New sources of cytochalasins A and B from dematiaceous hyphomycetes

One hundred isolates of 27 species belonging to 13 genera of dematiaceous hyphomycetes were screened for production of cytochalasins A and B. Most of these isolates (94) were obtained from Assiut University Culture Collection, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt; three isolates from CBS, The Netherlands; two isolates from DSM, Germany; and one isolate from IMI, UK. The results revealed that 10 isolates of six species representing five genera of fungi produced cytochalasins A and/or B. These species are Alternaria chlamydospora, Cochliobolus spicifer, Diplococcum spicatum, Phoma herbarum, Phoma multipara and Setosphaeria rostrata. This is the first report for the production of cytochalasins A and/or B by these species of dematiaceous hyphomycetes.     

西藏拉萨河谷地土壤中的暗色丝孢菌(英文)

从采自拉萨河谷地的17份土样中,分离获得38个暗色丝孢菌分离物,经鉴定分别属于15属中的25种,其中包括3个新种,即西藏粘鞭霉Gliomastix tibetensis,西藏单格孢Monodictys tibetensis和小孢瓶梗霉Phialomyces microsporus,1个中国新记录种嗜毛金色孢Chrysosporium keratinophilum。对新种和中国新记录种进行了描述和图示,对其他21个中国已报道种作了分离地点和生境的引证。主模式和等模式标本(干制培养物)分别保藏在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)和中国科学院菌物标本馆(HMAS)。其余研究过的标本(干制培养物)与活菌种保存在HSAUP。     

四川省土壤中的暗色丝孢菌

采用土壤平板法和稀释平板法,从采自四川省的24份土壤样品中,分离得到27个暗色丝孢菌分离物,隶属于16属24种。其中,浅色葡萄穗霉Stachybotrys pallescens为一新种,绿色暗梗单孢霉原变种Chloridium virescens var.virescens,大孢树粉孢原变种Oidiodendron maius var.maius和二色葡萄穗霉Stachybotrys dichroa为中国新记录。对新种及中国新记录作了较详细的描述并绘图。其余20个国内已报道种亦作了生境和分布地点的引证。所有研究菌株的干制培养物标本与活菌种均存放在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

内蒙古高原土壤中的暗色丝孢菌

从内蒙古高原及河套地区不同生境中,采集混合土样52份。分离获得51个暗色丝孢菌菌株,经鉴定分隶于18属27种。其中包括1个新种,贺兰山小镰孢Fusariella helanshanensis和1个中国新记录种,葫芦细基格孢Ulocladium cucurbitae。除新种具拉丁文特征集要和图示、对中国新记录种作简要描述和绘图外,25个国内已报道种附有分布和生境的引证。所有供研究标本(干制培养物)与活菌种,均保存于山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

甘肃河西走廊土壤中的暗色丝孢菌

从甘肃河西走廊的25份土样中分离出39个暗色丝孢菌分离物,经鉴定分别属于16个属的27个种。其中厚垣链格孢Alternaria chlamydospora、黑小枝顶孢Acremoniella atra和疣小枝顶孢Acremoniella verrucosa为中国新记录种:士栖葡萄穗霉Stachybotrys terrestris为新种。研究过的标本(干制培养物)与活菌种均保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

甘肃河西走廊土壤中的暗色丝孢菌

从甘肃河西走廊的25份土样中分离出39个暗色丝孢菌分离物,经鉴定分别属于16个属的27个种。其中厚垣链格孢Alternaria chlamydospora、黑小枝顶孢Acremoniella atra和疣小枝顶孢Acremoniella verrucosa为中国新记录种:士栖葡萄穗霉Stachybotrys terrestris为新种。研究过的标本(干制培养物)与活菌种均保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

雅鲁藏布江谷地的土壤暗色丝孢菌

笔者从采自雅鲁藏布江谷地的29份土样中,分离获得59个暗色丝孢菌分离物,经鉴定分别属于18属中的27种。其中包括2个新种:浅色平脐蠕孢Bipolaris pallescens和光滑腐质霉Humicola levis。对新种进行了详尽的描绘,对其他25个中国已报道种亦作了分离地点和生境的引证。研究过的标本(干制培养物)与活菌种存放在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

