病毒中和能力。本研究完成了重组M蛋白的表达、纯化并制备了其多克隆抗体,为进一步研究M蛋白的生物学功能奠定了物质基础。     

狐源犬瘟热病毒CDV-FOX-TA株核蛋白基因的原核表达及鉴定

应用RT-PCR技术扩增出犬瘟热病毒(CDV) 核衣壳(N)蛋白基因抗原性好的高保守基因片段,将其TA克隆至pMD18-T载体中,再利用酶切、连接的方法将测序正确的N基因目的片段亚克隆到原核表达载体pET24b中6×His Tag编码基因的上游,并将该重组质粒转化大肠杆菌Rosetta 2 (DE3)株,经IPTG诱导,N基因融合蛋白获得了高效表达。SDS-PAGE 分析和Western blot 分析的结果显示,表达产物的分子质量为15 kD,与CDV标准阳性血清呈阳性反应,间接ELISA结果也表明重组表达产物具有良好的抗原性,能够有效区分CDV标准阳性与阴性血清,表明大肠杆菌表达的CDV N 蛋白在免疫原性上具有与天然N蛋白同样的特性,可作为检测CDV的间接ELISA包被抗原。     

禽流感病毒H5N1亚型NS1基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的表达H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)NS1蛋白,用于AIV感染与注射灭活疫苗鸡的鉴别诊断和NS1蛋白功能研究。方法采用RT_PCR方法对H5N1亚型AIVNS1基因进行扩增,将PCR产物克隆于pGEM_T_easy载体,将该基因插入pGEX_4T_1中构建NS1基因原核表达载体,转化BL21大肠杆菌后,在IPTG诱导下表达NS1蛋白,Westernblot鉴定表达NS1蛋白。结果成功克隆H5N1亚型AIV的NS1基因,其核苷酸序列长度为690bp,编码230个氨基酸残基。构建NS1基因原核表达载体在大肠杆菌内表达出约51×103的NS1融合蛋白。Westernblot鉴定表明表达NS1蛋白与H7N2AIV感染鸡血清有反应性。结论在大肠杆菌中成功表达了H5N1亚型AIVNS1基因蛋白,具有与感染H7N2亚型AIV阳性血清反应原性。     

猪瘟病毒NS3基因克隆、原核表达及间接ELISA方法初步建立

采用PCR方法从携带猪瘟病毒兔化弱毒(Hog cholera lapinized virus,HCLV)全长基因组cDNA的质粒pPOHCLV中扩增到长度为2000bp左右NS3基因序列,并将其克隆至原核表达载体pET-32a(+),构建成重组原核表达载体pETNS3。将pETNS3在大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)中进行优化表达,SDS-PAGE分析重组蛋白NS3主要以包涵体形式表达,分子大小约95kD。Western Blotting分析表明重组蛋白NS3具有免疫原性。采用Ni+亲和层析方法纯化得到重组蛋白NS3(90%)。以纯化的重组蛋白NS3为抗原初步建立了检测CSFVNS3抗体的间接ELISA方法,检测221份不同猪群和年龄猪的血清样品。检测结果与IDEXX公司CSFV-Ab检测试剂盒检测结果进行对比,阳性符合率为83.33%,阴性符合率为89.38%,总符合率为86.43%。30份存在差异的血清样品用间接免疫荧光法(Indirect immunofluorescence assay,IFA)进行检测,结果显示IFA检测结果与NS3间接ELISA和IDEXX公司CSFV-Ab检测试剂盒符合率分别为56.67%和43.33%。     

牛流行热病毒G1抗原表位基因在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化及抗原性鉴定

从包含牛流行热病毒G蛋白基因的质粒pMD-G中克隆G1抗原表位区基因,与表达载体pGEX-4T-1连接,成功构建重组质粒pGEX-G1。重组质粒转化BL21(DE3),以IPTG进行诱导,并确定了最佳表达条件的IPTG浓度为0.1mmol/L、反应温度为16℃、诱导时间为18h。可溶性表达的目的蛋白经Glutathione Sepharose TM4B介质纯化,纯度达80%;以包涵体形式存在的重组蛋白以2%的脱氧胆酸钠洗涤、0.5%的N-十二烷基肌氨酸钠溶解、透析复性、Glutathione Sepharose TM4B纯化后,纯度达85%以上。Western blot试验表明纯化的目的蛋白有良好的反应原性。经间接ELISA检测,测得牛流行热病毒12份阳性血清的OD490值平均为1.813±0.231,12份阴性血清的OD490值平均为0.359±0.032,差异极显著(P<0.01)。将重组蛋白作为抗原免疫兔子,试验兔均产生了高滴度的抗体,证实该蛋白有免疫原性。将目的蛋白作为包被抗原,测得8份狂犬病病毒阳性血清的OD490值平均为0.324±0.031,与所测12份阴性血清的OD490值接近,说明不存在交叉反应。以上结果均证实纯化后的重组蛋白有良好的生物学活性和特异性,可作为包被抗原,开发ELISA试剂盒。     

