Nonlabens arenilitoris sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seashore sand

A Gram-staining-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated M-M3^T, was isolated from marine sand on the southern coast of South Korea and subjected to a polyphasic study. Strain M-M3^T was observed to grow optimally at 25–30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain M-M3^T fell within the clade comprising Nonlabens species, joining the type strain of Nonlabens ulvanivorans, with which it exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value of 99.4 %. Sequence similarity to the type strains of the other Nonlabens species was 93.0–95.2 % and <92.2 % to those of other species used in the phylogenetic analysis. Strain M-M3^T was found to contain MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C_15:0 and iso-C_17:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were determined to be phosphatidylethanolamine, five unidentified lipids and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain M-M3^T was determined to be 38.2 mol% and its DNA–DNA relatedness values with N. ulvanivorans DSM 22727^T was 42 ± 6.2 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain M-M3^T is separate from other Nonlabens species. On the basis of the data presented, strain M-M3^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Nonlabens, for which the name Nonlabens arenilitoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M-M3^T (=KCTC 32109^T = CCUG 62919^T).     

Rhizobium qilianshanense sp. nov., a novel species isolated from root nodule of Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge in China

During a study of the diversity and phylogeny of rhizobia isolated from root nodules of Oxytropis ochrocephala grown in the northwest of China, four strains were classified in the genus Rhizobium on the basis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences. These strains have identical 16S rRNA gene sequences, which showed a mean similarity of 94.4 % with the most closely related species, Rhizobium oryzae. Analysis of recA and glnA sequences showed that these strains have less than 88.1 and 88.7 % similarity with the defined species of Rhizobium, respectively. The genetic diversity revealed by ERIC-PCR fingerprinting indicated that the isolates correspond to different strains. Strain CCNWQLS01^T contains Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone. The major fatty acids were identified as feature 8 (C18: 1ω7c and/or C18: 1ω6c; 67.2 %). Therefore, a novel species Rhizobium qilianshanense sp. nov. is proposed, and CCNWQLS01^T (= ACCC 05747^T = JCM 18337^T) is designated as the type strain.     

Streptacidiphilus hamsterleyensis sp. nov., isolated from a spruce forest soil

Three acidophilic actinobacteria, isolates LSCA2, FGG8 and HSCA14^T, recovered from spruce litter were examined using a polyphasic approach. Chemotaxonomic and morphological properties of the isolates were found to be consistent with their classification in the genus Streptacidiphilus. The isolates were shown to have identical 16S rRNA gene sequences and were most closely related to Streptacidiphilus neutrinimicus DSM 41755^T (99.9 % similarity). However, DNA:DNA relatedness between isolate HSCA14^T and the type strain of S. neutrinimicus was found to be low at 44.0 (±14.1) %. A combination of phenotypic features, including degradative and nutritional characteristics were shown to distinguish the isolates from their nearest phylogenetic neighbours. Data from this study show that the isolates form a novel species in the genus for which the name S. hamsterleyensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HSCA 14^T (=DSM 45900^T = KACC 17456^T = NCIMB 14865^T).     

Deinococcus radiotolerans sp. nov., a gamma-radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from gamma ray-irradiated soil

Two gamma-radiation-resistant bacterial strains, designated C1^T and C2, were isolated from a soil sample collected at Jeongeup-Si, South Korea. These strains were observed to be Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, and to form pink colonies. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that these strains belong to the genus Deinococcus in the family Deinococcaceae. Strains C1^T and C2 have the highest sequence similarities with Deinococcus daejeonensis MJ27^T (97.56 %) and Deinococcus grandis DSM 39663^T (97.50 %). Like other members of the genus Deinococcus, the novel isolates showed resistance to gamma-radiation with a D₁₀ value in excess of 8 kGy. The isolates were found to have menaquinone MK-8 as the predominant respiratory quinone and an unidentified phosphoglycolipid as major polar lipid. In addition, the most abundant fatty acids of strain C1^T were identified as C_15:1 ω6c (25.5 %), C_16:1 ω7c (18.7 %) and C_15:0 (9.7 %). Genomic analysis results showed that the DNA G+C contents of strain C1^T and C2 are 68.59 and 68.57 %, respectively. Taken together, the polyphasic taxonomic data support the proposal that the isolates C1^T and C2 represent a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus radiotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is a strain C1^T (=KCTC 33150^T = JCM 19173^T).     

