转基因稻及其非转基因亲本对照在间隔种植条件下的转基因漂移

随着转基因技术的迅速发展, 越来越多的转基因作物被培育出来。转基因作物的外源转基因通过花粉传播向非转基因作物的漂移, 会影响非转基因作物品种的种子纯度, 从而可能导致一系列生物安全问题。为了研究转基因栽培水稻(Oryza sativa)中的外源转基因通过花粉介导向非转基因水稻品种逃逸的可能性及其频率, 我们选用3个含双价抗虫基因(Bt/CpTI)的转基因水稻品系及其相对应的非转基因水稻亲本品种(近等基因系)进行了转基因漂移的实验。为了获取在近距离状况下转基因水稻与非转基因水稻品种之间的转基因漂移频率, 采用了转基因与非转基因水稻品种间隔种植的栽培方式, 分别在福建省福州市和海南省三亚市的转基因环境安全实验地进行实验, 并利用潮霉素抗性筛选标记基因来鉴定转基因和非转基因稻的杂种。共检测了从非转基因水稻品种随机收获的70,056颗种子, 以此计算转基因漂移频率。结果表明, 在相邻种植的情况下, 由这3个转基因水稻向对应的非转基因水稻品种的转基因漂移的频率比较低(0.275–0.832％)。如此近距离条件下获得的低转基因漂移频率表明, 对于严格自花授粉的水稻而言, 通过一定的隔离措施, 能有效地降低由花粉介导的转基因漂移导致的非转基因种子混杂。     

Bt/CpTI转基因稻及其非转基因亲本对照在间隔种植条件下的转基因漂移

随着转基因技术的迅速发展,越来越多的转基因作物被培育出来。转基因作物的外源转基因通过花粉传播向非转基因作物的漂移,会影响非转基因作物品种的种子纯度,从而可能导致一系列生物安全问题。为了研究转基因栽培水稻(Oryzasativa)中的外源转基因通过花粉介导向非转基因水稻品种逃逸的可能性及其频率,我们选用3个含双价抗虫基因(Bt/CpTI)的转基因水稻品系及其相对应的非转基因水稻亲本品种(近等基因系)进行了转基因漂移的实验。为了获取在近距离状况下转基因水稻与非转基因水稻品种之间的转基因漂移频率,采用了转基因与非转基因水稻品种间隔种植的栽培方式,分别在福建省福州市和海南省三亚市的转基因环境安全实验地进行实验,并利用潮霉素抗性筛选标记基因来鉴定转基因和非转基因稻的杂种。共检测了从非转基因水稻品种随机收获的70,056颗种子,以此计算转基因漂移频率。结果表明,在相邻种植的情况下,由这3个转基因水稻向对应的非转基因水稻品种的转基因漂移的频率比较低(0.275–0.832%)。如此近距离条件下获得的低转基因漂移频率表明,对于严格自花授粉的水稻而言,通过一定的隔离措施,能有效地降低由花粉介导的转基因漂移导致的非转基因种子混杂。     

植物转基因整合座位的结构

通过农杆菌和直接DNA转移技术所获得的转基因植株都具有复杂的转基因座位, 转基因整合染色体和染色体区段是随机的, 但组织培养的选择作用表现为非随机性, 偏向整合于染色体的基因富集区。转基因座位除少数含有完整的单拷贝转基因之外, 大多数转基因座位中外源转基因片段、基因组片段和填充DNA相间而存在。转基因座位中转基因及基因组DNA片段产生缺失、重复和染色体的重排, 转基因的完整性对转基因表达具有重要作用。     

转基因是否会残留在体内?

