中国栅蛛属2新种记述(蜘蛛目:栅蛛科)

本文记了分别采自云南高黎贡山的栅蛛科栅蛛属Hahnia 2新种:垭口栅蛛,新种S.yakouensis sp.nov.和肾形栅蛛,新种S.reniformis sp.nov..垭口栅蛛后眼列前曲,交媾腔大,扁圆形,交媾孔1个,位于交媾腔下缘,交媾管粗,呈"人"字形下行分成2支再向两侧扭曲.纳精囊有一肓管斜向上伸出,鉴于上述特征而与Hahnia mridulae Tikader,1970不同.肾形栅蛛交媾孔2个,位于生殖厣腹面中央,纳精囊1对,大,肾形,插入器始于生殖球左下方,鉴于上述特征而与Hahnia xinjiangensis Wang et Liang,1989不同. Abstract： The present paper deals with two new species of the genus Hahnia collected from the Gaoligong Mountains Region of Yunnan Province, China: Hahnia yakouensis sp. nov., Hahnia reniformis sp. nov..     

注重发挥博士后科研生力军作用

中国医科大学博士后科研流动站始建1995年。目前学校设有基础医学、临床医学和生物学3个博士后科研流动站。但由于每年国家财力有限,资助名额很少,在有限条件下建立、健全博士后制度,加强对博士后人员的培养,调动博士后人员的积极性是一项重要的研究课题。     

遗传物质的发现者之一——麦卡锡

1944年,3位科学家艾弗里、麦卡锡和麦克劳德在DNA遗传本质方面的发现是20世纪最重要的发现之一,这个发现打开了生物学革命的大门,从而改变了人类对自然界的看法,这项研究还为1953年沃森和克里克DNA双螺旋结构的发现奠定了坚实的基础,但不幸的是3位科学家都未曾荣获诺贝尔奖.通过介绍麦克林·麦卡锡的科学研究,从而对这项发现的基本状况有一个基本的了解.     

生命之树与进化模式:导言

One and half centuries ago, Charles Darwin (1859) presented overwhelming evidence and argued that all life on the earth shared common descent, and "from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved". Ernst Haeckel (1886) and several of his contemporaries attempted to trace the pattern of descent among all extant and extinct forms in what Darwin referred to as "the great Tree of Life". Ever since then, systematists and evolutionary biologists have been exploring morphological, cytogenetic, chemical, developmental and molecular characters, and actively developing theories and methods to infer phylogenetic relationships among organisms from these characters. This endeavor has been especially stimulated by the rise of molecular biology and the emergence of computer science over the past 50 years. At the beginning of the 21st century, we are presented with an unprecedented opportunity to reconstruct the entire Tree of Life, and further, to study evolutionary processes and mechanisms in the context of a robust phylogenetic framework.     

我国微生态学的奠基人——魏曦

魏曦,字东升,1903年12月25日出生于湖南岳阳一个小职员家庭,父亲任职于邮政局.1914～1921年他在家乡湖滨中学读书,毕业后考入长沙湘雅医学院,学习两年后曾参加北伐军,任第四集团军警卫团三等军医.后退出军队,在长沙广雅中学任教.1928年入设立在上海的中央大学医学院(1932年独立为上海医学院)学习,1933年毕业,获博士学位.     

高黎贡山北段东西坡种子植物区系的比较研究

高黎贡山北段的东西坡由于在降雨量和热量分配等方面存在着显著的差异,致使东西坡在植物的种类、组成及区系特征等方面表现出明显的差异.东坡记载野生种子植物152科,580属,1475种及192变种(亚种),西坡记载野生种子植物162科,659属,1804种及186变种(亚种).东西坡种子植物科、属、种的对比分析表明:1)东西坡现代种子植物区系具有相同的历史渊源,但其区系联系减弱了,东西坡区系相似性程度,依科、属、种的顺序依次递减;2)西坡现代种子植物区系比东坡具有更为深刻的热带起源烙印.就科、属、种三个水平来说,东坡的热带成分低于西坡,温带成分高于西坡.许多典型的泛热带大科在西坡比东坡有着更为丰富的种类,其中有些泛热带科分子在东坡缺乏分布,而在西坡找到了合适的驻留之地;3)西坡现代种子植物区系与东喜马拉雅植物区系的联系比东坡紧密,而东坡与高黎贡山以东的区系联系比西坡密切,由于高黎贡山山脉的阻隔,近代植物物种的东西坡交流发生了障碍;4)西坡生态地理环境比东坡更有利于物种的生存、繁衍和分化,它既是古老成分的避难所,又是孕育新生成分的摇篮.     

