基于GC-MS和UPLC-QTOF/MS技术的灵芝孢子粉化学成分分析

采用极性不同的6种溶剂（石油醚、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、乙醇、甲醇和水）、按索氏提取法逐级萃取破壁灵芝孢子粉,并同时运用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC/MS）和超高效液相串联四极杆飞行时间质谱（UPLC-QTOF/MS）技术对各萃取物进行化学成分分析与鉴定。结果表明：GC/MS共鉴定出101种化合物,其中酸类10种、酯类40种、醇类7种、酮类6种、酚类2种、烃类18种、甾类9种和杂原子化合物9种;UPLC-Q-TOF/MS共推断出40种化合物,其中倍半萜类1种、二萜类1种、三萜类9种、生物碱类4种、酰胺类7种、有机酸类9种以及其他化合物9种。两种测定方法间共有化合物仅1种,仅存在于5种有机溶剂（石油醚、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、乙醇和甲醇）萃取物之一的化合物共105种,2种或2种以上萃取物共有的化合物共31种,实验方法较好地实现了样品中化合物组分的充分分离,扩大了可检测化合物的范围。研究结果为灵芝孢子粉中化学成分的系统分析与鉴定、及灵芝孢子粉的化合物谱图库的完善提供了基础资料,为相关药理、药效分析及灵芝的药用模式真菌研究提供参考。     

胆汁酸检测技术研究进展与生物传感器开发现状

胆汁酸不仅促进脂质吸收,还可调节肠道菌群结构,影响多种疾病的发生。胆汁酸代谢过程涉及肝脏、肠道、血液等重要组织。胆汁酸组成复杂、同分异构体多、生物活性相差巨大,这给胆汁酸检测分析技术带来较大挑战,同时也限制了胆汁酸与多种疾病的关系研究,因此,对多种不同胆汁酸进行特异性检测可为生物研究、临床诊断、疾病预防提供有利条件。基于不同检测方法分析多种来源胆汁酸样品已获得较大进展,现有技术包括分光光度法、薄层色谱、色谱法、色谱质谱联用分析,但均存在较大限制。文中介绍了胆汁酸传统检测技术的研究情况,突出生物传感器的研究进展,并对其在胆汁酸检测方面的发展进行了展望。     

冠突曲霉 veA基因缺失型与野生型的差异代谢物研究

为了鉴定冠突曲霉 veA基因缺失型与野生型的差异代谢物,寻找与 veA 基因产孢相关的代谢物,采用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）的代谢组学技术,分别收集2个菌株培养48h的菌丝体,经液氮研磨、超声萃取、三甲基氯硅烷衍生化后上机检测,将GC-MS检测的数据进行前处理和代谢物注释,并用统计学相关软件进行差异物筛选和相关性分析。结果显示,共鉴定99种代谢物,其中差异代谢物41种,野生型菌株中表达上调的显著差异代谢物有20种, veA缺失型菌株中表达上调的显著差异代谢物有21种,并预测差异代谢物的相关性,发现与623种代谢物产生相关性,其中313种呈正相关,310种呈负相关。筛选出来的差异代谢物涉及有机酸、氨基酸、碳水化合物、醇类、脂肪酸类等多种代谢物质,其中有机酸和氨基酸类代谢物占主导地位。本研究结果为进一步研究冠突曲霉代谢物与产孢的关联提供了一定的理论基础。     

Determination of bile acids in biological fluids by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