转基因技术自诞生以来,争论就从未间断过。农业部网站宣传资料称,我国是转基因生物安全评估最严格的国家之一。但是"转基因玉米导致老鼠减少""欧洲人不吃转基因食品"等传闻是否属实?我国是否应该发展转基因技术?转基因食品到底安不安全?日前农业部及高校的专家学者解答了公众对于转基因的种种疑虑。转基因带来医学"曙光"在我国,公众对于转基因技术的高度关注始于2009年,当时农业部发放了转基因水稻和玉米的安全证书,引发公众对转基因技术尤其是转基因食品安全的质疑。中国工程院院士、中国农业大学教授李宁     

转基因作物与非转基因作物的共存立法动态研究——以美、日、欧应对基因污染事件为视角

随着基因工程技术的运用与发展,越来越多的转基因作物基因污染事件的发生也引起了世界各国对转基因作物与非转基因作物之间的和谐发展问题的高度重视。以美、日、欧为代表,世界各国对转基因作物与非转基因作物的共存问题都进行了积极地探索。借鉴美、日、欧转基因与非转基因作物共存法律制度,以期为我国转基因与非转基因作物共存法律制度的构建提供参考。     

草坪草转基因育种技术的应用和发展

转基因技术在草坪草育种中已得到广泛应用,成为转基因育种的主要手段之一.主要概述了转基因常用的方法,转基因目标,转基因植株的检测主要方法和步骤,以及现在草坪草转基因面临的主要问题.     

大豆转基因育种及产业化发展

转基因技术是现代生物技术研究的热点之一,转基因作物种植已经成为全球普及最为迅速的生物技术.转基因大豆是目前种植区域最广、种植面积最大的转基因作物,已成为世界大豆主产国大豆产业发展的主要动力.中国的大豆产量居世界第四位,但转基因大豆育种的研究尚处于起步阶段,在转基因大豆产业化发展方面潜力巨大.我国应该充分利用现代生物技术的成果,借鉴国外转基因大豆的发展经验,立足本国实际,在农业转基因生物安全管理相关法律法规下,建立和健全我国转基因大豆育种及其产业化发展体系,大力发展转基因大豆,提升我国大豆产业的市场竞争力.本文概述了我国转基因大豆的研究现状以及国际转基因大豆的研发趋势,分析了我国转基因大豆发展所面临的挑战并提出了应对策略.     

植物转基因沉默研究进展

随着转基因技术在植物中的广泛应用,转基因沉默受到越来越多的重视。转基因沉默可发生在转录和转录后两种水平,其基本特征就是依赖于同源的重复序列。转基因的重复拷贝间,转基因与同源的内源基因间及RNA病毒与同源转基因间都会发生基因沉默。可能有不同的机制导致转基因沉默,本文综述了转基因沉默的机理研究及转基因沉默在植物抗病基因工程和植物功能基因组学方面的应用 。     

浅析转基因舆情

随着现代科学技术的进步与发展,转基因技术不断推广和应用,其安全性也由此备受关注。转基因舆情的发展态势体现了公众对转基因技术的接受和认知水平,因此,营造良好的舆情环境是转基因技术健康、有效发展的重要保障。通过解析国际典型转基因舆情事例、分析国际转基因舆情发展情况,指出公众对于转基因技术的认知和接受程度不断提高,国际转基因舆情呈良性发展趋势。同时,目前我国转基因舆情呈现辐射层面广、以网络阵地为主、双方主打安全旗帜、强调技术不确定性等主要特点。为保障我国转基因技术的健康可持续发展、稳步推进转基因作物产业化,通过借鉴国外舆情应对经验,对营造我国转基因舆情良性环境提出几点对策：（1）建立完善的信息公开平台;（2）加强多元化科普宣传方式;（3）加强转基因生物安全监管;（4）建立转基因舆情监测平台。     

