鲤鱼早期发育过程中免疫相关器官的发生

参与鱼类免疫应答的主要组织和器官有肾(特别是头肾)、脾、胸腺、血液和淋巴等。近30年来,随着鱼类免疫学的迅速发展,国内外许多学者在鱼类免疫相关组织和器官的结构、功能及免疫机理方面作了不少工作,但在鱼类免疫相关器官的发生方面所作工作很少。本文以正常鲤鱼的受精卵及不同发育阶段的幼鱼为材料,以Bouin‘s液固定,常规石蜡包埋,连续切片,然后利用酸性条件下的阿新兰染色和过碘酸——雪夫氏试剂反应相接合的方法(AB—PAS染色)处理切片,对鲤鱼早期发育过程中免疫相关器官的发生作了初步研究。结果表明,肾脏是出现最早的免疫器官,孵化前第一天(受精后第五天)就已经发现肾小管(Fig．1),孵化后第二天,在两个大的心窭之上出现网状的头肾组织,两条主要的,肾小管向后延伸在接近肛门处联合。在这个时期,骨小管之间分布有许多未分化的造血干细胞(Fig.2)和成熟的红细胞(Fig.3)。孵化后第五天,肾小管盘绕卷曲,肾小管之间的血细胞数目也有增加,出现体积较小的淋巴细胞(Fig．4)。孵化后第九天,造血组织同发育中的淋巴细胞数量大大增加,至孵化后30天,头肾、中肾、小管已很少,大部分被造血组织所充满。脾脏于孵化当天出现,位于肝胰脏之左后侧的肠背系膜上,含有红细胞和造血干细胞(Fig．5)。孵化三天后,脾脏生长速度加快,出现网状细胞、结缔组织和淋巴组织。肝脏与胰腺几乎同时出现于孵化当天,最初,两个腺体相互独立(Fig.6),孵化两天后,胰腺开始侵入肝组织中(Fig．7)。未发现造血组织和淋巴细胞存在于早期的肝组织中。胸腺于孵化后第三天,在第二鳃弓和第三鳃弓上方出现（Fig．8）。至第五天,胸腺中的细胞开始出现分化(Fig.9)以上结果比Botham等人报道的鲤鱼免疫相关器官的发生时间有所提前。     

真核生物Ⅱ类基因的转录起始

真核生物Ⅱ类基因的转录起始是一个非常复杂并且受到严格调控的过程. 它涉及到染色体结构的改变、顺式作用元件和反式作用因子相互作用等多种过程. 关于Ⅱ类基因基础转录起始复合物在启动子区的装配的研究,目前存在两种模型,即分步组装模型与RNAPⅡ全酶模型,它们分别是基于体外重建转录实验的结果以及酵母中RNAPⅡ全酶巨酶体系的发现而提出的. 在转录激活的分子机制上目前认为存在两个相互联系的过程,即解抑制作用和真正的激活作用.     

基因表达的转录后与翻译起始调控

基因表达的转录后与翻译起始调控彭晓冬,童坦君（北京医科大学生化与分子生物学系,北京１０００８３）关键词转录后调控,翻译起始调控,ＲＮＡ结构近年来,基因表达的转录调控研究十分深入。转录以后诸过程的调控机制研究亦越来越引人注目。一般认为,对ｍＲＮＡ成熟、...     

棉蚜乙酰胆碱受体亚基的选择性剪接和多重转录起始位点分析

乙酰胆碱受体在神经突触传导过程中具有重要作用,也是氯化胆碱类杀虫剂的作用靶标。采用RACE技术,成功地从棉蚜中克隆了3个nAChR亚基,其中2个为α亚型, 1个为β亚型,分别命名为Agα1、Agα2和Agβ1。通过锚定mRNA的5′mG结构, 5′RACE结果表明Agβ1有三个不同的剪接变体,具有不同长度的5′UTR区,表明Agβ1亚基具有多重的转录起始位点。其中,最短的剪接变体Agβ1C在蛋白编码区域也存在选择性剪接,位于D环区域的186 bp碱基缺失。3′RACE实验结果表明,Agα1亚基虽然具有ploy ( A)和加尾信号AATAAA等完整的mRNA基因结构,但缺失了终止子和乙酰胆碱受体α亚基保守的第4个跨膜区,文中对此做了进一步分析。分子进化树的分析表明,昆虫乙酰胆碱受体亚基应当被划分为三个不同的亚类群αⅠ,αⅡandβ。本文的研究揭示了昆虫乙酰胆碱受体亚基复杂的基因结构[动物学报51 (5) : 867 -878 , 2005]。     