用叶绿体ndhF和核核糖体ITS序列推断李属(蔷薇科)的系统发育

Sequences of the chloroplast ndhF gene and the nuclear ribosomal ITS regions are employed to reconstruct the phylogeny of Prunus (Rosaceae), and evaluate the classification schemes of this genus. The two data sets are congruent in that the genera Prunus s.l. and Maddenia form a monophyletic group, with Maddenia nested within Prunus. However, the ndhF data set is incongruent with the ITS data supporting two major groups within Prunus one consisting of subgenera Laurocerasus (including Pygeum) and Padus as well as the genus Maddenia and another of subgenera Amygdalus, Cerasus, and Prunus. The ITS data, on the other hand, support a clade composed of subgenera Amygdalus and Prunus and Prunus sect. Microcerasus in addition to a paraphyletic grade of subgenera Laurocerasus and Padus (and the genus Maddenia) taxa. In general, the subgeneric classifications of Prunus s.l. are not supported. The ITS and ndhF phylogenies differ mainly in interspecific relationships and the relative position of the Padus/Laurocerasus group. Both ITS and ndhF data sets suggest that the formerly recognized genus Pygeum is polyphyletic and that the distinction of the subgenera Padus and Laurocerasus is not supported. The biogeographic interactions of the temperate and tropical members in the Padus/Laurocera- sus/Maddenia alliance including Pygeum are shown to be highly dynamic and complex.     

途经甘肃的3种水鸟新纪录

2007年10月13日至11月5日进行敦煌市湿地鸟类调查时,分别在南湖湿地与候鸟自然保护区及党河水库使用Leica apo77高倍望远镜观察到3种水鸟,在以往的文献资料中未见其分布于甘肃的报道,应为甘肃鸟类新纪录。笔者用500mm镜头分别拍下3种水鸟的照片。1.赤颈(Podiceps grisegena)2007年10月13日13:30时,在南湖湿地与候鸟自然保护区的阳关水库(渥洼池)记录到2只赤颈。当时水面上同时有凤头(P.cristatus)、黑颈(P.nigricollis)以及大量鸭类、潜鸭类游禽活动,赤颈体形较凤头小,而又明显比黑颈大。其中一只赤颈的…     

鸡的瞬膜

瞬膜(nictitating membrane),又称第三眼睑,是一种保护眼球、防止灰尘的结构.鸟类的瞬膜位于眼眶的前眼角,为半透明的膜,其内缘具有一种羽毛上皮,借以刷洗角膜上的灰尘.在飞行时能遮覆眼球,以避免干燥气流和灰尘对眼球的伤害.由于瞬膜在鸟类睁眼的一瞬间迅速缩回前眼角,很难拍摄到.最近费了好大的周折,终于拍到了理想的鸡瞬膜照片,现予以发表供生物学界的同行共享(友情提示:如引用请注明原作者).     

Systematic studies on the Pompilidae occurring in Japan: Genus Agenioideus Ashmead (Hymenoptera), supplement

Two species of the pompilid genus Agenioideus occurring in Japan are described: A . ( Agenioideus ) kokyo and A . ( A .) cinctellus . The former is new to science and the latter is recorded from Japan and Taiwan for the first time. A brief summary of the biology of A. cinctellus , distinguishing characters between A. ( A. ) ishikawai Shimizu, 1989 and its relatives, and a key to all Japanese species of this genus are presented. Psammochares cinctellus f. rufa Haupt, 1938 and A . ( A. ) pacificus Lelej, 1994 are newly synonymized with A. cinctellus . A new combination is proposed: A . ( A .) maculipes (Smith, 1870) (= Pompilus maculipes Smith), which is found in Southeast Asia to South Asia. Agenioideus ishikawai is newly recorded from Korea and China.     