Neptuniibacter pectenicola sp. nov. and Neptuniibacter marinus sp. nov., two novel species isolated from a Great scallop (Pecten maximus) hatchery in Norway and emended description of the genus Neptuniibacter.

Nine isolates obtained from a great scallop hatchery in Norway were characterized using a polyphasic approach. Strains were Gram-negative, aerobic and motile rods with oxidative metabolism. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of 16S rRNA and rpoB genes showed that these strains formed two different groups associated with members of the genus Neptuniibacter. DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) and Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) demonstrated that the isolates constituted two novel species of this genus, which can be phenotypically differentiated from their closest relatives. The names Neptuniibacter marinus sp. nov. and Neptuniibacter pectenicola sp. nov are proposed, with ATR 1.1^T (=CECT 8938^T = DSM 100783^T) and LFT 1.8^T (=CECT 8936^T = DSM 100781^T) as respective type strains.     

Halobellus rarus sp. nov., a halophilic archaeon from an inland salt lake of China

Two halophilic archaeal strains, YC21^T and YC77, were isolated from an inland salt lake of China. Both have pleomorphic rod-shaped cells that lyse in distilled water, stain Gram-negative and form red-pigmented colonies. They are neutrophilic, require at least 2.1 M NaCl for growth under the optimum growth temperature of 37 °C. The major polar lipids of the two strains were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP-Me), phosphatidylglycerol sulfate (PGS), two major glycolipids (GL1 and GL2) chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S-DGD-1) and mannosyl glucosyl diether (DGD-1), respectively. Trace amounts of two unidentified lipids (GL0-1 and GL0-2) were also detected. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the two strains are 99.9 % identical, show 94.0–98.9 % similarity to the closest relative members of Halobellus of the family Halobacteriaceae. The rpoB′ gene similarity between strains YC21^T and YC77 is 99.8 % and show 90.3–95.3 % similarity to the closest relative members of Halobellus. The DNA G+C content of strains YC21^T and YC77 were 66.1 and 66.2 mol%, respectively. The DNA–DNA hybridization value between strain YC20^T and strain YC77 was 89 %, and the two strains showed low DNA–DNA relatedness with Halobellus limi TBN53^T, the most related member of Halobellus. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggest that strains YC21^T and YC77 represent a novel species of the genus Halobellus, for which the name Halobellus rarus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YC21^T (=CGMCC 1.12121^T = JCM 18362^T).     

Erythrobacter westpacificensis sp. nov., a Marine Bacterium Isolated From the Western Pacific

A novel Gram-negative, orange-pigmented bacterial strain JLT2008^T was isolated from the surface seawater of the Western Pacific and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain JLT2008^T belonged to the genus Erythrobacter, sharing the highest similarity (96.6 %) with Erythrobacter gangjinensis K7-2^T and the lowest similarity (94.9 %) with Erythrobacter litoralis DSM 8509^T. Strain JLT2008^T did not contain bacteriochlorophyll a, and the predominant respiratory lipoquinone was ubiquinone-10. The major fatty acids were C_18:1 ω7c, C_16:0, C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c. The prominent polar lipids were sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol. The genomic G + C content was 60.1 mol %. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic data, a novel species within the genus Erythrobacter, and with the name Erythrobacter westpacificensis sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is JLT2008^T (=CGMCC 1.10993^T = JCM 18014^T).     