蜜蜂转基因研究进展及研究途径探讨

转基因动物的科研价值和商业价值促进了转基因技术的不断发展和在各个领域的深入应用。蜜蜂是有着悠久饲养历史的经济昆虫和在基础理论研究领域有重大应用价值的模式动物,但其转基因研究却相对落后。雌性蜂的级型分化和工蜂清洁巢房行为增加了蜜蜂转基因的难度,精子介导转基因配套以人工授精技术及蜜蜂卵或幼虫的转基因操作与蜜蜂人工孵育技术结合是目前蜜蜂转基因的较好途径。文章综述蜜蜂转基因的研究进展,并讨论蜜蜂转基因所面临的特殊性及其研究途径。     

两种不同终止子在转基因鲤鱼中的促生长效应

转基因构建体中启动子的选择会直接影响转植基因的活性, 近年来有研究表明转基因构建体中终止子的选择会一定程度地影响转植基因的活性。为了更好地筛选转基因构建体和培育快速生长的转“全鱼”生长激素(Growth hormone, GH)基因鱼, 文章用鲤鱼β-actin基因终止子和生长激素基因终止子分别构建了转基因构建体, 显微注射得到转“全鱼”GH基因鱼P0代养殖群体, 比较两种不同终止子构建体的活性。统计分析发现, 生长激素基因终止子构建体的养殖群体的体重频率呈正态分布且平均体重显著高于β-actin基因终止子构建体的养殖群体, β-actin基因终止子构建体的养殖群体的体重频率呈右倾趋势的非正态分布。值得一提的是在混合养殖组中得到一条生长最为快速的鲤鱼证实为转基因阳性且为生长激素基因终止子构建体的转基因鲤鱼。该结果表明转“全鱼”生长激素基因鲤鱼可快速生长, 并能将转植基因向下代遗传。实验结果提示生长激素基因终止子构建体比β-actin基因终止子构建体表现的促生长活性要强。     

转CpTI-Bt基因棉和转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫幼虫存活、生长及营养利用的影响

2000年7月中旬和8月中旬, 分别测定了采自田间的转CpTI-Bt基因双价抗虫棉（SGK321, 以下简称CpTI-Bt棉）和转Bt基因抗虫棉（中30,以下简称Bt棉）对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫存活、生长的影响。结果表明：7月中旬两种转基因抗虫棉抗虫效果均较好,尤其是CpTI-Bt棉棉叶和花瓣对4龄幼虫3天内致死率为92%以上;8月中旬两种转基因棉的抗虫活性均明显降低,且Bt棉的杀虫活性显著低于CpTI-Bt棉,其幼虫死亡率与对照受体棉中16的死亡率之间无显著差异,仅显著抑制了幼虫的生长;石远321(SGK321受体品系)的花瓣具有一定的抗虫活性,可显著降低取食幼虫的体重,甚至造成部分幼虫死亡; CpTI-Bt棉中,花瓣和棉叶的抗虫性明显高于蕾和铃心。对5龄幼虫取食棉铃1日后的营养指标测定结果显示： 两种转基因抗虫棉处理的幼虫相对生长率和相对取食量均显著低于石远321,但两者之间无显著差异; CpTI-Bt棉处理的幼虫近似消化率显著低于石远321和Bt棉,但其食物利用率显著高于石远321和Bt棉。     

转基因动物在生物制药工业中的应用

简要论述了转基因动物的概念、制作方法及应用领域,回顾了转基因动物技术的发展及现状,分析了转基因动物与克隆动物的区别.就转基因动物在制药工业和生物医药领域中的国内外研究与开发应用情况进行了阐述,同时展望了转基因动物制药的发展前景及对社会的影响.     