A simple, sensitive, and specific liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of bile acids in human bile has been developed. The bile acids were extracted with a C(18) (octadecyl) reversed-phase column and identified and quantified by simultaneous monitoring of their parent and daughter ions, using the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Identification and quantification of conjugated bile acids in bile was achieved in 5 min. The detection limit was 1 ng, and the determination was linear for concentrations up to 100 ng. The percent recovery of standards made of single conjugated (glycine and taurine) bile acid or of mixture of glycine- or taurine-conjugated cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid averaged 71.73% to 95.92%. The percent recovery of the same standard bile acids was also determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), using the selected ion monitoring mode, and averaged 66% to 96%. A biliary bile acid profile of human gallbladder bile was obtained by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS.The results showed a good correlation between the two techniques and no significant differences between the two methods were observed. The LC-MS/MS method was also used for the analysis of serum, urine, and fecal bile acids. In conclusion, LC-MS/MS is a simple, sensitive, and rapid technique for the analysis of conjugated bile acids in bile and other biological samples. - Perwaiz, S., B. Tuchweber, D. Mignault, T. Gilat, and I. M. Yousef. Determination of bile acids in biological fluids by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J. Lipid Res. 2001. 42: 114;-119.     

N-acetylglucosaminides. A new type of bile acid conjugate in man

Bile acids were extracted from human urine and were separated into groups of nonamidated and glycine- and taurine-conjugated compounds. Each group was subfractionated in a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography system, and the fractions were analyzed by negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and also by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after enzymatic removal of glycine and taurine moieties. The major glycosides of the non-amidated bile acids were more polar than reference bile acid glucosides and gave quasimolecular ions at m/z 592, 594, and 610 consistent with N-acetylglucosaminides of unsaturated dihydroxy and saturated di- and trihydroxy bile acids. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of methyl ester trimethylsilyl ether derivatives showed fragments typical for N-acetylglucosaminides (m/z 173 and 186) in addition to those also given by glucosides (m/z 204 and 217). The N-acetylglucosaminides were inert toward alpha- and beta-glucosidase but were cleaved completely with N-acetylglucosaminidase. The released sugar moiety was identified as N-acetylglucosamine. One of the liberated bile acids was identified as ursodeoxycholic acid. The other acids were not identical to any known primary or secondary bile acid in humans. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry analyses of the glycine-and taurine-conjugated bile acid glycosides only showed ions consistent with the presence of glucosides (m/z 626 and 676). These compounds were sensitive only toward beta-glucosidase which liberated a trihydroxy bile acid as the major compound. Based on the recover of 13C- and 14C-labeled chenodeoxycholic acid glucoside added as internal standard, the daily excretion of nonamidated bile acid glycosides was estimated to be about 137 micrograms or 0.29 mumol, N-acetylglucosaminides constituting about 90%. The daily excretion of the glucosides of amidated bile acids was about 150 micrograms or 0.25 mumol, glycine conjugates constituting about 90%.     

Identification of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from Amphidinium carterae by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy

A method is described for the enrichment of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) from total fatty acids of Amphidinium carterae and their identification as picolinyl esters by means of microbore liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-MS/APCI). The combination of argentation TLC and LC-MS/APCI was used to identify unusual VLCPUFAs up to hexatriacontaoctaenoic acid. Two acids, 36:7n-6 and 36:8n-3, were also synthesized to unambiguously confirm their structure. The possibilities of VLCPUFAs biosynthesis are proposed.     

Identification of very long chain fatty acids from sugar cane wax by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy

A method is described for the enrichment of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) from total fatty acids of sugar cane wax and their identification as picolinyl esters by means of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-MS/APCI). The method is based on the use of preparative reversed phase HPLC of 100 mg amounts and their subsequent identification by microbore APCI LC-MS. The combination of these two techniques was used to identify unusual saturated VLCFAs up to C(50).     