Flavobacterium plurextorum sp. nov. Isolated from Farmed Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Five strains (1126-1H-08^T, 51B-09, 986-08, 1084B-08 and 424-08) were isolated from diseased rainbow trout. Cells were Gram-negative rods, 0.7 µm wide and 3 µm long, non-endospore-forming, catalase and oxidase positive. Colonies were circular, yellow-pigmented, smooth and entire on TGE agar after 72 hours incubation at 25°C. They grew in a temperature range between 15°C to 30°C, but they did not grow at 37°Cor 42°C. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolates belonged to the genus Flavobacterium. Strain 1126-1H-08^T exhibited the highest levels of similarity with Flavobacterium oncorhynchi CECT 7678^T and Flavobacterium pectinovorum DSM 6368^T (98.5% and 97.9% sequence similarity, respectively). DNA–DNA hybridization values were 87 to 99% among the five isolates and ranged from 21 to 48% between strain 1126-1H-08^T, selected as a representative isolate, and the type strains of Flavobacterium oncorhynchi CECT 7678^T and other phylogenetic related Flavobacterium species. The DNA G+C content of strain 1126-1H-08^T was 33.2 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-6 and the major fatty acids were iso-C_15∶0 and C_15∶0. These data were similar to those reported for Flavobacterium species. Several physiological and biochemical tests differentiated the novel bacterial strains from related Flavobacterium species. Phylogenetic, genetic and phenotypic data indicate that these strains represent a new species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium plurextorum sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain is 1126-1H-08^T ( = CECT 7844^T = CCUG 60112^T).     

Pontibacter soli sp. nov., isolated from the soil of a Populus rhizosphere in Xinjiang, China

A Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and pink-pigmented bacterial strain, designated strain HYL7-26^T, was isolated from a soil in the Desert Park of Huyang forest located in Xinjiang, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain HYL7-26^T belongs to the genus Pontibacter in the family Cytophagaceae. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain HYL7-26^T and type strains of Pontibacter species ranged from 93.2 to 96.0 %. Strain HYL7-26^T was found to contain iso-C_15:0 (15.9 %), iso-C_17:0 3-OH (9.5 %) and summed feature 4 (comprising anteiso-C_17:1 B and/or iso-C_17:1 I, 21.0 %, as defined by the MIDI system) as the major cellular fatty acids. The major respiratory quinone was identified as MK-7 and the DNA G+C content was determined to be 43.8 mol%. sym-Homospermidine was the major polyamine observed in the cells. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain HYL7-26^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pontibacter, for which the name Pontibacter soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HYL7-26^T (=CCTCC AB 206240^T = NRRL B-59490^T).     

Identification and histamine formation of Tetragenococcus isolated from Thai fermented food products

Forty-one tetrad-forming halophilic lactic acid bacteria were isolated from 7 kinds of fermented foods in Thailand. All the isolates were identified as the genus Tetragenococcus by their phenotypic characteristics. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene restriction analysis using MboI and AluI and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, 41 isolates could be divided into two groups (groups A and B). All 22 isolates in Group A were identified as T. halophilus. 16S rRNA gene sequences of the representative isolates, SP37-2 and KS87-1 exhibited 99.4–99.5 % similarity to that of T. halophilus ATCC 33315^T. Nineteen isolates in Group B were identified as T. muriaticus. 16S rRNA gene sequences of the representative isolates, KM1-5 and KS87-14, showed 99.0–99.6 % similarity to that of T. muriaticus JCM 10006^T. Histamine formation was determined by using HPLC and the histidine decarboxylase (hdc) gene of the newly isolated histamine-producing strain was partially sequenced. The strain KS87-14 prolifically formed histamine 10 times higher than the reported T. muriaticus JCM 10006^T. The positive detection of KS87-14 was achieved by using hdcA gene-specific primers JV16HC and JV17HC.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paenibacillus oryzisoli</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of rice

