矿泉水水井取水管道内壁附着物分析研究

矿泉水水井因污染而在取水管道内壁形成大量的褐色粘液状粘泥 ,显微形态观察表明 ,典型样品中的粘泥主要为细菌污染大量繁殖形成的生物膜。样品经HCl处理后 ,其中黄褐色晶体、霉菌样丝状体消失 ,显示晶体和丝状体为金属沉积物 ;样品滴加亚铁氰化钾和HCl,出现普鲁士蓝沉淀 ,证明了样品中的金属沉积物是含铁物质 ,从而推断取水管内壁附着物主要为铁细菌大量繁殖 ,氧化铁、沉积铁而形成的生物膜。从生物膜中取样进行微生物分离培养 ,铁细菌检出阳性 ,固体培养物同样与亚铁氰化钾反应出现普鲁士蓝沉淀 ,且显微形态与样品中微     

一种改进的乳酸脱氢酶同工酶染色法

以N-甲基吩嗪甲基硫酸盐（PMS）为介体,使乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）同工酶催化反应产生的NADH将铁氰化钾还原为亚铁氰化钾,利用亚铁氰化钾与三氯化铁反应生成普鲁士蓝的性质,实现对乳酸脱氢酶同工酶进行染色的目的.     

草酸对黄瓜根中铁还原的促进作用

用黄瓜为材料 ,研究了草酸对植物根切段还原Fe(Ⅲ )EDTA的促进作用。在 2～ 14mmol/L范围内随着草酸浓度的加大 ,其促进作用不断提高 ;在 4h内随着反应时间的推移 ,Fe(Ⅲ )EDTA的还原量成线性上升趋势。进一步用完整根、粗酶提取液和提纯的质膜证明 :促进作用并非草酸本身作为电子供体直接或间接地加速了铁还原反应 ,而是形成的草酸铁螯合态是根中铁还原酶更有效的底物。整体根还原草酸铁的活力和质膜铁还原酶催化草酸铁的效率 (Vmax/Km)都远大于还原柠檬酸铁和Fe (Ⅲ )EDTA的活力和效率     

草酸对黄瓜根中铁还原的促进作用

用黄瓜为材料,研究了草酸对植物根切段还原Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）ＥＤＴＡ的促进作用。在２－１４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内随着草酸浓度的加大,其促进作用不断提高;在４ｈ内随着反应时间的推移,Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）ＥＤＴＡ的还原量成线性上升趋势。进一步用完整根、粗酶提取液和提纯的质膜证明：促进作用并非草酸本身作为电子供体直接或间接地加速了铁还原反应,而是形成的草酸铁螯合态是根中铁还原酶更有效的底物。整体根还原草酸铁的活力和质膜铁还原酶     

质膜氧化还原系统中的抑制物及其特性

燕麦（Ａｖｅｎａ ｓａｔｉｖａ）质膜氧化还原系统的酶反应进行一段时间后,酶反应速率逐渐降低到零,加入反应底物ＮＡＤＨ、Ｋ３Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６ 以及质膜（酶）不能使酶反应速率得到恢复,说明酶被抑制． 酶反应的产物可能为ＮＡＤ＋ 、Ｆｅ２＋ 和Ｈ＋ ,加入ＮＡＤ＋ 、Ｋ４Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６ 和ＨＣｌ不能使酶活力抑制,因此不是产物反馈抑制． 超速离心除去质膜后,发现抑制物存在于反应介质中,这种抑制物的抑制效果随时间延长而降低,所以此抑制物不稳定． 本文首次报道质膜氧化还原系统中存在抑制物     

