The origin of some species of the genus Candida in non-pseudomycelium-producing anascosporogenous yeasts

Summary One hundred thirty-one cultures of anascosporogenous yeasts isolated from the human body late in 1947 were all typical members of the genusCryptococcus when examined in 1947 and early in 1948. No mycelium was produced in repeated tests in corn meal agar scratch plates or in beef peptone gelatin stabs. By 1950, 17 of the 131 cultures had definitely become morphologically identical with members of the genusCandida, showing typical pseudomycelial growth with blastospores sprouting from the mycelium on the above mentioned media. It is concluded that some species ofCandida can be morphological dissociates ofCryptococcus. The status and the varied phylogeny of the genusCandida is discussed.

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Sumario Todos los 131 cultivos de una colección de levaduras imperfectas recientemente aisladas de la piel de seres humanos eran miembras típicas del géneroCryptococcus en 1947. No producían ningún micelio, aunque lo buscabamos repeditas veces en gelosa de harina de maíz y en gelatina de carne y peptona. Ahora en 1950, 17 de los 131 cultivos se han convertido en formas identicas morfológicamente con miembras del generoCandida. En estas medias las 17 levaduras ya poseen un seudomicelio conspicuo de que muchas blastoesporas brotan. Se deduce que unas especies deCandida pueden ser formas deCryptococcus producidas por disociación microbiana. Se trata del estado y de la filogenia multiple del géneroCandida.

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El origen de unas especies del géneroCandida en levaduras imperfectas que no formaban seudomicelio

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This investigation was supported in part by funds provided for biological and medical research by the State of Washington Initiative Measure No. 171.     

The taxonomy of yeasts found in exudates of certain trees and other natural breeding sites of some species ofDrosophila

Summary A survey was made of the yeasts occurring in slime fluxes ofQuercus kellogii (black oak),Abies concolor (red fir) and in certain mushrooms and dead logs in the mountains of the Yosemite region of California. Most of the 134 isolates identified were found to be non-fermentative or poorly fermentative (fermenting glucose only and usually weakly). The isolates were placed in the following genera:Pichia (34),Debaryomyces (35), imperfect forms ofHansenula (39),Endomyces (3),Saccharomyces (2),Candida (11),Trichosporon (7),Torulopsis (1),Cryptococcus (1) andSporobolomyces (1). Four new species have been described,Pichia silvestris, Pichia quercibus, Pichia carsonii andDebaryomyces fluxorum. P. quercibus andP. carsonii are unusual representatives of the genusPichia in that they form a very primitive pseudomycelium and lack pellicles on malt extract. To accommodate such species an amended diagnosis of the genusPichia has been proposed byPhaff in an accompanying paper.Saccharomyces pastori, of which 12 isolates were obtained, has been transferred to the amended genusPichia asP. pastori (Guilliermond) nov. comb.     

Utilization of phytate by some yeasts

Summary Of 21 yeast strains screened for ability to hydrolyse phytic acid salts, nine strains grew on sodium phytate as sole source of inorganic phosphate. Of the five most interesting strains for their growth parameters tested and for their phytase activity in batch-culture,Schwanniomyces castellii CBS 2863 had the highest phytase activity in presence of 5 g phytate I^–1.     

Filament formation inThermus species in the presence of some D-amino acids or glycine

A number of strains ofThermus spp. changed morphology from rods of about 6 to 8 m long to multicellular filaments (unsheathed trichomes) up to many hundreds of micrometres long with the addition of glycine or certain D-amino acids to the growth medium. Associated with this change was the formation of braided trichomes and occasionally true knots. Filament formation was reversible by the removal of the causal agent, but only if growth was possible. Electron microscopy suggested that the wall structure was not changed, but only that cells did not separate due to the continuous nature of the outer membrane layer. The filaments were thus multicellular. The constituent cells were similar in length to the normal rod-shaped cells. Filament formation byThermus spp. may have applications in industrial scale culture of these extracellular enzymeproducing thermophilic bacteria.     