EBOV-Z和MARV的NP基因在杆状病毒表达系统的表达及反应原性鉴定

利用昆虫杆状病毒表达系统,成功地对埃博拉(EBOV)扎伊尔型病毒和马尔堡病毒(MARV)的NP基因进行表达。Western blot结果显示,重组EBOV蛋白和重组MARV-NP与各自阳性血清有特异的反应原性,在血清学上无交叉反应。IFA检测感染重组昆虫杆状病毒的Sf9细胞表明,EBOV和MARV NP获得大量表达,呈现强烈的荧光,对照组细胞无特异荧光。该研究为EBOV和MARV流行病学调查和研制诊断试剂盒奠定了基础。     

牛副流感病毒3型HN基因原核表达及间接ELISA方法建立

用构建的HJ-1株牛副流感病毒3型HN基因原核表达载体pQE30-HN,在E.coli XL1Blue中表达了重组HN蛋白,并用电洗脱方法从电泳凝胶中纯化了该重组蛋白作为包被抗原,建立了检测该病毒抗体的ELISA方法。建立的ELISA最佳工作条件分别是:抗原浓度为6μg/mL,血清稀释度为1∶50,封闭液为5%脱脂奶粉,封闭条件为37℃60min,酶标抗体工作浓度为1∶10 000;阳性临界值为OD450≥0.30。该方法与病毒中和试验符合率高达96%,板内和板间重复性试验变异系数均小于10%,重复性较好。该方法与牛冠状病毒、传染性鼻气管炎病毒和呼吸道合包体病毒阳性血清无交叉反应。应用该方法检测黑龙江省部分地区323份奶牛血清样本,对牛副流感病毒3型抗体血清阳性率为57.89%。该ELISA方法的成功建立为进一步研发ELISA试剂盒提供了技术基础。     

Infectious Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (Strain NADL) RNA from Stable cDNA Clones: a Cellular Insert Determines NS3 Production and Viral Cytopathogenicity

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), strain NADL, was originally isolated from an animal with fatal mucosal disease. This isolate is cytopathic in cell culture and produces two forms of NS3-containing proteins: uncleaved NS2-3 and mature NS3. For BVDV NADL, the production of NS3, a characteristic of cytopathic BVDV strains, is believed to be a consequence of an in-frame insertion of a 270-nucleotide cellular mRNA sequence (called cIns) in the NS2 coding region. In this study, we constructed a stable full-length cDNA copy of BVDV NADL in a low-copy-number plasmid vector. As assayed by transfection of MDBK cells, uncapped RNAs transcribed from this template were highly infectious (>10⁵ PFU/μg). The recovered virus was similar in plaque morphology, growth properties, polyprotein processing, and cytopathogenicity to the BVDV NADL parent. Deletion of cIns abolished processing at the NS2/NS3 site and produced a virus that was no longer cytopathic for MDBK cells. This deletion did not affect the efficiency of infectious virus production or viral protein production, but it reduced the level of virus-specific RNA synthesis and accumulation. Thus, cIns not only modulates NS3 production but also upregulates RNA replication relative to an isogenic noncytopathic derivative lacking the insert. These results raise the possibility of a linkage between enhanced BVDV NADL RNA replication and virus-induced cytopathogenicity.     

Correlation between point mutations in NS2 and the viability and cytopathogenicity of Bovine viral diarrhea virus strain Oregon analyzed with an infectious cDNA clone

Cytopathogenicity of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is correlated with expression of the nonstructural protein NS3, which can be generated by processing of a fusion protein termed NS2-3. For the cytopathogenic (cp) BVDV strain Oregon, NS2-3 processing is based on a set of point mutations within NS2. To analyze the correlation between NS2-3 cleavage and cytopathogenicity, a full-length cDNA clone composed of cDNA from BVDV Oregon and the utmost 5'- and 3'-terminal sequences of a published infectious BVDV clone was established. After transfection of RNA transcribed from this cDNA clone, infectious virus with similar growth characteristics to wild-type BVDV Oregon could be recovered that also exhibited a cytopathic effect. Based on this cDNA construct and published cp and noncp infectious clones, chimeric full-length cDNA clones were constructed. Analysis of the recovered viruses demonstrated that the presence of the NS2 gene of BVDV Oregon in a chimeric construct is sufficient for NS2-3 processing and a cp phenotype. Since previous studies had revealed that the amino acid serine at position 1555 of BVDV Oregon plays an important role in efficient NS2-3 cleavage, mutants of BVDV Oregon with different amino acids at this position were constructed. Some of these mutants showed NS2-3 cleavage efficiencies in the range of the wild-type sequence and allowed the recovery of viruses that behaved similarly to wild-type virus with regard to growth characteristics and cytopathogenicity. In contrast, other mutants with considerably reduced NS2-3 cleavage efficiencies propagated much more slowly and reverted to viruses expressing polyproteins with sequences allowing efficient NS2-3 cleavage. These viruses apparently induced cytopathic effects only after reversion.     

