STUDIES ON THE REGULATION OF GABA SYNTHESIS: THE INTERACTION OF ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES AND GLUTAMATE WITH BRAIN GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE

The effects of adenine nucleotides and glutamate on glutamate decarboxylase were studied in a dialyzed, high-speed supernatant of rat brain. When incubated with 10 μm -pyridoxal-P the enzyme was strongly inhibited by ATP, ADP and their Mg²⁺ complexes at concentrations which were well below tissue levels. The enzyme was not significantly inhibited by 15 mm -AMP or by 100 μM-3′-5’cyclic AMP or 3′-5’cyclic GMP. Inhibition by the nucleotides cannot be described in conventional steady-state kinetic terms. Addition of ATP in the presence of pyridoxal-P resulted in a slow, progressive decrease in the reaction rate which was similar to the inactivation observed when the enzyme was incubated in the absence of pyridoxal-P. The progressive inactivation in the presence of ATP was minimal at concentrations of glutamate which were well below K_m and became much more pronounced at higher glutamate concentrations. Addition of suprasaturating amounts of pyridoxal-P late in the incubation when the enzyme was almost completely inactivated resulted in an immediate and complete reactivation of the enzyme. Inhibition by ATP could be prevented by addition of saturating amounts of pyridoxal-P at the start of the reaction and was also relieved by addition of potassium phosphate buffer. The results suggest that inhibition by the nucleotides involves the prior formation of the inactive apoenzyme which results from the glutamate-promoted dissociation of pyridoxal-P. In the absence of the nucleotides, the enzyme is normally reactivated by the added pyridoxal-P. The nucleotides act to block this reassociation of pyridoxal-P with the apoenzyme thereby producing a progressive inactivation of the enzyme. The implications of these results for the regulation of GABA synthesis are discussed.     

THE PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF RAT BRAIN GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE

—A method is described for the preparation of glutamate dehydrogenase in a highly purified form from rat brain. Only one protein band was detected when the enzyme was subjected to electrophoresis on SDS polyacrylamide gels. The rat brain enzyme was essentially identical to the rat liver enzyme with respect to electrophoresis on SDS polyacrylamide gels, immunochemical properties and most kinetic parameters. However, the brain enzyme was much less reactive with glutamate, was more sensitive to inhibition by haloperidol, and was considerably more stable than the liver enzyme.     

THE LOCALIZATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL NADP-DEPENDENT ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE IN NORMAL AND HYPOXIC CONDITIONS

NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase is localized in both external and internal membranes and in the mitochondrial matrix from brains of adult and newborn animals. Electrophoretic studies indicate that the mitochondrial enzyme occurs in the form of two isoenzymes; the isoenzyme of the external membranes behaves similarly to that of the cytoplasm. Ischaemia in adult animals results in a decrease in enzyme specific activity, particularly in external membranes, while in the mitochondrial fraction of the newborn the activity of the enzyme increased.     

BRYOPSIS MAXIMA (CHLOROPHYTA) GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE: MULTIPLE GENES AND ISOZYMES

Subcellular localization of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was investigated in the green alga Bryopsis maxima. Both intact and pure chloroplasts and mitochondria were isolated by two methods: successive centrifugation and continuous Percoll density gradient centrifugation. The NADP-dependent GDH activities of the chloroplastic, mitochondrial, and cytosolic portions were estimated as 64.3, 9.8, and 25.9%, respectively, and NAD-dependent GDH activity was observed only in the chloroplasts. Three organelle-specific isozymes—chloroplastic NADP-GDH1, cytosolic/mitochondrial NADP-GDH2, and cytosolic/mitochondrial NADP-GDH3—were purified. The molecular masses of these isozymes were estimated to be the same (280 kDa). K_m values of NADP-GDH1, NADP-GDH2, and NADP-GDH3 for NADPH in the amination reaction were 30, 110, and 34 μM, respectively, and those for NADH were 185, 1490, and 974 μM, respectively, showing different cofactor affinities. Several NADP-GDHs and one NAD-GDH were induced in the chloroplasts during incubation of the collected thalli in either continuous light or darkness in aerated seawater for 0 to 5 days, whereas the cytosolic and mitochondrial NADP-GDHs decreased to an almost undetectable level in 5 days. Two distinct DNA fragments (BmF-1 and BmF-2) encoding B. maxima Okamura GDH were identified and sequenced. They showed 90% homology in their deduced amino acid sequences, whereas synonymous nucleotide substitution was observed in the third position of 52% of the codons. Genomic Southern analysis suggested that the two genes are located at two different loci on the B. maxima chromosome. Thus, B. maxima GDH has been confirmed to be multiple in terms of both protein and gene. The localization of other nitrogen-assimilating enzymes was also determined. Glutamine synthetase was located in the chloroplasts and the cytosol, glutamate synthase was located in the chloroplasts, and nitrate reductase was located in the cytosol.     