鲤鱼线粒体tRNA~(Cys)基因和轻链复制起始区的结构分析

我们测定了鲤鱼线粒体半胱氮酸tRNA 基因和轻链(L 链)复制起始区的核苷酸序列,绘制了半胱氨酸tRNA 三叶草形的二级结构以及L 链复制区的茎环结构。通过五种脊椎动物tRNA~(cya)基因的核苷酸序列分析发现,鲤鱼线粒体tRNA~(cya)基因有许多不同于细胞质tRNA~(cya)基因的不寻常的结构特点。鲤鱼线粒体L 链复制起始区含有36个碱基,复制起始区茎环结构中的茎含有11对碱基,而环则是由14个碱基组成。同其它10种脊椎动物L-链复制起始区的核苷酸序列比较发现,鲤鱼茎环结构中的茎序列是非常保守的,而环的序列及环的长度则变化较大。茎环结构可能在轻链复制中起着重要的作用。     

昆明小鼠体内发育早期胚胎葡萄糖代谢关键酶转录产物的分析

首次报道了昆明小鼠体内发育的早期胚胎1-细胞至桑椹期阶段葡萄糖代谢的3种关键酶-6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶（G6PDH）、6-磷酸果糖激酶（PFK）和磷酸葡萄糖变位酶（PGM）的基因转录情况,其分别体现了磷酸戊糖、糖酵解、糖原的合成和分解等途径,根据G6PDH、PFK、PGM的cDNA序列分别设计和合成3套共6对内、外引物,采用巢式RT-PCR方法对其进行检测。结果表明：早期胚胎1-8细胞阶段均有G6PDH基因的转录,叠椹期胚胎不存在该基因的转录,说明早期胚胎1-8细胞阶段可能存在磷酸戊糖,而桑椹期则不存在;1-细胞至桑椹期均存在PFK基因的转录,说明该阶段的胚胎可能存在糖酵解代谢途径;1-细胞至桑椹期均不存在PGM基因的转录,说明该阶段的胚胎可能不存在糖原的合成与分解代谢途径。     

组蛋白在胚胎早期发育转录调控中的作用

组蛋白是一组等电点大于１０．０的碱性蛋白质,在进化上十分保守。真核生物的染色体上主要含有５种组蛋白,即核心组蛋白Ｈ２ａ、Ｈ２ｂ、Ｈ３、Ｈ４及连接组蛋白Ｈ１。核心组蛋白八聚体、蛋白Ｈ１和２００ｂｐ的ＤＮＡ共同组成了染色体的基本单位——核小体。组蛋白不仅...     

调控胚胎干细胞生长的转录因子

胚胎干细胞的生长是由一个极其复杂的网络系统调控的,本文简要叙述了Oct-4、Nanog、Sox2三个转录因子对胚胎干细胞生长的调控作用,为将来更好的开发利用胚胎干细胞资源奠定理论基础.     

鲤鱼线粒体tRNA^CYS基因和轻链复制起始区的结构分析

我们测定了鲁鱼线粒体半胱氨酸ｔＲＮＡ基因和轻链复制起始区的核苷酸序列,绘制了半胱氨酸ｔＲＮＡ三叶草形的二级结构以及Ｌ链复制区的茎环结构。通过种脊椎动物ｔＲＮＡ＾ＣＹＳ基因的核苷酸序列分析发现,鲤鱼线粒体ｔＲＮＡ＾ＣＹＳ基因的不寻常的结构特点。鲤鱼线粒体Ｌ链复制起始区含有３６个碱基,复制起始区茎环名的茎含有１１对碱基,而环则是由１４个碱基组成。同其它１０种脊椎动物Ｌ－链复制起始区的核苷酸序列比较发现     

脂肪细胞分化相关转录因子的结构和功能

关于脂肪细胞分化调控的研究主要集中在转录因子的作用上。目前了解得比较清楚的分化转录因子有多种,其中CAAT增强子结合蛋白家族（C/EBPs）中的C／EBPα和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体家族（PPARs）中的PPARy是转录调控中起主要作用的两种因子。两者有各自的结构特点和功能,但在脂肪细胞中它们之间相互协同促进细胞的分化成熟。本文主要就C／EBPs和PPARs家族中主要成员的结构和功能及相互作用进行综述。     