Temporal modulation of an autoprotease is crucial for replication and pathogenicity of an RNA virus

Pestiviruses belong to the family Flaviviridae, and their genome is a single-stranded RNA of positive polarity encoding one large polyprotein which is further processed into mature proteins. Noncytopathogenic (noncp) strains of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) can establish persistent infection. In persistently infected animals, noncp BVDVs occasionally acquire mutations in viral nonstructural protein 2 (NS2) that give rise to cytopathogenic (cp) BVDV variants, and, eventually, lead to the onset of lethal disease. A molecular marker of cp BVDV infection is a high-level expression of the replicative NS3 protease/helicase that together with NS2 is derived from NS2-3. Here, we present evidence for NS2-3 autoprocessing by a newly identified cysteine protease in NS2 that is distantly related to the NS2-3 autoprotease of hepatitis C and GB viruses. The vital role of this autoprotease in BVDV infection was established, implying an essential function for NS3 in pestiviral RNA replication which cannot be supplied by its NS2-3 precursor. Accordingly, and contrary to a current paradigm, we detected almost complete cleavage of NS2-3 in noncp BVDV at early hours of infection. At 6 to 9 h postinfection, NS2-3 autoprocessing diminished to barely detectable levels for noncp BVDV but decreased only moderately for cp BVDV. Viral RNA synthesis rates strictly correlated with different NS3 levels in noncp and cp BVDV-infected cells, implicating the NS2 autoprotease in RNA replication control. The biotype-specific modulation of NS2-3 autoprocessing indicates a crucial role of the NS2 autoprotease in the pathogenicity of BVDV.     

Identification and Characterization of an RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Activity within the Nonstructural Protein 5B Region of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) contains sequence motifs that are predictive of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. We describe the expression and purification of the BVDV NS5B protein derived from an infectious cDNA clone of BVDV (NADL strain). BVDV NS5B protein was active in an in vitro RNA polymerase assay using homopolymeric RNA or BVDV minigenomic RNA templates. The major product was a covalently linked double-stranded molecule generated by a “copy-back” mechanism from the input template RNA. In addition, a nucleotide-nonspecific and template-independent terminal nucleotidyl transferase activity was observed with the BVDV NS5B preparation.     

Pestivirus NS3 (p80) protein possesses RNA helicase activity.

The pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) p80 protein (referred to here as the NS3 protein) contains amino acid sequence motifs predictive of three enzymatic activities: serine proteinase, nucleoside triphosphatase, and RNA helicase. We have previously demonstrated that the former two enzymatic activities are associated with this protein. Here, we show that a purified recombinant BVDV NS3 protein derived from baculovirus-infected insect cells possesses RNA helicase activity. BVDV NS3 RNA helicase activity was specifically inhibited by monoclonal antibodies to the p80 protein. The activity was dependent on the presence of nucleoside triphosphate and divalent cation, with a preference for ATP and Mn2+. Hydrolysis of the nucleoside triphosphate was necessary for strand displacement. The helicase activity required substrates with an un-base-paired region on the template strand 3' of the duplex region. As few as three un-base-paired nucleotides were sufficient for efficient oligonucleotide displacement. However, the enzyme did not act on substrates having a single-stranded region only to the 5' end of the duplex or on substrates lacking single-stranded regions altogether (blunt-ended duplex substrates), suggesting that the directionality of the BVDV RNA helicase was 3' to 5' with respect to the template strand. The BVDV helicase activity was able to displace both RNA and DNA oligonucleotides from RNA template strands but was unable to release oligonucleotides from DNA templates. The possible role of this activity in pestivirus replication is discussed.     

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Strain Oregon: a Novel Mechanism for Processing of NS2-3 Based on Point Mutations

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolates can either be cytopathogenic (cp) or noncytopathogenic (noncp). While both biotypes express the nonstructural protein NS2-3, generation of NS3 strictly correlates with the cp phenotype. The production of NS3 is usually caused by cp specific genome alterations, which were found to be due to RNA recombination. Molecular analyses of the cp BVDV strain Oregon revealed that it does not possess such genome alterations but nevertheless is able to generate NS3 via processing of NS2-3. The NS3 serine protease is not involved in this cleavage, which, according to protein sequencing, occurs between amino acids 1589 and 1590 of the BVDV Oregon polyprotein. Transient-expression studies indicated that important information for the cleavage of NS2-3 is located within NS2. This was verified by expression of chimeric constructs containing cDNA fragments derived from BVDV Oregon and a noncp BVDV. It could be shown that the C-terminal part of NS2 plays a crucial role in NS2-3 cleavage. These data, together with results obtained by site-specific exchanges in this region, revealed a new mechanism for NS2-3 processing which is based on point mutations within NS2.     