A novel bacterium, strain 1ZS3-15^T, was isolated from rhizosphere of rice. Its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. The novel strain was observed to be Gram-stain positive, spore-forming, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 1ZS3-15^T was recovered within the genus Paenibacillus. It is closely related to Paenibacillus pectinilyticus KCTC 13222^T (97.9 % similarity), Paenibacillus frigoriresistens CCTCC AB 2011150^T (96.8 %), Paenibacillus alginolyticus JCM 9068^T (96.4 %) and Paenibacillus chondroitinus DSM 5051^T (95.5 %). The fatty acid profile of strain 1ZS3-15^T, which showed a predominance of anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_16:0, supported the allocation of the strain into the genus Paenibacillus. The predominant menaquinone was found to be MK-7. The polar lipids profile of strain 1ZS3-15^T was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The cell wall peptidoglycan contains meso-diaminopimelic acid. Based on draft genome sequences, the DNA–DNA relatedness between strain 1ZS3-15^T and the closely related species P. pectinilyticus KCTC 13222^T are 24.2 ± 1.0 %, and the Average Nucleotide Identity values between the strains are 78.9 ± 0.1 %, which demonstrated that this isolate represents a new species in the genus Paenibacillus. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 45.3 mol%, which is within the range reported for Paenibacillus species. Characterisation by genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analysis indicated that strain 1ZS3-15^T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus oryzisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1ZS3-15^T (= ACCC 19783^T = JCM 30487^T).     

Halorubrum rubrum sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon from a Chinese salt lake

Two halophilic archaeal strains, YC87^T and YCA11, were isolated from Yuncheng salt lake in Shanxi, China. Cells of the two strains were observed to be pleomorphic rod-shaped, stained Gram-negative and produced red-pigmented colonies. Strain YC87^T was able to grow at 20–50 °C (optimum 37 °C), at 1.4–4.8 M NaCl (optimum 2.1 M NaCl), at 0.05–1.0 M MgCl₂ (optimum 0.3 M MgCl₂) and at pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum pH 7.0) while strain YCA11 was able to grow at 20–50 °C (optimum 37 °C), at 2.1–4.8 M NaCl (optimum 3.1 M NaCl), at 0.01–0.7 M MgCl₂ (optimum 0.1 M MgCl₂) and at pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum pH 7.5). The cells of both isolates were observed to lyse in distilled water. The minimum NaCl concentrations that prevented cell lysis were determined to be 8 % (w/v) for strain YC87^T and 12 % (w/v) for strain YCA11. The major polar lipids of the two strains were identified as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate and one major glycolipid chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether; another major glycolipid and trace amounts of several unidentified lipids were also detected. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the two strains were 99.8 % identical, showing 93.2–98.2 % similarity to members of the genus Halorubrum of the family Halobacteriaceae. The rpoB′ gene similarity between strains YC87^T and YCA11 was 99.3 % and showed 87.5–95.2 % similarity to the closest relative members of the genus Halorubrum. The DNA G+C content of strains YC87^T and YCA11 were determined to be 64.9 and 64.5 mol%, respectively. The DNA–DNA hybridization value between strain YC20^T and strain YC77 was 87 % and the two strains showed low DNA–DNA relatedness with Halorubrum cibi JCM 15757^T and Halorubrum aquaticum CGMCC 1.6377^T, the most related members of the genus Halorubrum. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggest that strains YC87^T and YCA11 represent a novel species of the genus Halorubrum, for which the name Halorubrum rubrum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YC87^T (=CGMCC 1.12124^T = JCM 18365^T).     

Nonomuraea shaanxiensis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from a soil sample

A novel actinomycete, strain NEAU-st1^T, was isolated from a soil sample collected in Shaanxi province, Northwest China and characterized using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies showed that strain NEAU-st1^T belongs to the genus Nonomuraea, being most closely related to Nonomuraea rosea GW12687^T (98.91 %), Nonomuraea solani NEAU-Z6^T (98.44 %), Nonomuraea rhizophila YIM67092^T(98.24 %) and Nonomuraea monospora PT708^T (98.02 %); similarities to sequences of other type strains of the genus Nonomuraea were lower than 98 %. Both tree-making algorithms used also supported the position that strain NEAU-st1^T formed a distinct clade with its most closely related species. Morphological and physiological characteristics confirmed that the strain belongs to the genus Nonomuraea and distinguished it from its most closely related species. DNA–DNA hybridization further differentiated strain NEAU-st1^T from its nearest phylogenetic neighbours. These results suggested that strain NEAU-st1^T represents a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea shaanxiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-st1^T (=CGMCC 4.7096^T = DSM 45877^T).     