Microsatellite markers in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Microsatellite markers of the poly (CA) type in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) are described. Clones containing a (CA) repeat were isolated from a common carp genomic library and sequenced. The number of repeats found was high compared to mammals but comparable with other teleost fishes. Classification of the repeats (perfect, imperfect and compound) are compared with the Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua L.), rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), and Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.). A total of 41 primer sets were designed and tested for polymorphism on a test panel of eight animals (derived from outbred lines, inbred lines and gynogenetic clones). Thirty-two markers were found to be polymorphic. The heterozygosity in the outbred animals was 60·4%, 51·1% in the inbred animals and 0% in the gynogenetic clones. The average number of alleles among the eight animals was 4·7 per marker. Six markers (18·8%) gave an additional polymorphic amplification product besides the polymorphic amplification product in the expected size range. The possibility that these loci are tetraploid is discussed. The polymorphic loci described for common carp will be valuable as genetic markers for use in population, breeding, and evolutionary studies.     

Differential macrophage polarisation during parasitic infections in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

In many parasitic infections both classically activated macrophages (caMF) and alternatively activated macrophages (aaMF) play a pivotal role. To investigate if both types of macrophages also play an important role during parasitic infections in fish, we infected carp with either Trypanoplasma borreli or Trypanosoma carassii and determined the activation state of the head kidney leukocytes (HKL). Nitrite production was used as read-out for caMF and arginase activity as read-out for aaMF. Basal nitrite production and arginase activity of HKL were moderately different between the two infections. Differences were observed, however, after ex vivo re-stimulation of HKL. Re-stimulation with LPS and T. borreli lysates increased nitrite production by HKL of T. borreli-infected fish. Re-stimulation with cAMP increased arginase activity in HKL of T. carassii-infected fish. Our results indicate that T. borreli-infected carp are more prone to increase nitrite production by caMF while T. carassii-infected fish are more prone to increase arginase activity by aaMF.     

Structure,organization and expression of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) NKEF-B gene

Natural killer (NK) cell enhancing factor (NKEF) belongs to the newly defined peroxiredoxin (Prx) family. Its functions are to enhance NK cell cytotoxicity and to protect DNA and proteins from oxidative damage. In this study, a partial cDNA sequence of carp NKEF-B was isolated from thymus cDNA library. Subsequently, the full-length cDNA of carp NKEF-B was obtained by means of 3′ and 5′ RACE, respectively. The full-length cDNA of carp NKEF-B was 1022 bp, consisting of a 73 bp 5′-terminal untranslated region (UTR), a 355 bp 3′-terminal UTR, and a 594 bp open reading frame coding for a protein of 197 amino acids. Carp NKEF-B contained two consensus Val-Cys-Pro (VCP) motifs and three consensus cysteine (Cys-51, Cys-70 and Cys-172) residues. Sequence comparison showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of carp NKEF-B had an overall similarity of 74–96% to that of other species homologues. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that carp NKEF-B forms a cluster with other known teleost NKEF-Bs. Then, by PCR we obtained a 5.1-k long genomic DNA of carp NKEF-B containing six exons and five introns. Real-time RT-PCR results showed that carp NKEF-B gene was predominantly detected in kidney and head kidney under un-infected conditions. Whereas under SVCV-infection condition, the expression of NKEF-B gene was significantly increased in blood cells, gill, intestine and spleen, but maintained in liver, and decreased significantly in kidney and head kidney. Finally, the rNKEF-B was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. By using an antibody against carp rNKEF-B, immunohistochemical study further indicated that NKEF-B positive cells are mainly some RBCs and a few epithelial cells in gill and intestine, and that under SVCV-infection condition, these positive cells or positive products in their cytoplasm were mainly increased in gill and spleen sections of carp. The results obtained in the present study will help to understand the function of NKEF-B in teleost innate immunity.     

Gene transfer in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) by microinjection into the germinal disc

We report here on the microinjection of the human growth hormone gene (hGH) into the germinal disc of common carp one-cell embryos. For microinjection, a linear 4.1 kb EcoRi-DNA fragment containing the mouse metallothionein-I promoter (mMT-I), fused to a structural gene coding for the hGH, was used. Of the 14 injected embryos, 9 developed to an age of 60 d. Of these nine fish, two were found to be transgenic and had integrated two to four copies per cell of the hGH construct.     