横断山区四种湍蛙的细胞遗传学研究

通过染色体组型分析,C带(BSG技术)分析及一种简便的Ag-NORs带分析,对四川湍蛙、理县湍蛙、棕点湍蛙和棘皮湍蛙的种间关系、染色体的演化及其性染色体等问题进行了初步探讨。结果表明:(1)四川湍蛙、理县湍蛙和棕点湍蛙之间的亲缘关系较近,而它们与棘皮湍蛙的亲缘关系较远;(2)在近缘种的分化中,染色体结构异染色质的变化和臂间倒位是重要的因素之一,这在小型染色体上表现得尤为突出;(三)四川湍蛙具有在形态上分化很明显的性染色体。C带分析表明,此性染色体主要由常染色质构成,但在其Y染色体的长臂上存在明显的中间C带,推测尚处于性染色体分化的初期阶段。     

A revision of the genus Annesorhiza (Apiaceae)

The genus Annesorhiza is revised and twelve species are recognized, of which two are newly described: A. altiscapa, A. burttii, A. flbrosa, A. flagellifolia, A. grandiflora, A. lateriflora, A. latifolia, A. macrocarpa, A. nuda, A. schlechteri, A. thunbergii and A. wilmsii. A. marlothii is reduced to synonymy under A. lateriflora , a species hitherto poorly known as Peucedanum lateriflorum. A. thunbergii is only known from the type specimen. A. elata, A. hirsuta and A. villosa are sunk under A. grandiflora. A. fúicaulis has recently been excluded from Annesorhiza on the basis of fruit structure. A key to the species is provided, an update on the nomenclature, typification of names and distribution maps are provided for all the species.     

Three new species of Aiphanes (Palmae) with notes on the genus in Ecuador

Twelve species of the palm genus Aiphanes occur in Ecuador. The morphological variation in the genus is surveyed, and the distribution of the Ecuadorean species is discussed. A key to the species of Aiphanes in Ecuador is provided. Aiphanes chiribogensis, A. grandis , and A. verrucosa are described as new species, and illustrated. Aiphanes caryotifolia, A. eggersii, A. erinacea, A. fosteriorum, A. gela-tinosa, A. macroloba, A. schultzeana , and A. tricuspidata are characterized. One still unidentified species resembling A. tessmannii is discussed.     

12种中国葱属植物的核型分析

采用细胞压片法,对采自中国西部的12种葱属植物的根尖有丝分裂中期进行了观察,其巾天蓝韭(A.cyaneum)、梭沙韭(Aforrestii)、昌都韭(A.changduense)、西川非(A.xichuanense)、野黄韭(A.rude)、野葱(A.chrysanthum)和真籽韭(A.eusperma)等7种植物的核型为首次报道.供试类群中,峨眉韭(A.omeiense)和多星韭(A.wallichii)的染色体基数分别为11和7,其余类群的染色体基数均为8.观察发现,随体杂合和多侪性现象在供试类群中很普遍.分析推测:(1)随体和倍性的变异在葱属某些类群的进化中可能起重要作用,随体的类型在葱属具有重要的分类意义;(2)多倍化和地下走茎的无性繁殖方式可能是天蓝韭(A.cyaneum)的进化策略;(3)西川韭(A.xichuanense)、野黄非(A.rude)和野葱(A.chrysanthum)有密切的亲缘关系;(4)真籽韭(A.eusperma)与多籽组在核型上有密切的亲缘关系.     