Selection of in vitro produced, transgenic embryos by nested PCR for efficient production of transgenic goats

The production of valuable pharmaceutical proteins using transgenic animals as bioreactors has become one of the goals of biotechnology. However, the efficiency of producing transgenic animals by means of pronuclear microinjection is low. This may be attributed in part to the low integration rate of foreign DNA. Therefore, a large number of recipients are required to produce transgenic animals. We recently developed a transgenic procedure that combined the techniques of goat oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF), microinjection, preimplantation selection of the transgenic embryos with nested PCR and transferring the transgenic embryos into the recipient goat uterus to produce transgenic goats. Thirty-seven transgenic embryos determined by nested PCR were transferred to thirty-two recipient goats. In the end, four live-born kids were produced. As predicted, all the live kids were transgenic as identified by PCR as well as Southern blot hybridization, The integration rate was 100% (4/4) which was completely in accordance with the results of embryo preimplantation detection. The results showed a significant decrease in the number of recipients required as only 8 recipients (32/4) were needed to obtain one live transgenic goat. We suggest that the transgenic system described herein may provide an improved way to efficiently produce transgenic goats on a large scale.     

转基因植物环境监测进展

近20年来,转基因植物的商业化应用规模越来越大,而转基因生物安全问题依然是转基因植物产业进一步发展的最主要制约因素。转基因植物在商业化应用之前虽然预先进行了风险评估,但是,包括环境监测在内的风险管理措施是确保转基因植物安全应用的必要手段。在转基因作物大规模应用近20年之后,其在靶标生物抗性、对生物多样性的影响、基因漂移、在生态系统中的长期存留等方面产生的环境风险已经渐渐显现出来,表明风险评估无法为转基因植物应用提供足够的安全保障,还必须通过开展系统而长期的环境监测,明确转基因植物在生产应用后的实际环境影响。联合国环境规划署和欧盟等已经制定了转基因植物环境监测的法规和技术指南,一些国家实施了系统的转基因植物环境监测。对转基因植物所产生的环境风险以及环境监测应包括的内容进行了综述。     

Effects of Transgenic Petunia Expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin on Selected Lepidopteran Pests

Toxicity of 11 transgenic petunia lines expressing the CryIA (c) insecticidal crystal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp . kurstaki was investigated using lepidopteran neonates Spodoptera exigua, Trichoplusia ni and Manduca sexta. Mortality of S. exigua, T. ni and M. sexta varied within and among transgenic petunia lines . Bioassay results demonstrated that levels of CryIA (c) expression obtained in 7 out of the 11 transgenic petunia lines produced at least 50% mortality in S. exigua and T. ni, and all 11 transgenic lines produced more than 80% mortality in M. sexta. Demographic analysis of the biological impact of transgenic petunia on S. exigua revealed that sub - lethal feeding on transgenic petunia significantly reduced larval weight and prolonged larval and pupal development times . Continuous feeding on transgenic petunia significantly reduced lifetime fecundity , egg hatch and longevity in female and male moths . Compared with insects fed continuously on non - transgenic petunia , lifetime fecundity and net reproductive rate were reduced by 58 and 84% in insects fed continuously on transgenic petunia respectively . Mean generation time was 8 days longer for insects fed continuously on transgenic petunia than for insects fed on non - transgenic petunia . Ovipositional attractiveness of transgenic petunia to S. exigua with respect to non - transgenic tomato or lettuce plants was similar , suggesting that petunia / tomato and petunia / lettuce may not be effective trap - cropping combinations . The potential and implications of using transgenic petunia as trap plants interplanted with crop plants for management of lepidopteran pests in the field are discussed .     

Feeding behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera larvae on insect-resistant transgenic cotton and non-transgenic cotton

