植物抗虫基因工程研究进展

植物抗虫基因工程研究进展周兆斓,朱祯（中国科学院遗传研究所,北京１００１０１）在世界范围内,虫害造成的损失约占农作物总收获量的１３％,每年大约损失数千亿美元。目前,广泛使用化学杀虫剂控制虫害,由于化学杀虫剂的作用方式是非特异的,因此在施放杀虫剂时不但杀死了害虫,同时也杀死了有益昆虫及害虫的天敌,造成生态平衡的破坏;化学杀虫剂对人、畜也有严重危害,其在自然界中的残留以及在食物链中的积累已造成了严重的环境污染;另外,由于长期使用农药,害虫已逐步对其产生抗性,目前已经出现了几百种对杀虫剂有耐受性的害虫,有些甚至到了无药可治的程度。据有关部门反应,我国棉花的主要害虫-棉铃虫对农药的耐受性有逐年提高的趋势,常规使用剂量已不能有效地控制其危害。     

Bt杀虫基因与Bt转基因抗虫植物研究进展

苏云金杆菌是一类非常重要的昆虫病原体,它能产生特异性的杀虫结晶蛋白,对农业上和生物医学上的许多有害的昆虫有毒杀作用,这些害虫包括鳞翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目、螨类和线虫。近三十年来,以苏云金杆菌为基础的生物杀虫剂已在世界范围内商业化用于防治重要经济作物的害虫。近年来有关Bt基因的遗传、分子生物学和基因工程已取得显著进展。本文对苏云金杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因的分类和杀虫机理及用该类基因构建的工程转基因植物研究状况作一简要综述,同时对Bt基因工程存在的潜在问题和解决途径作了简单的探讨。     

Bt杀虫基因与Bt转基因抗虫植物研究进展

苏云金杆菌是一类非常重要的昆虫病原体,它能产生特异性的杀虫结晶蛋白,对农业上和生物医学上的许多有害的昆虫有毒杀作用,这些害虫包括鳞翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目、螨类和线虫。近三十年来,以苏云金杆菌为基础的生物杀虫剂已在世界范围内商业化用于防治重要经济作物的害虫。近年来有关Ｂｔ基因的遗传、分子生物学和基因工程已取得显著进展。本文对苏云金杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因的分类和杀虫机理及用该类基因构建的工程转基因植物研究状况作一简要综述,同时对Ｂｔ基因工程存在的潜在问题和解决途径作了简单的探讨。     

植物抗虫基因工程研究进展

植物抗虫基因工程为防治农业害虫提供了一条崭新途径。本文对植物抗虫基因工程近年来所取得的某些研究进展,包括目前已发现和利用的抗虫基因、提高抗虫基因在植物体内表达的方法以及防止或延缓害虫产生抗性的策略等方面进行了综合评述,并对植物抗虫基因工程中有待解决的问题和发展前景提出了自己的看法。     

蛋白酶抑制剂及其在抗虫基因工程中的应用

蛋白酶抑制剂可以抑制昆虫的生长和发育,近年来在抗虫基因工程得广泛的应用。本文综述了蛋白酶抑制剂及其抗虫性,蛋白酶抑制剂转基因植物的研究概况,同时探讨了蛋白酶抑制剂在抗虫基因工程中的利用前景、存在问题和解决途径。     

植物抗虫基因工程研究进展

植物抗虫基因工程为防治农业害虫提供了一条崭新途径。本文对植物抗虫基因工程近年来所取得的某些研究进展,包括目前已发现和利用的抗虫基因、提高抗虫基因在植物体内表达的方法以及防止或延缓害虫产生抗性的策略等方面进行了综合评述,并对植物抗虫基因工程中有待解决的问题和发展前提提出了自己的看法。     