A note on the presence of novel DNA species in the spoilage yeasts Zygosaecharomyces bailii and Pichia membranaefaciens

P ainting , K.A. & K irsop , B arbara , 1984. A note on the presence of novel DNA species in the spoilage yeasts Zygosaecharomyces bailii and Pichia membranaefaciens. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 56 , 331–336.
Two novel covalently closed circular DNA species of 5.4 and 6.0 kilobases were detected in strains of Zygosaecharomyces bailii with a rapid small scale isolation procedure. The 5.4 kb species was found in four strains and both species were found in three strains. A novel, covalently-closed circular DNA species of 6.9 kb was detected in four of 12 strains of Pichia membranaefaciens . Plasmid DNA (2 μm) (that is CCC DNA of approximately 6 kb in Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was detected in 38 of 40 strains of Sacch. cerevisiae confirming reports of the widespread distribution of this plasmid.     

Comparative studies of the recombinogenic action of some pesticides on yeasts in the absence and presence of metabolic activation

Recombinogenic activity of five pesticides (dimatyph, endosulfan, cypermethrin, picloram and crotoxyphos) has been studied on yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae under conditions of metabolic activation and without it. Treatment of yeasts by microsomal activating mixtures (S9 fractions of hens and rats) promoted no formation of active metabolites. Active pesticides (dimatyph, endosulfan, picloram) under conditions of metabolic activation induced the detoxication process.     

Concerning the presence and formation of ascorbic acid in yeasts

The selective, sensitive method of analysis of ascorbic acid by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC/EC) has been used to determine the ascorbic acid content of cell extracts from yeasts grown in glucose-free medium, 0.3 M D-glucose, and 0.112 M L-galactono-1,4-lactone. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain G-25 and its tetraploid) and a commercial baker's yeast contained less than 2 μg ascorbic acid g^?1 wet wt. of cells when grown for 22 h in glucose-free medium. In 0.3 M D-glucose, only the commercial baker's yeast gave a slight increase (2–50 μg g^?1 wet wt. in 22 h). In 0.112 M L-galactono-1,4-lactone, all three strains produced ascorbic acid (372–587 μg g^?1 wet wt. in 22 h). Lypomyces starkeyi, a species previously reported to contain a significant amount of ascorbic acid (Heick et al., Can. J. Biochem., 47 (1972) 752), was essentially devoid of ascorbic acid under all three conditions of incubation although it did contain an HPLC/EC reactive peak (R_T = 0.87 relative to ascorbic acid) that was readily oxidized by charcoal in the presence of oxygen. The identity of this new compound remains to be determined.     

The influence of newly synthesised fenporpimorph derivatives on some pathogen yeasts

The effect of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of six novel fenpropimorph derivatives on lipid and sterol composition of Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Malassezia pachydermatis and Malassezia furfur was investigated. The MICs for the most effective derivatives were found in the range from 3.7 to 56.7 microM and were 2-3 times lower compared to the commercial fungicide bifonazol. The more efficient fenpropimorph derivatives were the piperidine derivative for C. albicans and the allylamine derivative for Cr. neoformans, M. pachydermatis and M. furfur. The inhibitor in the growth medium reduced the unsaturation index of the total lipid content in M. furfur and C. albicans.     

The presence of carotenoids in various species of Lepidoptera

The presence of 41 carotenoids in 114 species of Lepidoptera was determined. The carotenoids characteristic of butterflies were zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein epoxide, astaxanthin, lycopene, torulene and canthaxanthin.     

Biological properties of sherry yeasts in the presence of antimicrobial preparations

The wine yeasts Cheres were not sensitive to high concentration (500 gamma/ml) of benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, morphocycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin, monomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, polymyxin, ampicillin, oxacillin, methicillin, ceporin, ristomycin, levomycetin, furadonin and furazolidone. In concentrations of 50 to 500 gamma-ml oleadomycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, kanamycin and ristomycin inhibited synthesis of the Cheres yeast biomass. Benzylpenicillin, polymyxin, neomycin and ampicillin in concentrations of 50 to 100 gamma/ml had a stimulating effect on the yeast biomass synthesis.     

Ascorbic acid specific utilization by some yeasts

One hundred and eighty strains of yeasts belonging to 17 genus and 53 species were screened for their ability to grow on ascorbic acid and iso-ascorbic acid as the sole carbon source. Most of the tested strains (157) were unable to grow on either compound. Strains of seven species of the genus Cryptococcus, of two Candida species, of Filobasidiella neoformans, Trichosporon cutaneum, Lipomyces starkeyi, Hansenula capsulata, and one strain of Aureobasidium pullulans were able to grow on ascorbic as well as on iso-ascorbic acid. Conversely, four strains of Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida blankii, and Cryptococcus dimennae could use only ascorbic acid for growth.