铁还原细菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-4诱导水合氧化铁形成蓝铁矿的过程

【目的】研究铁还原细菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-4在细胞外诱导形成含铁矿物的矿物相、化学成分和形貌结构等特性及其变化,深化对铁还原细菌细胞外诱导矿化过程的认识。【方法】在以30 mmol/L乳酸钠为电子供体,10 mmol/L水合氧化铁为电子受体,[HCO_3~–]为30 mmol/L,[PO_4~(3–)]为5 mmol/L条件下,30°C恒温下厌氧培养,进行细菌生长和细胞外诱导矿化实验,定期采样测量反应体系的pH、生物量、Fe(Ⅱ)浓度;采用激光拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X-射线衍射(XRD)等方法对不同时间点的矿化产物进行分析。【结果】MR-4在还原Fe(Ⅲ)的过程中,细胞快速生长,表明MR-4的Fe(Ⅲ)还原和乳酸氧化过程相互耦合,从而进行细胞生长,并在细胞外诱导矿物形成。对不同阶段矿化产物的综合分析表明,反应进行到约8 d时,无定形-弱结晶的水合氧化铁部分地转化为纳米尺寸的磁铁矿晶体颗粒;约16 d时,反应体系中开始出现蓝铁矿晶体颗粒;约20 d后,几乎所有矿物转化为纤维状或者叶片状的蓝铁矿。【结论】铁还原细菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-4细胞外诱导矿化过程受环境条件控制,当以乳酸钠和水合氧化铁分别作为电子供体和受体,相对高的[PO_4~(3–]/[HCO_3~–](1:6)时,水合氧化铁先转化为磁铁矿,最后大量转化为蓝铁矿。本研究为全面认识铁还原细菌的生物诱导矿化过程和评估其参与铁元素地球化学循环提供了新的数据。     

高选择性不对称还原N,N-二甲基-3-酮-3-(2-噻吩)-1-丙胺的重组氧化还原酶催化性质及其酶促转化

【目的】通过表达多种重组立体选择性氧化还原酶,分析其催化不对称还原N,N-二甲基-3-酮-3-(2-噻吩)-1-丙胺(DKTP)的性质,从而构建酶促合成(S)-N,N-二甲基-3-羟基-3-(2-噻吩)-1-丙胺(DHTP)的反应体系。【方法】基于已有立体选择性氧化还原酶重组大肠杆菌,通过Ni离子亲和层析法纯化得到重组氧化还原酶,以DKTP为底物,考察不同重组氧化还原酶对DKTP的催化活性和选择性,进一步对高选择性酶促合成(S)-DHTP的重组酶CR2进行性质分析,并考察其在最适条件下不对称还原DKTP的过程。【结果】筛选获得产物构型为(S)-型的催化活性最高的酶为CR2,该酶米氏常数Km为0.135 mmol/L,kcat/Km为3.689 L/(mmol·s),最适p H 8.4(0.1 mol/L三乙醇胺缓冲液),最适反应温度为35°C,在10-45°C条件下和p H 7.5-8.5较为稳定,Zn2+离子对酶活有促进作用。CR2催化DKTP不对称还原反应6 h后,DHTP的产率达92.1%、光学纯度达99.9%。【结论】基于活性和选择性分析,获得不对称还原DKTP的目标酶CR2,其催化特性有利于高立体选择性还原DKTP生成度洛西汀中间体(S)-DHTP,从而为进一步提高酶促不对称还原DKTP的转化效率提供研究基础。     

(S)-羰基还原酶II于酿酒酵母孢子中表达与功能

摘要:【目的】使近平滑假丝酵母(Candida parapsilosis CCTCC M203011)的(S) -羰基还原酶II 表达并包埋于酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae AN120)孢子中,实现了重组酶高效催化生产(S) -苯基乙二醇的转化过程。【方法】采用PCＲ 扩增技术,从近平滑假丝酵母基因组中克隆(S) -羰基还原酶II 基因,于酿酒酵母AN120中表达,以醋酸钾为唯一碳源诱导培养产生孢子,包埋(S)-羰基还原酶II。以该孢子为生物催化剂,2-羟基苯乙酮为底物进行生物转化反应,经HPLC分析,计算产物的光学纯度和得率。考察了孢子催化转化反应的最适温度和pH值,温度和pH 稳定性以及多批次使用性能。【结果】在最适反应温度40℃和pH6.0条件下,10%(W/V)子囊孢子催化6 g/L 2-羟基苯乙酮,产物(S) -苯基乙二醇的光学纯度和得率均高达99%以上。与重组大肠杆菌相比较,重组孢子合成(S)-苯基乙二醇的得率由89.7% 提高到99.0%,反应时间由48 h缩短为4 h;连续使用10批次后,其催化产物的光学纯度几乎不变,得率保持在85%以上。【结论】该研究首次实现了氧化还原酶在酵母孢子内的异源表达,为手性化合物的高效制备奠定了坚实的研究基础。     