甜蛋白与抗虫蛋白

在植物中发现有极甜的蛋白质。植物中也有抗虫的蛋白质,其中一类抗虫蛋白与甜蛋白在结构上极为相似。介绍了它们的研究现状和广泛的应用前景。     

转抗虫基因植物对蜜蜂的影响

苏云金杆菌 (Bacillusthuringiensis,Bt)毒蛋白基因、蛋白酶抑制剂基因是广泛用于植物抗虫基因工程的两大类基因。Bt毒蛋白对蜜蜂没有明显毒害作用 ,但对草蛉、瓢虫等有益昆虫的繁殖、发育具有不良影响 ,而且在花粉中表达 ,因此转Bt基因植物对蜜蜂的影响有待于进一步研究。蛋白酶抑制剂浓度高时 ,对蜜蜂具有明显的毒害作用。随着基因工程技术的发展 ,蛋白酶抑制剂基因表达水平的提高 ,转基因植物必将对蜜蜂产生一些不良影响。蜜蜂仅取食植物的花蜜和花粉 ,可以采用不同的启动子 ,使抗虫基因只在害虫取食部位表达 ,而在花蜜和花粉中不表达 ,以确保既能抗虫 ,又对蜜蜂安全     

蛋白酶抑制剂在抗虫基因工程中的应用

简要介绍了蛋白酶抑制剂的种类及其在抗虫基因工程中的应用,并根据当前的研究情况,对蛋白酶抑制剂的研究前景和方向做了一些探讨。     

抗真菌植物基因工程的策略和进展

所有高等植物都受多种真菌的侵害,水稻的240多种病害中真菌性痫害占90％。,可见真菌病害是世界范围内危害作物产蘑的主要因素之一,是长期以来作物育种学家一直在努力攻克的难题。目前国     

苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株YBT833含不同杀虫晶体蛋白基因转化子的特性

用电脉冲方法将含有苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因ｃｒｙ１Ｃ的重组质粒ｐＢＭＢＬＣ转入野生菌株ＹＢＴ８３３,获得含不同杀虫晶体蛋白基因的４个转化子。质粒检测和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证明它们均为菌株ＹＢＴ８３３含重组质粒ｐＢＭＢＬＣ的转化子。ＰＣＲ扩增表明,转化子ＹＢＴ８３３－１保留了原有的杀虫晶体蛋白基因;转化子ＹＢＴ８３３－２丢失了基因ｃｒｙ１Ａｂ;转化子ＹＢＴ８３３－３则丢失了所有的杀虫晶体蛋白基     

TRANSGENIC PLANTS EXPRESSING BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS DELTA-ENDOTOXINS

Commercial varieties of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) plants have been developed in many countries to control target pests. Initially, the expression of native Bt genes in plants was low due to mRNA instability, improper splicing, and post‐translation modifications. Subsequently, modifications of the native Bt genes greatly enhanced expression levels. This is a review of the developments that made modern high‐expression transgenic Bt plants possible, with an emphasis on the reasons for the low‐level expression of native Bt genes in plant systems, and the techniques that have been used to improve plant expression of Bt toxin genes.     

表达苏云金杆菌内毒素的转基因植物(英文)

为防治一些重要农业害虫 ,转基因Bt作物已在许多国家商业化种植。在发展Bt作物的初期 ,未经改造的Bt基因被直接用来转化作物。但由于BtmRNA的不稳定 ,不适当的剪切以及译后变异 ,Bt在作物上的表达水平往往很低且不稳定。后来 ,科学工作者对Bt基因进行了一系列针对性的改造或人工合成 ,从而使其在植物细胞中得到高效表达。本文着重总结了这一转基因技术的发展过程。其内容包括未经改造的Bt基因在植物中表达低的原因以及改善Bt毒蛋白表达的有关技术。     

Crystal structure of a Vip3B family insecticidal protein reveals a new fold and a unique tetrameric assembly

Vegetatively expressed insecticidal proteins (VIPs) produced by Bacillus thuringiensis fall into several classes of which the third, VIP3, is known for their activity against several key Lepidopteran pests of commercial broad acre crops and because their mode of action does not overlap with that of crystalline insecticidal proteins. The details of the VIP3 structure and mode of action have remained obscure for the quarter century that has passed since their discovery. In the present article, we report the first crystal structure of a full‐length VIP3 protein. Crystallization of this target required multiple rounds of construct optimization and screening—over 200 individual sequences were expressed and tested. This protein adopts a novel global fold that combines domains with hitherto unreported topology and containing elements seemingly borrowed from carbohydrate‐binding domains, lectins, or from other insecticidal proteins.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌的遗传多样性II. 杀虫晶体蛋白及其基因型

