邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯对大鼠胎盘组织的影响

目的:探讨孕期不同剂量邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)暴露对大鼠胎盘组织形态学和超微结构的影响,以推断DEHP对胎盘结构和功能的损害。方法:健康雌性Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为4组,妊娠第11日起每日给予DEHP灌胃,剂量分别为:对照组(玉米油)、低剂量组(100 mg/kg)、中剂量组(500 mg/kg)和高剂量组(1000 mg/kg),妊娠第19日处死孕鼠,取胎盘组织分别做HE染色和电镜制片,观察各剂量组胎盘形态学及超微结构的变化。结果:各剂量组胎盘形态学和超微结构的变化与DEHP摄入量呈负相关,低剂量组胎盘无明显改变;中剂量组胎盘缩小,空泡化细胞增多,微观结构显示胞质内线粒体水肿;高剂量组胎盘迷路带血窦扩张淤血严重,滋养细胞变性、坏死。结论:DEHP可导致大鼠胎盘形态结构发生改变,这种病理改变是胎盘功能减退的形态学基础,可直接影响胚胎发育和妊娠结局。     

褪黑素对邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯致雄性小鼠生殖细胞DNA损伤的拮抗作用

目的探讨邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)致小鼠睾丸细胞DNA损伤及褪黑素(MT)对此损伤的拮抗作用。方法将40只CL57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分为4组,包括对照组、MT组、DEHP组和MT+DEHP联合组。MT采用腹腔注射(剂量为15 mg·kg-1),DEHP灌胃染毒(染毒剂量为1000 mg·kg-1),每天染毒1次,连续30 d。检测睾丸组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)、8-羟基脱氧鸟嘌呤(8-OHd G)含量。单细胞凝胶电泳(彗星实验)检测睾丸细胞DNA损伤,慧星图像软件测定慧星尾长、慧尾DNA百分含量、尾矩及Olive尾矩。结果与对照组比较,DEHP组小鼠睾丸组织GSH-Px和SOD活力降低,MDA和8-OHd G含量增加,睾丸细胞彗星尾长、彗尾DNA百分含量、尾矩、Olive尾矩均显著增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与DEHP组比较,MT+DEHP联合组小鼠睾丸组织GSH-Px和SOD活力升高,MDA和8-OHd G含量降低,睾丸细胞DNA损伤程度减轻,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 DEHP造成小鼠睾丸明显的氧化应激,并引起睾丸细胞DNA的损伤;MT可拮抗因DEHP染毒导致的睾丸氧化损伤。     

邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯对睾丸的毒性作用及机制

邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）是目前使用最广泛的增塑剂之一,DEHP具有毒性,长期暴露会对机体的多个系统产生损害,特别是对雄性生殖系统的毒性作用更为明显。DEHP通过诱导氧化应激、调控细胞自噬,促进生精细胞和睾丸间质细胞凋亡、抑制睾酮合成、破坏血-睾屏障、诱导睾丸支持细胞铁死亡以及影响子代雄性的表观遗传等,造成生殖器官的病理损伤。本文就DEHP对睾丸的毒性作用及机制进行综述,拟为男性生殖障碍的防治研究提供新思路。     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯长期暴露对鲤鱼毒理学指标的影响

以吐温80和水为对照组,用5 mg·L-1、20 mg·L-1、80 mg·L-1、160 mg·L-1的邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)对鲤鱼暴露染毒20 d,用试剂盒等方法研究了DEHP对鲤鱼肝脏抗氧化防御系统、肝解毒酶、能量代谢酶和肝损伤标志酶的影响。结果表明,与水空白对照组和吐温80组相比,各浓度DEHP组,肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力和抗超氧阴离子自由基能力的差异均无统计学意义,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSHPX)活力表现为低促高抑,160 mg·L-1组抗羟自由基能力显著降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高。研究结果还表明,在DEHP实验浓度范围内,谷胱甘肽硫转移酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶活力表现为低促高抑,而160 mg·L-1组7-乙氧基-3-异吩噁唑酮-脱乙基酶、Na+K+-ATPase、单胺氧化酶(MAO)活力和各DEHP组Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase活力均受到了显著抑制,20 mg·L-1以上组肝γ-谷氨酰转肽酶活力则显著升高。结果显示,一定浓度的DEHP能损伤肝脏组织,并对肝组织的毒理学指标产生影响。     