Monoclonal antibodies against spermatozoa of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Summary Eleven monoclonal antibodies that recognize membrane determinants on spermatozoa of the carp Cyprinus carpio L. have been produced. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed that these determinants are uniformly distributed on the surface of head and midpiece. Most of them are also present on the outer membrane of precursor sperm cells. Although none of the monoclonal antibodies reacted with carp somatic tissue, five monoclonal antibodies were positive for surface membrane determinants of oogonia and early prophase oocytes in carp ovary. Preliminary analysis of the testis and ovary of three other species of fish showed that some carp determinants are shared with germ cells from Barbus conchonius, Clarias lazera, or Salmo gairdneri.Abbreviation WCS Wageningen Carp Sperm antibody     

Structure, organization and expression of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) SLP-76 gene

SLP-76 is an important member of the SLP-76 family of adapters, and it plays a key role in TCR signaling and T cell function. Partial cDNA sequence of SLP-76 of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was isolated from thymus cDNA library by the method of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). Subsequently, the full length cDNA of carp SLP-76 was obtained by means of 3' RACE and 5' RACE, respectively. The full length cDNA of carp SLP-76 was 2007 bp, consisting of a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 285 bp, a 3'-terminal UTR of 240 bp, and an open reading frame of 1482 bp. Sequence comparison showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of carp SLP-76 had an overall similarity of 34-73% to that of other species homologues, and it was composed of an NH2-terminal domain, a central proline-rich domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain. Amino acid sequence analysis indicated the existence of a Gads binding site R-X-X-K, a 10-aa-long sequence which binds to the SH3 domain of LCK in vitro, and three conserved tyrosine-containing sequence in the NH2-terminal domain. Then we used PCR to obtain a genomic DNA which covers the entire coding region of carp SLP-76. In the 9.2k-long genomic sequence, twenty one exons and twenty introns were identified. RT-PCR results showed that carp SLP-76 was expressed predominantly in hematopoietic tissues, and was upregulated in thymus tissue of four-month carp compared to one-year old carp. RT-PCR and virtual northern hybridization results showed that carp SLP-76 was also upregulated in thymus tissue of GH transgenic carp at the age of four-months. These results suggest that the expression level of SLP-76 gene may be related to thymocyte development in teleosts.     

Response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) leucocytes to hormone-induced stress

The influence of cortisone on leucocytes composition in the blood of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is studied. Following the hormone injection, the relative number of leucocytes decreased and the number of neutrophils and blast-form cells increased in the leucocyte spectrum of experimental fish.     

Physiological compartmentation in gonadal tissue of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Summary Physiological compartmentation in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) gonads was investigated after intracardial injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and two mouse anti-carp-sperm monoclonal antibodies.Immunohistochemistry revealed that a physiological barrier exists in carp testis for HRP and mouse IgG monoclonal antibody around the central lumina of the tubules in which the spermatozoa are located, but not around the cysts containing the precursor germ cells. The results with HRP were confirmed by electron microscopy. Mouse IgM monoclonal antibody did not penetrate the spermatogenic cysts. Probably because of its large size, it was almost exclusively located inside blood capillaries and only sparsely in the interstitial tissue.In the ovary, HRP was regularly distributed in the gonadal tissue, whereas the IgG antibody was predominantly localised on oogonia and early prophase oocytes. The results indicate that in contrast with the testis, no barrier around germ cells exists in the carp ovary.     

Characterisation of cDNAs of key genes involved in apoptosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Apoptosis is a morphologically and biochemically distinct form of eukaryotic cell death that occurs under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Many of the cell deaths that occur during normal embryological development and during normal tissue turnover display the morphological hallmarks of apoptosis. In the last 20 or so years a better biochemical picture of how the process occurs has been produced, at least in higher vertebrates. It is now widely accepted that many of the proteolytic cleavages occurring during apoptosis are mediated by caspases, the activation of which, in turn, has been found to be tightly regulated. The current study focuses on the sequencing and analysis of key genes involved in the apoptotic process, based on sequence similarity to known apoptosis genes from genetic models such as zebrafish (Danio rerio) and other vertebrates. The present study identifies key components of the apoptotic process in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), which in turn can be used, for example, to monitor the fate of the cellular components of the immune system after an immune challenge.