粉防已碱与钙调蛋白相互作用的荧光光谱研究

粉防已碱Tet是一种新的钙调蛋白(CaM)拮抗剂,它抑制CaM活化的Ca~(2 )—Mg~(2 )—ATP c。利用丹磺酰钙调蛋白(D—CaM)可方便地鉴测Tet与CaM的相互作用,直接证明了在CaM与Tet之间生成复合物CaM—Tet 我们制备的D—CaM,每个蛋白分子含1.3个丹磺酰基团,活化红细胞膜Ca~(2 )—Mg~(2 )—ATP c的生物活性与天然CaM基本相同。 当Ca~(2 )与D—CaM结合时,丹磺酰基团环境疏水性增加,该荧光团产生较高的量子产率(增加1.6倍),最大发射兰移(从512移兰至495nm)。存在Ca~(2 )时,Tet使D—CaM的荧光强度进一步增加,谱线继续兰移,表明Ca~(2 )及Tet诱导蛋白构象变化,改变了丹磺酰基团的微环境。 荧光滴定实验证明CaM与Tet结合的解离常数为1.8μM,两者的结合是绝对依赖Ca~(2 )的。 药物Tet与CaM的结合可增强结合在CaM上的荧光探剂NPN的荧光,提示CaM不同疏水结合位之间存在变构相互作用。     

THE REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF d-GLYCERATE DEHYDROGENASE AND 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE DEHYDROGENASE IN THE CAT CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: CORRELATION WITH GLYCINE LEVELS

The activities of d -glycerate dehydrogenase, 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase have been measured in high-speed supernatant fractions from different regions of the cat CNS. Only d -glycerate dehydrogenase showed any significant regional variation in levels of activity, and this regional distribution correlated well with the regional distribution of glycine. In view of the previous finding that glycine inhibits d -glycerate dehydrogenase of rat cortex in a non-competitive manner suggesting endproduct inhibition (Uhr and Sneddon , 1971) this correlation is considered additional evidence to suggest that d -glycerate may be an important source of glycine in the CNS.     

天花粉蛋白与膜脂相互作用的研究

天花粉蛋白（ＴＣＳ）在≥２．２２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时能引起大豆磷脂脂质体内含物释放,Ｃａ＾２＋对这种释放有一定的促进作用,低ＰＨ值也能促进ＴＣＳ与脂质体的作用;将ＴＣＳ与细细胞一起保温;当ＴＣＳ终浓度达１４．７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时能损伤红细胞膜,产生溶血作用;ＴＣＳ还能作用于红细胞血影膜,改变其脂双层的不对称性。     

蟾毒灵与脂膜相互作用的研究

应用＾１３Ｃ－ＣＰ／ＭＡＳ和ＤＳＣ方法研究蟾毒灵与磷脂膜相互作用的执致相变特性及动力学特性。ＤＳＣ曲线表明蟾毒灵使磷脂膜相变温度降低,吸热峰变宽。＾１３Ｃ－ＣＰ／ＭＡＳ谱表明磷脂膜的ＮＭＲ信号峰化学位移随温度稍有变化,提示磷脂膜在液晶态脂肪烃链有不同程序的反－旁式异构化。含蟾毒灵的ＥＰＣ脂双层ＮＭＲ谱,随温度升高有蟾毒灵信号峰出现,ＥＰＣ脂双层分子内各部分的信号峰强度和峰形变化明显,说明脂双层分子     

THE PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF SALTUSAPHIDINAE (HOMOPTERA:DREPANOSIPHIDAE)*

Abstract Phylogenetic analysis of Saltusaphidinae (Homoptera: Aphidoidea: Drepanosiphidae) was made by using 10 generic, 17 adult and 2 embryo characters. The results suggest alternative hypotheses: (1) Allaphis should be a subgenus of Thripsaphis; (2) Peltaphis should be an independent genus; (3) Stenaphis should be a subgenus of Subsaltusaphis; (4) monophyly of Sminthuraphis; and (5) phylogenetic relationships of Neveskyella, Subsaltusaphis, Saltusaphis and Iziphya. In order to resolve the argued position of Macropodaphis Remaudiere and Davatchi, 1958, Phyllaphidinae, Saltusaphidinae and Macropodaphis were taken as in-group members, 6 morphological characters and host-plant character were used. The result shows that Macropodaphis should be in a new subfamily Macropodaphidinae, and Macropodaphidinae and Saltusaphidinae should be sister groups.     

谷氨酸致痫大鼠海马内spinophilin免疫反应的变化

目的 研究spinophilin与癫痫发病的关系。方法 采用侧脑室注射L-谷氨酸钠6μl（50mg/ml)制作大鼠癫痫模型。动物存活2小时,然后用免疫组织化学方法观察大鼠海巴内spinophilin表达的变化。结果 实验组大鼠海马CAI及CA3区阳性反应产物较对照组明显增多。结论 提示spinophilin可能参与了癫痫的发生。但是其机理尚需要进一步探索。     

酸枣仁皂甙A与钙调蛋白相互作用的荧光光谱研究

文中报导了本实验室最近发现的一种新型钙调蛋白(CaM)天然拮抗剂——酸枣仁皂甙A,它能显著地抑制CaM活化PDE的活力.为研究它与CaM间的相互作用,本实验还制备了与天然CaM具有相同激活PDE能力的丹磺酰钙调蛋白(D-CaM).D-CaM的荧光光谱研究表明,酸枣仁甙A的加入诱导CaM分子的疏水位点更加暴露,从而增强丹磺酰基团的荧光发射量子产率.桔抗剂与CaM间的结合是绝对依赖Ca~(2 )的.荧光滴定的结果证明此结合的解离常数为2.8μM.酸枣仁皂甙A能进一步加强三氟啦嗪(TFP)所诱导的D-CaM荧光增强.这结果暗示,它不与TFP竞l争CaM上相同的结合位点.     