水稻光合碳在植物-土壤系统中的分配及其对CO2升高和施氮的响应

采用¹³C-CO₂进行连续标记,研究水稻分蘖期和孕穗期光合碳在植株-土壤系统中的分配及其对大气CO₂浓度升高(800 μL·L^-1)和施氮(100 mg·kg^-1)的响应.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高显著提高分蘖期根系生物量和孕穗期地上部生物量,并使生物量根冠比在分蘖期增加,而在孕穗期减小.CO₂浓度升高条件下,施氮使水稻地上部分生物量增加,却显著降低了孕穗期水稻根系生物量.CO₂浓度升高使光合¹³C在孕穗期向土壤的输入显著增加,然而施肥并没有促进由CO₂浓度升高驱动的光合¹³C在土壤中的积累,而且还降低了土壤中的光合¹³C的分配比例.综上,CO₂浓度升高显著提高了稻田土壤光合碳输入,促进稻田有机碳周转;施氮促进了水稻地上部的生长,却降低了光合碳向地下的分配比例.     

13C脉冲标记法：不同生育期水稻光合碳在植物-土壤系统中的分配

定量生育期内植物光合碳在植物组织-土壤的分配规律,对于理解全球碳循环有着重要意义。采用~(13)C-CO_2脉冲标记结合室内培养,通过元素分析仪-稳定同位素联用(Flash HT-IRMS)分析植物各部分及土壤δ~(13)C值,比较了不同生育期下水稻光合碳在不同组织间的分配规律,并量化了水稻光合碳向土壤碳库的转移。结果表明:(1)水稻地上部和根系干物质量随水稻生育期的增加而呈现递增趋势,不同的生育期表现为:分蘖期拔节期抽穗期扬花期成熟期。而整个生育期的根冠比为0.2—0.4,分蘖期的根冠比最高,随着水稻生育期的增加而递减,到抽穗期以后根冠比稳定在0.2左右。(2)脉冲标记6h后,水稻地上部和地下部(根系)的δ~(13)C值在-25.52‰—-28.33‰,不同器官的δ~(13)C值存在明显分馏效应,且趋势基本一致,即茎杆(籽粒)叶片(根系);这种由于水稻生育期特性导致的各器官碳同位素分馏的现象,可用于指示不同生育期下水稻光合碳的分配和去向。(3)不同生育期~(13)C-光合碳在植物-土壤系统的分配规律不同,生长前期光合碳向根系及土壤中分配的比例高,具有较强的碳汇能力,而随生育期光合碳在根系及土壤中的分配比例呈下降趋势,但积累量不断增加。(4)不同生育期~(13)C光合碳在水稻-土壤系统中的分配比例差异明显。水稻分蘖期有近30%光合碳用于根系建成并部分通过根系分泌物进入土壤有机碳库(10%),而到成熟期则向籽粒中分配较多,而且光合碳在土壤中的分配比例也随生育期呈下降趋势。研究结果对稻田土壤有机碳循环过程和调控机制的揭示具有重要的理论意义。     

固定化微生物对多环芳烃污染土壤的降解

利用微生物固定化技术,研究了微生物固定化菌剂对土壤中菲、蒽、芘、(艹屈)和苯并(a)芘的降解动态,并且采用Michaelis-Menton和Monod动力学模型对结果进行拟合.结果显示,4种处理(TB02、TB07、TBB03、TBB08)均有降解菲、蒽、芘、(艹屈)和苯并(a)芘的能力.其中,处理TB02的降解能力强、降解速率快、半衰期短且处理成本低,而处理TB07则需要较长时间作用于PAHs污染土壤,其降解能力才能充分发挥出来.当菲、蒽、芘、(艹屈)和苯并(a)芘的初始浓度均为20 mg·kg-1时,42 d后,TB02对菲、蒽、芘、(艹屈)和苯并(a)芘的降解率分别为84.32%、85.24%、82.59%、43.75%和62.25%; 133 d后,TB07对5种污染物的降解率分别为95.00%、95.24%、90.93%、74.82%和72.20%.通过比较5种污染物半衰期,其可降解性由大到小依次为菲、蒽、芘、苯并(a)芘、(艹屈).     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯对翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)生化指标的影响