贵州省土壤中的暗色丝孢菌Ⅰ(英文)

采用土壤平板法和稀释平板法,从采自贵州省的20份土壤样品中分离得到14个暗色丝孢菌分离物,隶属于11属12种。其中,浅色腐殖霉Humicola pallescens为一新种,绿色暗梗单孢霉厚垣变种Chloridium virescens var.chlamy dosporum和印度粘束霉Graphiumindicum为中国新记录。对新种及中国新记录作了较详细的描述并绘图。其余9个国内已报道种亦作了生境和分布地点的引证。所有研究菌株的干制培养物标本与活菌种均存放在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

藏北羌塘草原土壤中的暗色丝孢菌

作为对青藏高原土壤中暗色丝孢菌属、种多样性系统调研的一部分,笔者从采自藏北羌塘草原的20份土样中,分离获得21个暗色丝孢菌分离物,经鉴定分别属于11属中的15种,其中包括1个新种,西藏瓶霉Phialophora tibetensis和2个中国新记录种:蜜色瓶霉Phialophora melinii和暗色帚霉Scopulariopsis fusca,多数种为在此区域首次发现。对新种和中国新记录种进行了描述和图示,对其他12个中国已报道种亦作了分离地点和生境的引证。主模式和等模式标本(干制培养物)分别存放在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)和中国科学院菌物标本馆(HMAS)。其余研究过的标本(干制培养物)与活菌种保存在HSAUP。     

大兴安岭地区土壤中的暗色丝孢菌Ⅰ

A total of 50 isolates of soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes belonging to 39 species in 18 genera were found from the area of Dahingganling Mountain Range. Among them, Monodictys arxanensis is a new species. Chrysosporium fastidium, Exserohilum pedicellatum, Monodictys asperospora, Papulaspora brachiata, Scolecobasidium anelli, Scolecobasidium verruculosum and Ulocladium tuberculatum are new to China. The other 31 taxa which have been previously reported from China are also listed. Specimens (dried cultures) and living cultures of all fungi studied have been deposited in the Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University: Plant Pathology (HSAUP).     

大兴安岭地区土壤中的暗色丝孢菌Ⅰ

A total of 50 isolates of soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes belonging to 39 species in 18 genera were found from the area of Dahingganling Mountain Range. Among them, Monodictys arxanensis is a new species. Chrysosporium fastidium, Exserohilum pedicellatum, Monodictys asperospora, Papulaspora brachiata, Scolecobasidium anelli, Scolecobasidium verruculosum and Ulocladium tuberculatum are new to China. The other 31 taxa which have been previously reported from China are also listed. Specimens (dried cultures) and living cultures of all fungi studied have been deposited in the Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University: Plant Pathology (HSAUP).     

湖南张家界国家森林公园土壤中的暗色丝孢菌

自湖南张家界国家森林公园采集的15份土样中,分离获得32个暗色丝孢菌分离物,经鉴定分别属于15属中的19个种。其中,湖南小带孢Taeniolella hunanensis为一新种,昏暗色串孢Torula caligans和小孢维郎那霉Veronaea parvispora为中国新记录种。对其它16个中国已报道种亦作了分离生境的引证。研究过的标本(干制培养物)与活菌种存放在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

云南热带地区土壤中的暗色丝孢菌初查

从云南西双版纳及河口热带雨林、植物园、荒坡和农田中采集混合土壤样品30余份,采用稀释平板法和土壤颗粒法从中分离获得暗色丝孢菌分离物53个,经形态鉴定分属于29属37种。其中4个为中国新记录种：尼尔布洛孢Bloxamia nilagirica、不规头梗孢Cephaliophora irregularis、单梗粘孢Haplographium delicatum和不列颠黑团孢Periconia britannica,对它们进行了描述和必要的讨论。研究过的标本（干制培养物）及活菌种保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室（HSAUP）。     

辽宁省土壤中暗色丝孢菌初查

从辽宁省不同生态环境中采集土壤样品28份,采用土壤平板法和稀释平板法,从中分离出45个暗色丝孢菌分离物。经鉴定分属于18属,26种。其中,海芋平脐蠕孢Bipolaris alocasiae、长梗腐质霉Humicola longistipes为新种;其他24种为国内已知种。研究过的标本（干制培养物）及活菌种保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室（HSAUP）,等模式标本保存在中国科学院真菌标本馆（HMAS）。     