阿霉素铁(Ⅲ)配合物与DNA结合作用的研究

应用吸收光谱法研究了阿霉素铁（Ⅲ）［ＡＤＭ·Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）］与ＤＮＡ的结合作用,结果表明ＡＤＭ·Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）作为一个整体嵌入ＤＮＡ碱基之间形成ＡＤＭ·Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）·ＤＮＡ三元复合物。应用荧光淬灭法得到了不同Ｎａ＋浓度下ＡＤＭ及ＡＤＭ·Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）与ＤＮＡ结合作用的结合常数（Ｋ）、结合位点距离（ｎ）及标准自由能（ΔＧ）,并根据多聚电解质理论将ΔＧ分解为电荷作用部分（ΔＧｐｅ）及非电荷作用部分（ΔＧｔ）。结果表明ＡＤＭ·Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）中铁离子直接参与了与ＤＮＡ的作用,ＡＤＭ·Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）较ＡＤＭ更易与ＤＮＡ结合,且结合更为紧密     

荧光探针Bis-ANS和磷酸丙糖异构酶的相互作用

研究了极性荧光探针Bis-ANS和磷酸丙糖异构酶的相互作用。我们发现由磷酸丙糖异构酶(TIM)中Trp残基和结合在TIM分子上的Bis-ANS之间的能量传递引起的Trp残基荧光的淬灭呈双相性,表明Bis-ANS在TIM分子上可能有2个不相同的结合位点,其结合的解离平衡常数Kd分别为3.3μM和17.0μM。底物GDP引起已结合的Bis-ANS荧光强度进一步增强和荧光谱的蓝移说明GDP可影响Bis-ANS在TIM分子上结合部位的构象,使其疏水性增强。我们还观察到由于结合在同一TIM分子上的Bis-ANS之间的能量传递引起的退偏振,进一步证明Bis-ANS有2个结合部位在1—2800bar压力范围里,增高压力引起结合在TIM分子上的Bis-ANS荧光进一步增强和光谱蓝移,说明TIM在压力下解离成亚基的过程中发生了Weber提出的"conformationaldrift。     

铝与钙调蛋白相互作用及其作用位点的研究

用500MHzNMR研究了铝与钙调蛋白的相互作用,主要研究了铝对钙调蛋白中芳香氨基酸残基(Tyr,His,Phe)构象变化的影响。实验结果表明,铝在钙饱和的钙调蛋白上存在着特异性的结合位点,结合位点数目至少为两个,第一结合位点可能位于钙调蛋白的N端结构域,第二结合位点靠近Ca~(2+)的Ⅲ结合域。Al~(3+)结合引起脱钙的钙调蛋白的构象变化不同于与Ca~(3+)结合引起的构象变化。Al~(3+)在CaM上的结合位点与Ca~(2+)的并不相同。柠檬酸等有机酸对铝的毒性有保护作用,这种保护作用是由于柠檬酸分子对铝的络合。     

ROLE OF GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE AND GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE IN CHLORELLA VULGARIS DURING ASSIMILATION OF AMMONIUM WHEN JOINTLY IMMOBILIZED WITH THE MICROALGAE‐GROWTH‐PROMOTING BACTERIUM AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE1

Enzymatic activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutamine synthetase (GS) participating in the nitrogen metabolism and related ammonium absorption were assayed after the microalga Chlorella vulgaris Beij. was jointly immobilized with the microalgae‐growth‐promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. At initial concentrations of 3, 6, and 10 mg · L^?1 NH₄⁺, joint immobilization enhances growth of C. vulgaris but does not affect ammonium absorption capacity of the microalga. However, at 8 mg · L^?1 NH₄⁺, joint immobilization enhanced ammonium absorption by the microalga without affecting the growth of the microalgal population. Correlations between absorption of ammonium per cell and per culture showed direct (negative and positive) linear correlations between these parameters and microalga populations at 3, 6, and 10 mg · L^?1 NH₄⁺, but not at 8 mg · L^?1 NH₄⁺, where the highest absorption of ammonium occurred. In all cultures, immobilized and jointly immobilized, having the four initial ammonium concentrations, enzymatic activities of Chlorella are affected by A. brasilense. Regardless of the initial concentration of ammonium, GS activity in C. vulgaris was always higher when jointly immobilized and determined on a per‐cell basis. When jointly immobilized, only at an initial concentration of 8 mg · L^?1 NH₄⁺ was GDH activity per cell higher.