实验条件下,研究邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)5个浓度组(0、0.38、1.92、9.60和48.00mg.L-1)长时间胁迫下翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)内脏团和外套膜中抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,以及胁迫解除后这些指标的恢复情况。结果表明:在胁迫过程中,翡翠贻贝内脏团SOD活性表现为先显著升高,随后受抑制而逐渐降低(P<0.05),CAT活性则表现为先被抑制后受诱导,15d后恢复到对照组水平,MDA含量呈显著增加的趋势(P<0.05);外套膜中的SOD活性在胁迫初期在低浓度组被抑制,而在高浓度组则被诱导(P<0.05),4d后SOD活性逐渐恢复到对照组水平,各浓度组MDA含量均出现明显的增加(P<0.05);净化阶段,低浓度组(0.38mg.L-1)内脏团SOD活性和CAT活性逐渐恢复到对照组水平,但MDA含量升高;净化7d后,除高浓度组(48.00mg.L-1)外,其余浓度组外套膜中SOD活性均已经恢复到对照组水平,MDA含量也没有出现明显升高的现象。研究表明,DEHP对翡翠贻贝内脏团和外套膜抗氧化防御系统酶具有明显的影响,DEHP诱导引起2种组织内脂质过氧化损伤,并且短期内这种损伤无法消除。     

Biosorption of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate by seaweed biomass

Samples of various Sargassum species were collected in the Hong Kong marine environment and used for studies on biosorption of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to determine the removal capacity and removal efficiency of the biosorbents. The DEHP removal ability was similar among beached seaweed and three freshly collected Sargassum species. Different physico-chemical factors were evaluated in order to enhance the performance of the biosorbents. Under optimized conditions (25 mg biomass, initial pH 4, 25 °C, 40 mg L^–1 DEHP), the mean removal capacity of beached seaweed and Sargassum siliquastrum was 5.68 and 6.54 mg g^–1, respectively. Examination of the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms showed that the biosorption phenomenon by these biosorbents could well be described by these models. Desorption of DEHP was also assessed with methanol, which showed the most satisfactory desorbing ability. Further study in multiple adsorption–desorption of DEHP by the biosorbents demonstrated the reusability of both beached seaweed and S. siliquastrum for biosorption of DEHP.     

Computational optimization of in vitro parameters for di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate production from Anabaena circinalis

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a ubiquitous environmental toxicant, and finds extensive commercial application as a plasticizer to reduce the rigidity of polyvinyl chloride. Besides numerous negative impacts on environment and public health, the compound exhibits acute bioactivity against microbes and has therapeutic value too. Considering this biochemical significance, searching of its new biogenic sources has become an active area of research. Here, DEHP is identified from the biomass of a toxic strain of Anabaena circinalis, which is quite unobvious, and simultaneously, the in vitro physical conditions are optimized by using a swarm-based multiparameter optimization technique. A purified fraction collected from column chromatography is subjected to gas chromatography (GC) to fetch the compound peak and then subsequent mass analysis for its identification. The mass spectrum describes the molecular weight along with the structure of DEHP with 99.9% experimental accuracy. An experimental observation table has been used to frame a fitness function using the curve fitting approach when temperature (T), light and dark period (LD), and duration of subculture cycle (DSC) are considered as the target parameters to be optimized. The optimum values obtained for T, LD, and DSC are 20°C, 14:10 hour light and dark ratio approximately, and 40 days, respectively. This experimental finding of A. circinalis FSS 124 as a novel source of DEHP and subsequent optimization using soft computing tools might be a benchmark for process optimization in biological research.     

Responses of soil microbial community and enzymes during plant-assisted biodegradation of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and pyrene

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to explore the plant-assisted degradation efficiency of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and pyrene. Three plant species: Ceylon spinach, sunflower, and leaf mustard were cultivated in co-contaminated soils under three contamination levels: control (T0), 20?mg kg^?1 (T20), and 50?mg kg^?1 (T50). The results showed that a higher DEHP and pyrene degradation efficiency was observed evidently in planted cases, increasing from 42 to 53–59% (T0), 61 to 65–76% (T20) and 52 to 68–78% (T50) for DEHP, and from 22 to 30–49% (T0), 58 to 62–72% (T20), and 54 to 57–70% (T50) for pyrene. Under T20 contamination level, soil phospholipid fatty-acid analysis depicted the increased microbial biomass in rhizosphere, especially the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus that is effective for the degradation of organic pollutants. The study also revealed that the activities of dehydrogenase, acid phosphomonoesterase, urease, and phenol oxidase negatively correlated with pollutant concentration. In general, the removal rate of DEHP and pyrene was highest in the soil planted with leaf mustard for each contamination level considered. For soils at T20 level, sunflower and leaf mustard appeared as interesting phytoremediation plants due to the improved removal rates of organic pollutants and the soil microbial activity.     