湖南张家界国家森林公园土壤中的暗色丝孢菌

自湖南张家界国家森林公园采集的15份土样中,分离获得32个暗色丝孢菌分离物,经鉴定分别属于15属中的19个种。其中,湖南小带孢TaenioleUa hunanensis为一新种,昏暗色串孢Torula caligans和小孢维郎那霉Veronaea parvispora为中国新记录种。对其它16个中国已报道种亦作了分离生境的引证。研究过的标本(干制培养物)与活菌种存放在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

柴达木盆地中西部土壤中暗色丝孢菌群落多样性分析

从柴达木盆地中西部采集土样59份,涵盖的生态类型有:沙漠、戈壁、湿地、小镇-绿洲等。分离获得暗色丝孢菌108株,经鉴定分属于15属。利用种群优势度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、物种均匀度、生态位宽度四项指数,对柴达木盆地中西部不同生境土壤中的有关暗色丝孢菌物种(属级)进行物种多样性分析。结果表明,该地区土壤中暗色丝孢菌的物种优势度存在明显差异:沙漠生境中,链格孢属Alternaria和细基格孢属Ulocladium真菌优势度较高;戈壁生境中,单格孢属Monodictys真菌的优势度最高;湿地和小镇-绿洲生境中,则分别以瓶霉属Phialophora和枝孢属Cladosporium真菌占优势。在小镇-绿洲生境中,土壤暗色丝孢菌的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高,均匀度较低;而在沙漠和戈壁生境中多样性指数明显较低,而物种的均匀度较高。在上述四类生境中,链格孢属Alternaria和细基格孢属Ulocladium真菌具有较宽的生态位,为广适性物种;而平脐蠕孢属Bipolaris、卷旋孢属Cirrenaria、弯孢属Curvularia、矛束霉属Doratomyces、粘束孢属Graphium、漆斑霉属Myrothecium、齿梗孢属Scolecobasidium、帚霉属Scopulariopsis、节隔孢属Scytalidium和葡萄穂霉属Stachybotrys10个属真菌的生态位较窄,为狭适性物种。     

Selective medium for isolation of Fusarium species and dematiaceous hyphomycetes from cereals

A selective medium containing 2 micrograms of dichloran per ml, 200 micrograms of chloramphenicol per ml, and 1.5% bacteriological peptone was developed for the isolation of Fusarium species and dematiaceous hyphomycetes from cereals. The medium, designated DCPA, was shown to select against species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and mucoraceous fungi. DCPA was evaluated for use as an enumeration medium and compared satisfactorily with dichloran-rose bengal-chloramphenicol agar when both media were tested with a range of cereal samples. Fusarium species and dematiaceous hyphomycetes produced well-formed colonies with good conidial production on DCPA, permitting rapid identification of such isolates on this medium.     

湖北神农架自然保护区土壤中的暗色丝孢菌I.

采用土壤平板法和稀释平板法,自湖北神农架自然保护区的14份土壤样品中分离得到40个暗色丝孢菌分离物,鉴定为16属23种。其中,湖北弯孢Curvularia hubeiensis为一新种,嗜热革节孢Scytalidium thermophilum和禾色串孢Torula graminis为中国新记录种。对新种及中国新记录种作了详细的描述。其余20种为国内已报道种。所有研究菌株的干制培养物标本与活菌种均存放在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

Selective medium for isolation of Fusarium species and dematiaceous hyphomycetes from cereals.

A selective medium containing 2 micrograms of dichloran per ml, 200 micrograms of chloramphenicol per ml, and 1.5% bacteriological peptone was developed for the isolation of Fusarium species and dematiaceous hyphomycetes from cereals. The medium, designated DCPA, was shown to select against species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and mucoraceous fungi. DCPA was evaluated for use as an enumeration medium and compared satisfactorily with dichloran-rose bengal-chloramphenicol agar when both media were tested with a range of cereal samples. Fusarium species and dematiaceous hyphomycetes produced well-formed colonies with good conidial production on DCPA, permitting rapid identification of such isolates on this medium.