Cell-derived sequences in the N-terminal region of the polyprotein of a cytopathogenic pestivirus

Efficient proteolytic release of nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) from the viral polyprotein is considered to be crucial for the cytopathogenicity of pestiviruses. Here we describe a novel cytopathogenic (cp) bovine viral diarrhea virus strain (BVDV CP8) with a complex insertion composed of viral and cell-derived sequences, including two fragments of the cellular J-domain protein Jiv (J-domain protein interacting with viral protein) located in the N-terminal region of the polyprotein. BVDV CP8 expresses a Jiv fusion protein of 513 amino acids in addition to a complete set of viral proteins. This protein has the capacity to induce NS2-3 cleavage in trans. Accordingly, CP8 is a representative of a novel type of cp pestivirus with a cp-specific mutation located outside of the NS2-3 gene.     

Cellular sequences in pestivirus genomes encoding gamma-aminobutyric acid (A) receptor-associated protein and Golgi-associated ATPase enhancer of 16 kilodaltons

The presence of cellular protein coding sequences within viral RNA genomes is a unique and particularly interesting feature of cytopathogenic (cp) pestiviruses. Here we report the identification and characterization of two novel cellular sequences in the genomes of cp bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains. In BVDV strain CP X604, we detected a duplication of the genomic region encoding NS3, NS4A, and part of NS4B, together with an insertion of sequences that code for cellular gamma-aminobutyric acid (A) receptor-associated protein [GABA(A)-RAP]. Transient-expression studies showed that the GABA(A)-RAP sequence leads to additional processing of the viral polyprotein and thereby to the expression of nonstructural protein NS3. Transfection of bovine cells with RNA transcribed from an infectious cDNA clone revealed that the GABA(A)-RAP-encoding insertion together with the duplicated viral sequences constitutes the genetic basis for the cytopathogenicity of strain CP X604. Surprisingly, molecular analysis of another cp BVDV strain (CP 721) resulted in the identification of a cellular Golgi-associated ATPase enhancer of 16 kDa (GATE-16)-encoding insertion together with duplicated viral sequences. To our knowledge, the genomes of CP X604 and CP 721 are the first viral RNAs found with cellular sequences encoding GABA(A)-RAP and GATE-16, respectively. Interestingly, the two cellular proteins belong to a family of eukaryotic proteins involved in various intracellular trafficking processes. Processing after the C-terminal glycine residue of GABA(A)-RAP and GATE-16 by cellular proteases is essential for covalent attachment to target molecules. Accordingly, it can be assumed that these cellular proteases also recognize the cleavage sites in the context of the respective viral polyproteins and thereby lead to the generation of NS3, the marker protein of cp BVDV.     

Noncytopathogenic pestivirus strains generated by nonhomologous RNA recombination: alterations in the NS4A/NS4B coding region

Several studies have demonstrated that cytopathogenic (cp) pestivirus strains evolve from noncytopathogenic (noncp) viruses by nonhomologous RNA recombination. In addition, two recent reports showed the rapid emergence of noncp Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) after a few cell culture passages of cp BVDV strains by homologous recombination between identical duplicated viral sequences. To allow the identification of recombination sites from noncp BVDV strains that evolve from cp viruses, we constructed the cp BVDV strains CP442 and CP552. Both harbor duplicated viral sequences of different origin flanking the cellular insertion Nedd8*; the latter is a prerequisite for their cytopathogenicity. In contrast to the previous studies, isolation of noncp strains was possible only after extensive cell culture passages of CP442 and CP552. Sequence analysis of 15 isolated noncp BVDVs confirmed that all recombinant strains lack at least most of Nedd8*. Interestingly, only one strain resulted from homologous recombination while the other 14 strains were generated by nonhomologous recombination. Accordingly, our data suggest that the extent of sequence identity between participating sequences influences both frequency and mode (homologous versus nonhomologous) of RNA recombination in pestiviruses. Further analyses of the noncp recombinant strains revealed that a duplication of 14 codons in the BVDV nonstructural protein 4B (NS4B) gene does not interfere with efficient viral replication. Moreover, an insertion of viral sequences between the NS4A and NS4B genes was well tolerated. These findings thus led to the identification of two genomic loci which appear to be suited for the insertion of heterologous sequences into the genomes of pestiviruses and related viruses.