Coupled biological and photo-Fenton pretreatment system for the removal of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from water

The photo-Fenton coupled with a biological system for the removal of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in wastewater was analyzed. The toxicity of DEHP-containing wastewater was found to be reduced after pretreatment by the photo-Fenton reaction. The effect of different factors, such as DEHP, Fe³⁺ and H₂O₂ concentrations and the reaction time, on degradation efficiency was investigated. The optimal time to stop the pretreatment process and introduce the effluent to the biological system was 60 min. The results show that effluent of DEHP-containing wastewater pretreated by the photo-Fenton method is biodegradable and that mineralization can be completed when the wastewater is subsequently treated in a biological system. The coupled Fenton and biological treatment system for the degradation of DEHP-containing wastewater can be successfully performed in a semi-continuous mode. These results indicate that the coupled photo-biological system is an effective and potential method for the treatment of DEHP-containing wastewater.     

Effects of dietary di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on the structure and function of rat hepatocytes

The effect of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on the intracellular membranes of hepatocytes was investigated. Supplementation of the diet with 2% plasticizer resulted in the appearance of a large number of peroxisomes, and the number of mitochondria was also greatly increased. No significant change in the amount or appearance of the endoplasmic reticulum was detected. The oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA in peroxisomes and the activities of carnitine-acyltransferases are increased to a great extent in both mitochondria and peroxisomes. Intact respiratory control and oxidative phosphorylation indicated that mitochondrial integrity was maintained during the induction. In microsomes, cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase are elevated. The increased incorporation of glycerol into phospholipids indicated an increased rate of synthesis. The induction of peroxisomal and mitochondrial membranes and enzymes, but not of the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, by phthalate esters is an unusual and valuable induction pattern not seen with other inducers.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in total parenteral nutrition and in plasma

A simple, rapid and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection was developed for the quantification of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in parenteral nutrition admixtures containing fat emulsion and in plasma samples of children daily treated by total parenteral nutrition. The analyte and the internal standard, di-n-heptyl phthalate, were extracted twice using hexane and the organic layer separated and dried under nitrogen. The residues were reconstituted with acetonitrile and 20 μl was injected into a Waters Spherisorb C₁₈ column, the UV detector was set at 202 nm. The mobile phase was acetonitrile–aqueous buffer (triethylamine 0.08% adjusted to pH 2.8 with 1 M phosphoric acid) mixture (88:12, v/v) and it was pumped at 1 ml/min. Average recoveries were 97% or greater. This method was successfully used to investigate the amounts of DEHP which can leach from bags and tubing into fat emulsion and which could contaminate children under long-term parenteral nutrition. On the other hand, the circulating DEHP concentrations were estimated in four children under regular long-term parenteral nutrition.     

Degradation of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate constituents under methanogenic conditions

The degradation of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its intermediary hydrolysis products 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) and mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) was investigated in a methanogenic phthalic acid ester-degrading enrichment culture at 37°C. 2-Ethylhexanoic acid (2-EHA), a plausible degradation product of 2-EH, was also studied. The culture readily degraded 2-EH via 2-EHA to methane which was formed in stoichiometric amounts assuming complete degradation of 2-EH to methane and carbon dioxide. MEHP was degraded to stoichiometric amounts of methane with phthalic acid as a transient intermediate. DEHP remained unaffected throughout the experimental period (330 days).Abbreviations 2-EH 2-ethylhexyl alcohol - 2-EHA 2-ethylhexanoic acid - BBP butylbenzyl phthalate - Be-CoA benzoyl Coenzyme A - CoA Coenzyme A - DEHP bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate - MEHP mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate - MSW municipal solid waste - PA phthalic acid - PAE phthalic acid ester - TMS trimethylsilyl derivative