NAD(P)H依赖型氧化还原酶不对称还原胺化制备手性胺的研究进展

不对称还原胺化反应是制备医药中间体手性胺结构单元的重要反应。目前已有许多不同种类的酶被应用于合成手性胺,其中NAD(P)H依赖型氧化还原酶催化的还原胺化反应最为引人注目,因为其能够一步将潜手性酮化合物完全转化为光学纯的手性胺化合物。文中以亚胺还原酶、氨基酸脱氢酶、冠瘿碱脱氢酶和还原性酮胺化酶为例,从NAD(P)H依赖型氧化还原酶的结构特征、作用机理、分子改造及催化应用等方面,综述了其在不对称还原胺化合成手性胺领域的研究进展。     

嗜热真菌 Thermomyces lanuginosus热稳定a—淀粉酶的纯化及特性

嗜热真菌Thermomyces lanuginosus在液体培养基中于50℃静止培养14d,培养液经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-Toyopearl离子交换层析、Butyl-Toyopearl疏水层析、SephacrylS-300分子筛层析和FPLC MonoQ离子交换层析,得到了凝胶电泳均一的淀粉酶。纯酶与淀粉反应不同时间后,用碘色反应法和DNS法测定淀粉和还原糖量,结果显示淀粉量在开始时迅速下降,但还原糖的量却增加很慢;产物经TLC层析分析为麦芽糖和少量葡萄糖。由此说明它为α-淀粉酶。用SDS-PAGE和Sephacryl S-300分子筛层析测定分子量为56000,不具亚基。酶反应最适温度和pH分别为65℃和4.5～5.0。在pH4.6条件下,酶在50℃是稳定的;60℃保温1h,仍保留94％的原酶活性;酶在70℃的半衰期为10min。钙离子对酶有激活作用。酶对糖原和糊精有一定的水解能力。     

5’核苷酸酶碱性磷酸酶双重染色法在毛细淋巴管研究中的应用

本文应用5’-N-ALP双重染色法观察了裸鼠皮肤及人胃癌组织内淋巴管的形态和细微分布.在光镜下毛细淋巴管、淋巴管呈5’-N强阳性反应,管壁显示明显的棕色或深棕色,而毛细血管、血管的ALP呈强阳性,管壁呈明显的蓝色.据此可用组化方法将毛细淋巴管和毛细血管区别开来.本法能显示呈褐色的毛细淋巴管,特别是呈实性条索状的毛细淋巴管,因而双重染色比HE染色更能客观、准确地显示毛细淋巴管的分布.     

Ferric leghemoglobin reductase from soybean root nodules

An NADH: (acceptor) oxidoreductase from the cytosol of soybean root nodules was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, hydroxylapatite adsorption, and Sephacryl S-200 Superfine chromatography. The native molecular weight of the reductase was found to be 100,000 by analytical gel filtration and 83,000 by equilibrium ultracentrifugation. The subunit molecular weight was 54,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. The pI of the enzyme was 5.5. With ferric leghemoglobin (Lb) as the substrate, nearly identical initial velocities were obtained using either CO or O2 to ligate the enzymatically produced ferrous leghemoglobin. With CO as the ligand in the reaction, the product of the enzyme-catalyzed, NADH-dependent reduction of ferric Lb was spectrally identified as LbCO. Initial velocity was a linear function of increasing enzyme concentration. NADPH was only 31% as effective an electron donor as NADH as determined by initial velocity. The Michaelis constants (Km) for ferric Lba and NADH were 9.5 and 18.8 microM, respectively. Myoglobin, Lba, Lbc1, Lbc2, Lbc3, and Lbd were reduced at similar rates by the reductase. At pH 5.2, acetate-bound ferric Lb and nicotinate-bound ferric Lb were reduced by the enzyme at 83 and 5%, respectively, of rates observed in the absence of these ligands. The rate of enzymatic reduction of ferric Lb was constant between pH 6.5 and 7.6 but increased approximately threefold at pH 5.2. The results indicate that the NADH: (acceptor) oxidoreductase could be identified as a ferric Lb reductase.     

Effect of sink size on photosynthesis and carbohydrate content of leaves of three spring wheat varieties