Abstract: Feeding behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lep.; Noctuidae) larvae on non‐transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), Zhong 30, and transgenic cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI)‐Bt cotton, SGK 321, and non‐transgenic cotton, Shiyuan 321, was investigated in both choice tests and no‐choice tests. The results of choice tests suggested that neonates have the ability to detect and avoid transgenic cotton. In the choice tests of neonates with both transgenic and non‐transgenic cotton leaves, a significantly greater proportion of larvae and higher consumption were observed on non‐transgenic cotton than on the transgenic Bt or CpTI‐Bt cotton. In the choice tests with leaves of two transgenic cotton lines, the proportion of neonates on leaf discs of the two lines was not significantly different, but there was significantly higher consumption on CpTI‐Bt transgenic cotton than that on Bt transgenic cotton. In addition, significantly more neonates were found away from the leaf discs, lower consumption and higher mortality were achieved in the choice test with two transgenic cotton leaves than in the choice tests containing non‐transgenic cotton leaves. Leaves and buds were examined in choice tests of fourth instars. It appeared that fourth instars were found in equal numbers on transgenic and non‐transgenic cotton, except when larvae were exposed to leaves for 3 h. However, the total consumption on transgenic cotton was lower than that of the non‐transgenic cotton, so fourth instars may still have the capacity to detect transgenic cotton and reduce feeding on it, although they showed no preference on either transgenic or non‐transgenic cotton. More larvae were found off diet in the treatments with leaves than that of buds, and the number of injured leaf discs by per fourth instar was significantly higher than that of buds in choice tests, suggesting that leaf is a less preferred organ for H. armigera larvae, elicited more larval movements. Similarly, in no‐choice tests of fifth instars, significantly fewer feeding time and more moving time occurred on leaf than that of bud, boll and petal. When cotton line was considered, compared with non‐transgenic cotton, significantly lower feeding time and higher resting time occurred on the two transgenic cottons. Overall, H. armigera larvae have the ability to detect the transgenic Bt and CpTI‐Bt cottons or the less preferred organs and selectively feed more on the non‐transgenic cotton or the preferred organs, especially the neonates, which have a high capacity for avoiding transgenic cotton.     

转基因水稻的研究和应用

植物基因工程的兴起,使特定的外源基因引入植物细胞成为可能。水稻转基因研究是国内外植物分子遗传学研究的热点之一。近十几年来,水稻转基因研究已取得显著进展。综述了水稻基因转化的方法、转基因技术在水稻上的应用及外源基因在转基因后代中的遗传表达的研究进展。     

Age-specific bioassays and fecundity of Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) reared on cry1Ac -transgenic potato plants

Variation in the susceptibility of lepidopterous pest larvae of different ages to transgenic crops and the potential for survivors to reproduce could have important consequences for the development of resistance in such pests. Experiments were undertaken in the laboratory to determine if larvae of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella, of different ages (0 (< 1 day old), 3, 5, 7 days) varied in their susceptibility to cry1Ac9–transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) foliage grown in the glasshouse or field. The survival and fecundity of larvae reared on transgenic tubers was also determined in the laboratory. There were no apparent differences in susceptibility of larvae of different ages to transgenic foliage. Larvae fed glasshouse or field‐grown non‐transgenic foliage had significantly larger relative growth indices and more larvae pupated, than those fed transgenic foliage, regardless of larval age. Eggs from a laboratory colony were placed on transgenic or non‐transgenic tubers to measure survival and fecundity. Between 6% and 15% of eggs placed on transgenic tubers developed into pupae for three of the four transgenic potato lines tested. On one transgenic line, only six adults emerged from 1300 eggs. In contrast, between 71% and 97% of the eggs placed on non‐transgenic tubers developed into pupae. Male and female pupae from transgenic lines weighed less than those from non‐transgenic lines. The fecundity of females from two of four transgenic lines was lower than from the non‐transgenic parent cultivar. Although larvae of different ages did not exhibit any overall age‐dependent pattern of increasing or decreasing susceptibility to transgenic foliage of glasshouse or field‐grown plants, the ability of larvae to survive and reproduce on transgenic tubers suggests this pest has the ability to evolve resistance to the transgenic plants used in the present study.     

转基因植物根系分泌物对土壤微生态的影响

随着转基因植物商品化进程的加快,对其进行生态风险性评价日益引起学者的重视。诸如转基因逃逸到其它亲缘物种中、产生超级杂草和病毒、昆虫产生耐受性及生物多样性遭受破坏等问题已在部分转基因作物中显现。本文综述了转基因植物中根系分泌物对土壤微生态的影响。