Genome sequences and description of novel exopolysaccharides producing species Komagataeibacter pomaceti sp. nov. and reclassification of Komagataeibacter kombuchae (Dutta and Gachhui 2007) Yamada et al., 2013 as a later heterotypic synonym of Komagataeibacter hansenii (Gosselé et al. 1983) Yamada et al., 2013

Strains T5K1 and AV446 isolated from apple cider vinegars during a submerged vinegar production in two separate vinegar facilities showed 94% 16S rRNA gene similarity to its closest neighbors Komagataeibacter maltaceti LMG 1529^T and Gluconacetobacter entanii LTH 4560^T. Further phylogenetic and phenotypic characterizations indicated that the isolates belonged to a novel species of the Komagataeibacter genus. Comparison based on 16S–23S rRNA gene ITS sequences and concatenated partial sequences of the housekeeping genes dnaK, groEL and rpoB, grouped both strains to a single phylogenetic cluster well separated from the other species of the Komagataeibacter genus. Average nucleotide identity of T5K1 and AV446 draft genome sequences compared to other Komagataeibacter type strains was below 94% and at the same time, in-silico DNA–DNA hybridization was below 70%. Both strains on the other hand showed approximately 98% (average nucleotide identity) and 87% (in silico DNA–DNA hybridization) similarity to each other. Strains T5K1 and AV446 can be differentiated from other Komagataeibacter type strains based on their ability to produce 2-keto-d-gluconic acid and at the same time inability to produce 5-keto-d-gluconic acid. Furthermore, strains of the new species do not grow on Asai medium supplemented with d-glucose or d-mannitol. The growth is also absent (T5K1) or weak (AV446) on Hoyer–Frateur medium supplemented with afore mentioned sugars. Both strains produce cellulose. In addition, draft genome analysis revealed that strains T5K1 and AV446 possess genes involved in the synthesis of acetan-like extracellular heteropolysaccharide. We propose the name Komagataeibacter pomaceti sp. nov. for the new species with LMG 30150^T [= CCM 8723^T = ZIM B1029^T] as the type strain. Data collected in this study and in a previous study also revealed that Komagataeibacter kombuchae is a later heterotypic synonym of Komagataeibacter hansenii.     

Salinarubrum litoreum gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new member of the family Halobacteriaceae isolated from Chinese marine solar salterns

Three halophilic archaeal strains, XD46^T, YJ-63-S1 and ZS-1-H, were isolated from three Chinese marine solar salterns. All were observed to have pleomorphic cells that lysed in distilled water, stained Gram-negative and formed red-pigmented colonies. They were found to grow optimally at 37 °C, at pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2.6 M NaCl and 0.05 M Mg²⁺. The major polar lipids were identified as those typical for members of the Halobacteriaceae but also included major glycolipids chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S-DGD-1), mannosyl glucosyl diether (DGD-1) and two unidentified ones. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the three strains were 99.8–100 % identical, showing most similarity to sequences of members of the family Halobacteriaceae, and clustering together as a distinct clade in phylogenetic tree reconstructions. The rpoB′ gene similarities between the three strains were 98.7–100 % and lower to the sequences of other halobacteria. Their DNA G+C contents were determined to be 65.1–65.5 mol%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggest that strains XD46^T (=CGMCC 1.12237^T = JCM 18649^T), YJ-63-S1 (=CGMCC 1.12574) and ZS-1-H (=CGMCC 1.12544) represent a novel species in a new genus within the family Halobacteriaceae, for which the name Salinarubrum litoreum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed.     