Effects of CO₂ on stomatal movements of Commelina communis L. were studied with plants, epidermal strips and guard cell protoplasts. With plants, the stomatal response induced by a blue light pulse was studied for different ambient CO₂ concentration ranging from CO₂-deprived air to 100 Pa in darkness or under red light. It was observed that the blue light response could be obtained not only under a red light background but also in darkness and CO₂-free air, the two responses being quite similar.
With epidermal strips, the effect of CO₂ on ferricyanide reductase activity at the guard cell plasmalemma was studied by transmission electron microscopy. In the presence of ferric ions, reduced ferricyanide gives an electron dense precipitate of Prussian Blue. In darkness and air, no precipitate was observed. In darkness and CO₂-free air as well as under light and normal air, a precipitate was found along the plasmalemma of the guard cells, indicating a ferricyanide reductase activity. With guard cell protoplasts suspended in a medium either in equilibrium with air or in a CO₂-free medium the H⁺ extrusion induced by a blue light pulse added to a red light background was measured. A low CO₂ content was obtained by adding photosynthetic algae to the suspension of guard cell protoplasts. In a CO₂-free medium the rate of H⁺ extrusion was enhanced.
The results are discussed on the basis of a possible competition for reducing power between CO₂ fixation and a putative blue light dependent redox chain located on the plasma membrane.     

Cytochemical demonstration of adenylate cyclase activity with cerium

Cerium was applied for the ultrastructural, cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1.). The enzyme activity was stimulated with norepinephrine, prenalterol and cholera toxin in the brown fat cells of newborn rats. The final reaction product was observed in the plasmalemmas of the stimulated adipocytes. The precipitate was finely crystalline, easily visible in the electron microscope and in the X-ray microprobe analysis it yielded cerium and phosphate peaks, respectively. The use of cerium offers a new tool valid for the cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase enzyme related to the membrane receptors.     

Plasma membrane-bound NADH: Fe3+-EDTA reductase and iron deficiency in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Is there a Turbo reductase?

The properties of NADH-dependent Fe³⁺-EDTA reductase in plasma membranes (PM) from roots of iron-deficient and -sufficient tomato plants [Lycopersicon esculentum L. (Mill.) cv. Abunda] were examined. Iron deficiency resulted in a 3-fold increase of in vivo root iron-chelate reductase activity with a K_m (Fe³⁺-EDTA) of 230 μM. In purified root PM, average specific activities of ferric chelate reductase of 410 and 254 nmol Fe (mg protein)^?1 min^?1 were obtained for iron-deficient and -sufficient plants, respectively. In both cases, the PM-bound activity showed a pH optimum at pH 6.8. Activity depended on NADH and not on NADPH and on the presence of detergent. The activity was inhibited 40-50% by superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and ca 30% by oxygen. Kinetic analysis of the membrane-bound enzyme revealed a K_m (Fe³⁺-EDTA) of ca 200 μM for both iron-stressed and -sufficient plants. For NADH, K_m values around 230 μM were obtained. The ferric chelate reductase could be solubilised from salt-washed PM with Triton X-100 at a protein:detergent ratio of 1:2.8 (w/w). The Triton-soluble fraction revealed one enzyme-stained band in native polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Although the membranes showed no nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.1) activity, anti-spinach NR immunoglobulin G (IgG) recognized a 54 kDa band both in the PM and the Triton-soluble fraction, but not in the enzymatically active material obtained from the native gel. No evidence could be found for the synthesis of a new, biochemically distinct PM-bound ferric chelate reductase under iron deficiency, which might be identified as the so-called Turbo reductase. It is concluded that iron deficiency in tomato induces increased expression of a ferric chelate reductase in root PM, which is already present in iron-sufficient plants and probably also in plants, which do not contain the Turbo reductase, like the grasses. The iron reductase is not identical with the recently reported PM-associated nitrate reductase.     

Is ethylene involved in regulation of root ferric reductase activity of dicotyledonous species under iron deficiency?

Most dicotyledonous species respond to Fe deficiency by developing some mechanisms known as Fe-deficiency responses. The role of ethylene in regulation of root ferric reductase activity of wild-type tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and its mutant Never ripe (Nr), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Bifeng 80-30), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., cv. Xintaimici) plants grown in nutrient solution without Fe supply was studied under controlled condition. The results show that: (i) the tomato mutant Nr, which is insensitive to ethylene, presented rapid increase in root ferric reductase activity after omitting Fe from the nutrient solution; (ii) the initial time for increase in root ferric reductase activity was earlier than that in ethylene production after onset of Fe deficiency in the three species; (iii) like cobalt (3 μM Co²⁺), an inhibitor for ethylene production, high concentration of zinc (50 μM Zn²⁺) and copper (5 μM Cu²⁺) also suppressed the increase in root ferric reductase activity of Fe-starved plants; (iv) under Fe-sufficient conditions, indol-3-butylric acid (IBA) stimulated root ferric reductase activity of cucumber and bean plants, and this stimulating effect could not be suppressed by aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, an inhibitor for ethylene synthesis). These results suggested that ethylene might not be directly involved in the regulation of root ferric reductase activity of Fe-deficient dicotyledonous species.     