两种光照处理下苦荞芽菜的代谢物分析

以黑暗和光照处理下苦荞（Fagopyrum tataricum（L.）Gaertner）品种‘晋荞2号’种子萌发所得的芽菜为材料,利用气相色谱-质谱联用分析技术,对两种处理下苦荞芽菜代谢产物的差异进行分析。结果显示,两种光照处理下苦荞芽菜的代谢产物差异明显,在芽菜中共检测出383种代谢产物,其中不同光照处理造成了137种代谢产物的显著差异,他们主要集中在氨基酸及其衍生物、糖类及其衍生物、芳香族化合物和脂肪酸等。除氨基酸及其衍生物外,其余绝大多数差异代谢物的含量在光照组芽菜中较高;KEGG代谢通路分析结果表明,差异代谢物富集于136条物质代谢通路。说明光照能够促进苦荞芽菜多数营养代谢物的生成和积累,营养组分较暗培养更为丰富,营养价值更高。     

Method for combined analysis of profiles of conjugated progesterone metabolites and bile acids in serum and urine of pregnant women

A method for analysis of profiles of conjugated progesterone metabolites and bile acids in 10 ml of urine and 1–4 ml of serum from pregnant women is described. Total bile acids and neutral steroids from serum and urine were extracted with octadecylsilane-bonded silica. Groups of conjugates were separated on the lipophilic ion-exchanger triethylaminohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 (TEAP-LH-20). Fractions were divided for steroid or bile acid analyses. Sequences of hydrolysis/ solvolysis and separations on TEAP-LH-20 permitted separate analyses of steroid glucuronides, monosulfates and disulfates and bile acid aminoacyl amidates, sulfates, glucuronides and sulfate-glucuronides. Radiolabelled compounds were added at different steps to monitor recoveries and completeness of separation, and hydrolysis/solvolysis of conjugates was monitored by fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The extraction and solvolysis of steroid disulfates in urine were studied in detail, and extraction recoveries were found to be pH-dependent. Following methylation of bile acids, all compounds were analysed by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry of their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. Semiquantification of individual compounds in each profile by gas—liquid chromatography had a coefficient of variation of less than 30%. The total analysis required 3 days for serum and 4 days for urine.     

Bile acids and bile alcohols in a child with hepatic 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-C27-steroid dehydrogenase deficiency: effects of chenodeoxycholic acid treatment

Duodenal bile, urine, plasma, and feces from a child with hepatic 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-C27-steroid dehydrogenase deficiency were analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate the formation and excretion of abnormal bile acids and bile alcohols. The biliary bile salts consisted of glycocholic acid (25%) and of sulfated and glycine conjugated di- and trihydroxycholenoic acids (55%), two C27 bile acids, and eleven sulfated bile alcohols (mainly tetrols, 20%), all having 3 beta,7 alpha-dihydroxy-delta 5 or 3 beta,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-delta 5 ring structures. In plasma, sulfated cholenoic acids constituted 65% and unconjugated 3 beta,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid 25% of the total level, 71 micrograms/ml. The urinary excretion of the former was 30.4 mg/day and that of unsaturated bile alcohol sulfates, mainly pentols, 7 mg/day. The predominant bile acid in feces was an unconjugated epimer of 3 beta,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5-cholenoic acid, and small amounts of cholic acid were present. The minimum total excretion was 11.3 mg/day. Treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid resulted in marked clinical improvement and normalized liver function tests. Further studies are needed to define the mechanism of action. Plasma bile acids decreased to 1.6 micrograms/ml and urinary excretion to 3.4 mg/day. Chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids became predominant in all samples. The fecal excretion of unsaturated cholenoic acid sulfates increased to 40 mg/day compared to 89 mg/day of saturated bile acids. The results provide further support for a defective hepatic 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-C27-steroid dehydrogenase deficiency, and indicate that the 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5 bile acids are formed via 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol. The formation of glycocholic acid may be due to an incomplete enzyme defect or to transformation of the 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5 structure by bacterial and hepatic enzymes during an enterohepatic circulation.     