中国黄耆属植物一些种类的订正

在对中国黄耆属植物进行研究的过程中,发现一些不同时期发表的类群存在同物异名现象。对这些类群进行了归并,将Astragalus dulanensis Y．H．Wu作为A．variabilis Bunge的新异名,A．hepingensis Liou f和A．mongutensis Lipsky作为A．kuschakewiczi B．Fedtsch ex O．Fedtsch的新异名,A．zhaolingicus K．T．Fu作为A．galactites Pall．的新异名,A．xipingshanicus Y．H．wu作为A．minshanensis K．T．Fu的新异名,A．transiliensis Gontsch.var．microphyllus S．B．Ho作为A．ochrias Bunge的新异名。     

Probing the local conformational change of alpha1-antitrypsin

The native form of serpins (serine protease inhibitors) is a metastable conformation, which converts into a more stable form upon complex formation with a target protease. It has been suggested that movement of helix-F (hF) and the following loop connecting to strand 3 of beta-sheet A (thFs3A) is critical for such conformational change. Despite many speculations inferred from analysis of the serpin structure itself, direct experimental evidence for the mobilization of hF/thFs3A during the inhibition process is lacking. To probe the mechanistic role of hF and thFs3A during protease inhibition, a disulfide bond was engineered in alpha(1)-antitrypsin, which would lock the displacement of thFs3A from beta-sheet A. We measured the inhibitory activity of each disulfide-locked mutant and its heat stability against loop-sheet polymerization. Presence of a disulfide between thFs3A and s5A but not between thFs3A and s3A caused loss of the inhibitory activity, suggesting that displacement of hF/thFs3A from strand 5A but not from strand 3A is required during the inhibition process. While showing little influence on the inhibitory activity, the disulfide between thFs3A and s3A retarded loop-sheet polymerization significantly. This successful protein engineering of alpha(1)-antitrypsin is expected to be of value in clinical applications. Based on our current studies, we propose that the reactive-site loop of a serpin glides through between s5A and thFs3A for the full insertion into beta-sheet A while a substantial portion of the interactions between hF and s3A is kept intact.     

Adenosine as an active component of Antrodia cinnamomea that prevents rat PC12 cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis through the activation of adenosine A(2A) receptors

Antrodia cinnamomea (formerly named Antrodia camphorata) is a rare medicinal fungus. We previously reported that it exhibits antioxidative, vasorelaxative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic effects. When serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in neuronal-like PC12 cells was used as a stress model, the extract of A. cinnamomea displayed effectiveness in preventing serum-deprived apoptosis. Since our previous data show that the extract of A. cinnamomea contains adenosine (ADO), we attempt to investigate if the active component is ADO and to identify its targeting site in this study. After pre-incubation with ADO deaminase, neither ADO nor the extract of A. cinnamomea exerted any protection, demonstrating that the active component of A. cinnamomea is ADO. Furthermore, an ADO A(2A) receptor (A(2A)-R) antagonist was used and was able to block the protective effects of ADO and the extract of A. cinnamomea, demonstrating that the ADO targeting site in this model is A(2A)-R. Taken together, the protective effect of A. cinnamomea is owed to its active component, ADO, which acts through activation of A(2A)-R to prevent serum deprivation-induced PC12 cell apoptosis.     

中国东北科尔沁沙地两种建群植物的抗旱机理

在土壤田间持水和干旱胁迫条件下,对冷蒿和差巴嘎蒿的多个抗旱性生理指标进行了测定,结果表明:1、在两种土壤水分状况下,冷蒿的水势低于差巴嘎蒿,水分相对亏缺、束缚水含量、束缚水与自由水比值、综合抗旱性指数均明显高于差巴嘎蒿,且胁迫前后冷蒿上述指标的变化幅度高于差巴嘎蒿。2、土壤田间持水量条件下冷蒿干物质累积量、硝态氮含量和硝酸还原酶活性高于差巴嘎蒿,可溶性蛋白质含量和叶绿素含量低于差巴嘎蒿。水分胁迫发生时,冷蒿蛋白质降解的幅度高于差嘎蒿;冷蒿体内脯氨酸的累积量可达胁迫前的8.2倍,差巴嘎蒿只达原来的2.2倍;冷蒿可溶性糖含量达胁迫前的1.29倍,差巴嘎蒿只达胁迫前的0.37倍;胁迫条件下冷蒿的叶绿素含量高于差巴嘎蒿。3、严酷的沙区环境条件下,冷蒿在一日内各时刻的蒸腾速率和水势均低于差巴嘎蒿,且日间波动平缓。