The pH Requirement for in Vivo Activity of the Iron-Deficiency-Induced "Turbo" Ferric Chelate Reductase (A Comparison of the Iron-Deficiency-Induced Iron Reductase Activities of Intact Plants and Isolated Plasma Membrane Fractions in Sugar Beet)

The characteristics of the Fe reduction mechanisms induced by Fe deficiency have been studied in intact plants of Beta vulgaris and in purified plasma membrane vesicles from the same plants. In Fe-deficient plants the in vivo Fe(III)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic complex [Fe(III)-EDTA] reductase activity increased over the control values 10 to 20 times when assayed at a pH of 6.0 or below ("turbo" reductase) but increased only 2 to 4 times when assayed at a pH of 6.5 or above. The Fe(III)-EDTA reductase activity of root plasma membrane preparations increased 2 and 3.5 times over the controls, irrespective of the assay pH. The Km for Fe(III)-EDTA of the in vivo ferric chelate reductase in Fe-deficient plants was approximately 510 and 240 [mu]M in the pH ranges 4.5 to 6.0 and 6.5 to 8.0, respectively. The Km for Fe(III)-EDTA of the ferric chelate reductase in intact control plants and in plasma membrane preparations isolated from Fe-deficient and control plants was approximately 200 to 240 [mu]M. Therefore, the turbo ferric chelate reductase activity of Fe-deficient plants at low pH appears to be different from the constitutive ferric chelate reductase.     

Cytochemical demonstration of adenylate cyclase activity with cerium

Summary Cerium was applied for the ultrastructural, cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1.). The enzyme activity was stimulated with norepinephrine, prenalterol and choleratoxin in the brown fat cells of newborn rats. The final reaction product was observed in the plasmalemmas of the stimulated adipocytes. The precipitate was finely crystalline, easily visible in the electron microscope and in the X-ray microprobe analysis it yielded cerium and phosphate peaks, respectively. The use of cerium offers a new tool valid for the cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase enzyme related to the membrane receptors.This study was supported by the grant from Reino Lahtikari Foundation     

A direct-colouring, metal precipitation method for the demonstration of arylsulphatases A and B

Summary A new, direct-colouring, metal precipitation method for the light microscopical demonstration of arylsulphatases A and B is described. It is based on the reducing capacity of nitrocatechol liberated by arylsulphatases fromp-nitrocatechol sulphate. The reaction is carried out in Karnovsky-Roots' copper ferricyanide incubation mixture at pH 5.0 or 5.5; the nitrocatechol liberated reduces ferricyanide to ferrocyanide, which in turn forms a brown precipitate with copper that indicates enzyme activity. Enzyme activity was localized in cytoplasmic particles compatible with a lysosomal localization of the enzyme. The histochemical reaction was inhibited by phosphate, which has been shown to inhibit arylsulphatases A and B in biochemical determinations. The method described is technically simple, and sections can be mounted in synthetic resin after dehydration.     

Factors Affecting Triple Staining of Human Sperm

We have previously described a triple stain for evaluating normal acrosome reactions of human sperm. This procedure uses trypan blue to distinguish live and dead sperm, Bismarck brown to stain the sperm's postacrosomal region, and rose Bengal to stain the sperm's acrosome. We have recently found that batches of rose Bengal vary significantly in their ability to produce good staining of the acrosome in this procedure. This appears to be due to variations in the intrinsic pH of rose Bengal solutions and the presence of nondye contaminants in the stain. In this study, we have evaluated acrosomal staining using 6 batches of rose Bengal and report a method for achieving uniform staining quality with each batch. Solutions of rose Bengal (0.8%) are made up in 0.1 M Tris HC1 (pH 2.3) buffer and adjusted to pH 5.3 if necessary. For most batches of rose Bengal this promotes precipitation of some of the dye and an unidentified contaminating crystal. The precipitate is removed by centrifugation, and the supernatants have been found to give good to excellent staining of the acrosomes for all batches tested. Solutions of both rose Bengal and Bismarck brown are stable for at least 5 days but their pH values should be monitored daily and adjusted to 5.3 and 1.8 respectively if drifting occurs. We have also observed some variation in the intensity of rose Bengal staining of the acrosome from donor to donor and recommend that staining times in rose Bengal be adjusted for each donor.