苏云金芽胞杆菌因为产生伴胞晶体而在表型上区别于其他近缘种,而伴胞晶体具有杀虫活性而受到人们的普遍关注和重视。本文通过杀虫晶体蛋白及其基因型,以及携带杀虫晶体蛋白基因的质粒类型在苏云金芽胞杆菌中的不同分布阐述了杀虫晶体蛋白及其基因的多态性。 Abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis is phenotypically different from other Bacillus species,which are very closely related to B. thuringiensis.only by the presence of crystal protein,and is studied systematically because of insecticidal activity of crystal protein.In the aper,we reviewed genetic diversity of insecticidal crystal protein and its genotype by analysing the type of crystal protein,cry gene and plasmid bome cry gene and their distribution inB. thuringiensis.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Ca7蛋白定点突变对甜菜夜蛾杀虫活性的影响

苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白Cry1Ca7对重要的农业害虫甜菜夜蛾具有较高毒力.[目的]本文的研究目的是通过定点突变的方法获得毒力发生改变的毒蛋白,为下一步研究工作提供有价值的实验材料.[方法]利用重叠引物PCR技术对cry1Ca7基因进行定点突变,获得了10种突变基因,通过生物活性测定的方法确定了各突变基因表达产物对甜菜夜蛾的杀虫活性.[结果]活性降低的突变毒蛋白有G138S,T221D,T221R,N251S,439GGT440,N306R,W376F,R522E和 R570G,其中,位于DomainⅡ内的突变的活性依次是439GGT440相似文献   

Insect-resistant transgenic brinjal plants

A synthetic cry1Ab gene coding for an insecticidal crystal protein (ICP) of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was transferred to brinjal (eggplant) by cocultivating cotyledonary explants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transformant plants resistant to kanamycin were regenerated. Hybridization experiments demonstrated gene integration and mRNA expression. Double-antibody sandwich ELISA analysis revealed Bt toxin protein expression in the transgenic plants. The expression resulted in a significant insecticidal activity of transgenic brinjal fruits against the larvae of fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis). The results also demonstrated that a synthetic gene based on monocot codon usage can be expressed in dicotyledonous plants for insect control.     

ECOLOGICAL HISTORY AND EVOLUTION IN A NOVEL ENVIRONMENT: HABITAT HETEROGENEITY AND INSECT ADAPTATION TO A NEW HOST PLANT

Environmental heterogeneity has often been implicated in the maintenance of genetic variation. However, previous research has not considered how environmental heterogeneity might affect the rate of adaptation to a novel environment. In this study, I used an insect-plant system to test the hypothesis that heterogeneous environments maintain more genetic variation in fitness components in a novel environment than do uniform environments. To manipulate recent ecological history, replicate populations of the dipteran leafminer Liriomyza trifolii were maintained for 20 generations in one of three treatments: a heterogeneous environment that contained five species of host plant, and two uniform environments that contained either a susceptible chrysanthemum or tomato. The hypothesis that greater genetic variance for survivorship and developmental time on a new host plant (a leafminer-resistant chrysanthemum) would be maintained in the heterogeneous treatment relative to the uniform environments was then tested with a sib-analysis and a natural selection experiment. Populations from the heterogeneous host plant treatment had no greater genetic variance in either larval survivorship or developmental time on the new host than did populations from either of the other treatments. Moreover, the rate of adaptation to the new host did not differ between the ecological history treatments, although the populations from the uniform chrysanthemum treatment had higher mean survivorship throughout the selection experiment. The estimates of the heritability of larval survivorship from the sib-analysis and selection experiment were quite similar. These results imply that ecologically realistic levels of environmental heterogeneity will not necessarily maintain more genetic variance than uniform environments when traits expressed in a particular novel environment are considered.