Serum metabonomics study of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus based on LC-MS

ObjectiveThrough metabolomics method, the objective of the paper is to differentially screen serum metabolites of GDM patients and healthy pregnant women, to explore potential biomarkers of GDM and analyze related pathways, and to explain the potential mechanism and biological significance of GDM.MethodsThe serum samples from 30 GDM patients and 30 healthy pregnant women were selected to conduct non-targeted metabolomics study by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The differential metabolites between the two groups were searched and the metabolic pathway was analyzed by KEGG database.ResultsMultivariate statistical analysis found that serum metabolism in GDM patients was different significantly from healthy pregnant women, 36 differential metabolites and corresponding metabolic pathways were identified in serum, which involved several metabolic ways like, fatty acid metabolism, butyric acid metabolism, bile secretion, and amino acid metabolism.ConclusionThe discovery of these biomarkers provided a new theoretical basis and experimental basis for further study of the early diagnosis and pathogenesis of GDM. At the same time, LC-MS-based serum metabolomics methods also showed great application values in disease diagnosis and mechanism research.     

Odd-numbered very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae identified by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

A method is described for the enrichment of odd very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) by means of RP-HPLC and argentation TLC from total fatty acids of the dinoflagellate A. carterae and their identification as picolinyl esters by means of microbore liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-MS/APCI). The combination of argentation TLC and LC-MS/APCI was used to identify rare and unusual odd VLCPUFAs up to nonacosahexaenoic acid. Two acids, (allZ)-nonacosa-11,14,17,20,23-pentaenoic acid (29:5n-6) and (allZ)-nonacosa-11,14,17,20,23,26-hexaenoic acid (29:6n-3), were synthesized for the first time to unambiguously confirm their structure. Possible biosynthetic pathways for odd VLCPUFAs are also proposed.     

Kinetics of labelling of organic and amino acids in potato tubers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following incubation in (13)C labelled isotopes

Metabolic pathways of primary metabolism of discs isolated from potato tubers were evaluated by the use of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method generated specifically for this purpose. After testing several possible methods including chemical ionization, it was decided for reasons of sensitivity, reproducibility and speed to use electron impact ionization-based GC-MS analysis. The specific labelling and label accumulation of over 30 metabolites including a broad number of sugars, organic and amino acids was analysed following the incubation of tuber discs in [U-(13)C]glucose. The reproducibility of this method was similar to that found for other GC-MS-based analyses and comparison of flux estimates from this method with those obtained from parallel, yet less comprehensive, radiolabel experiments revealed close agreement. Therefore, the novel method allows quantitatively evaluation of a broad range of metabolic pathways without the need for laborious (and potentially inaccurate), chemical fractionation procedures commonly used in the estimation of fluxes following incubation in radiolabelled substrates. As a first experiment the GC-MS method has been applied to compare the metabolism of wild type and well-characterized transgenic potato tubers exhibiting an enhanced sucrose mobilization. The fact that this method is able to rapidly yield further comprehensive information into primary metabolism illustrates its power as a further phenotyping tool for the analysis of plant metabolism.     

The degradation of biphenyl and chlorobiphenyls by mixed bacterial cultures

Abstract Pseudomonas sp. HV3 grows on naphthalene but not on biphenyl, as the sole source of carbon. When the cells of Pseudomonas sp. HV3 grown on naphthalene were shaken with biphenyl as the carbon source in a mineral salt solution, a yellow metabolite identified as the meta -cleavage product of biphenyl was excreted. The degradation of biphenyl stopped here, but was completed if either 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (MCPA)-degrading mixed culture or a Nocardia strain was added to the growth solution. Neither of these uses naphthalene or biphenyl as growth substrate. The mixed culture of Pseudomonas sp. HV3 and Nocardia sp. also degrades the commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture Aroclor 1221. A yellow metabolite was likewise produced in the degradation, and sometimes two different peaks of the yellow metabolite were observed. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed that 40–87% of Aroclor 1221 was degraded during an incubation time of 6–21 days. Chlorobenzoic acids were found as metabolites.     

Identification of fatty acids in submerged cultures of Claviceps species

Abstract Fatty acids were identified in the submerged mycelium of Claviceps purpurea, Claviceps paspali, Claviceps fusiformis and Claviceps sp. SD-58 by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and used for a chemotaxonomical study. A close relatedness was found between Claviceps sp. SD-58 and C. fusiformis . The composition of fatty acids in high-production mutants differed substantially from that of the parent strains. Fatty acid analysis is thus probably only applicable in the taxonomy of non-mutated isolates of Claviceps cultured under standard conditions.     

Determination of putrescine in brain tissue using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to assay putrescine in minute regions of single rat brains. Acid extraction, partial purification on Amberlite CG 120, and derivatization with pentafluoropropionic anhydride preceded the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A moving-needle solventless system and a direct inlet system were also used to increase sensitivity. Putrescine was measured accurately at the picomole level; the mean concentration of this polyamine in five regions of rat brain found by this method was 2.7-3.8 times higher than reported by other researchers.     

Analytical strategies for characterization of bile acid and oxysterol metabolomes

Cholesterol is the precursor of many compounds with functions in the physiology and metabolism of the organism. Methods for the multicomponent analysis of these compounds and their metabolites (metabolomics) are needed to improve our understanding of their roles in different species, organs, cells and metabolic situations and to clarify structure/activity relationships. This review discusses methods based on combinations of ion exchange and reversed-phase separations for sample preparation with derivatization and “charge-tagging” for chromatography-mass spectrometry in qualitative and quantitative characterizations of oxysterol, bile alcohol, bile acid, and steroid hormone metabolomes. Advantages, disadvantages and potential improvements for high-throughput applications are briefly discussed.     

Sodium-Dependent Growth of Azotobacter chroococcum

Selected ion-monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for detection of beta-hydroxy fatty acids as an independent assay for the presence or absence of endotoxin in materials claimed to induce nonspecific activation of Limulus amoebocyte lysate. To this end, suspensions of gram-negative and -positive bacteria, one fungal species, cerebrospinal fluid, and hollow-fiber hemodialyzer rinses were assayed for endotoxin by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. Good qualitative agreement was shown for both methods when suspensions of test organisms were assayed. Two false-negative results were obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assays of cerebrospinal fluid and were shown to be a result of insufficient endotoxin in the cerebrospinal fluid specimens for detection by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hemodialyzer rinses were Limulus assay positive; however, no beta-hydroxy fatty acids were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These data were compared with data obtained from USP rabbit pyrogen tests of the rinse materials (nonpyrogenic) and chemical characterization of the Limulus assay-reactive rinses, which showed the rinses to be cellulosic in nature. It is suggested that beta-hydroxy fatty acids, as assayed by selected ion-monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, be used as chemical marker molecules for the presence or absence of endotoxin in materials reported to cause nonspecific activation of Limulus amoebocyte lysate.     

Sodium-Dependent Growth of Azotobacter chroococcum

Selected ion-monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for detection of beta-hydroxy fatty acids as an independent assay for the presence or absence of endotoxin in materials claimed to induce nonspecific activation of Limulus amoebocyte lysate. To this end, suspensions of gram-negative and -positive bacteria, one fungal species, cerebrospinal fluid, and hollow-fiber hemodialyzer rinses were assayed for endotoxin by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. Good qualitative agreement was shown for both methods when suspensions of test organisms were assayed. Two false-negative results were obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assays of cerebrospinal fluid and were shown to be a result of insufficient endotoxin in the cerebrospinal fluid specimens for detection by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hemodialyzer rinses were Limulus assay positive; however, no beta-hydroxy fatty acids were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These data were compared with data obtained from USP rabbit pyrogen tests of the rinse materials (nonpyrogenic) and chemical characterization of the Limulus assay-reactive rinses, which showed the rinses to be cellulosic in nature. It is suggested that beta-hydroxy fatty acids, as assayed by selected ion-monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, be used as chemical marker molecules for the presence or absence of endotoxin in materials reported to cause nonspecific activation of Limulus amoebocyte lysate.