Frederiksenia canicola gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from dogs and human dog-bite wounds

Polyphasic analysis was done on 24 strains of Bisgaard taxon 16 from five European countries and mainly isolated from dogs and human dog-bite wounds. The isolates represented a phenotypically and genetically homogenous group within the family Pasteurellaceae. Their phenotypic profile was similar to members of the genus Pasteurella. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry clearly identified taxon 16 and separated it from all other genera of Pasteurellaceae showing a characteristic peak combination. Taxon 16 can be further separated and identified by a RecN protein signature sequence detectable by a specific PCR. In all phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA, rpoB, infB and recN genes, taxon 16 formed a monophyletic branch with intraspecies sequence similarity of at least 99.1, 90.8, 96.8 and 97.2 %, respectively. Taxon 16 showed closest genetic relationship with Bibersteinia trehalosi as to the 16S rRNA gene (95.9 %), the rpoB (89.8 %) and the recN (74.4 %), and with Actinobacillus lignieresii for infB (84.9 %). Predicted genome similarity values based on the recN gene sequences between taxon 16 isolates and the type strains of known genera of Pasteurellaceae were below the genus level. Major whole cell fatty acids for the strain HPA 21^T are C_14:0, C_16:0, C_18:0 and C_16:1 ω7c/C_15:0 iso 2OH. Major respiratory quinones are menaquinone-8, ubiquinone-8 and demethylmenaquinone-8. We propose to classify these organisms as a novel genus and species within the family of Pasteurellaceae named Frederiksenia canicola gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is HPA 21^T (= CCUG 62410^T = DSM 25797^T).     

Halococcus sediminicola sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from a marine sediment

A novel, red-pigmented and coccoid haloarchaeon, designated strain CBA1101^T, was isolated from a marine sediment. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CBA1101^T is most closely related to the genus Halococcus in the family Halobacteriaceae. Strain CBA1101^T had a highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 98.4 % with Halococcus dombrowskii DSM 14522^T, followed by 93.7–98.3 % with sequences of other type strains in the genus Halococcus. The RNA polymerase subunit B′ gene sequence similarity of strain CBA1101^T with that of Halococcus qingdaonensis JCM 13587^T is 89.5 % and lower with those of other members of the genus Halococcus. Strain CBA1101^T was observed to grow at 25–40 °C, pH 6.0–9.0 and in the presence of 15–30 % (w/v) NaCl, with optimal growth at 35–40 °C, pH 7.0 and with 20 % NaCl. The cells of strain CBA1101^T are Gram-negative and did not lyse in distilled water. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylglyerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, sulfated diglycosyl diether, unidentified phospholipids and unidentified glycolipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined 66.0 mol%. The DNA–DNA hybridization experiment showed that there was less than 40 % relatedness between strain CBA1101^T and the reference species in the genus Halococcus. Based on this polyphasic taxonomic analysis, strain CBA1101^T is considered to represent a new species in the genus Halococcus, for which the name Halococcus sediminicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CBA1101^T (=JCM 18965^T = CECT 8275^T).     

Halomonas cibimaris sp. nov., isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood

Two moderately halophilic, facultatively aerobic, motile bacteria with flagella, designated strains 10-C-3^T and 30-C-3, were isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood. Cells of the strains were observed to be ovoid-rods showing catalase- and oxidase-positive reactions and production of creamy-pink pigments. Growth of strain 10-C-3^T was observed at 15–35 °C (optimum, 25–30 °C), at pH 5.5–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0–7.5), and in the presence of 3–15 % (w/v) salts (optimum: 5–10 %). The two strains were found to contain C_18:1 ω7c, C_16:0, summed feature 3 (as defined by the MIDI system, comprising C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), and C_12:0 3-OH as the major cellular fatty acids. The G+C contents of the genomic DNA of strains 10-C-3^T and 30-C-3 were determined to be 63.2 and 63.1 mol%, respectively and the respiratory quinone detected was ubiquinone 9 (Q-9) only. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strains 10-C-3^Tand 30-C-3 formed a distinct phyletic lineage within the genus Halomonas and are most closely related to Halomonas fontilapidosi 5CR^T with 95.2 % of 16S rRNA sequence similarity. Strains 10-C-3^Tand 30-C-3 shared 99.2 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and their DNA–DNA relatedness value was 96.6 ± 0.9 %. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular features, strains 10-C-3^Tand 30-C-3 represent a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas cibimaris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 10-C-3^T (= KACC 14932^T = JCM 16914^T).     

Colwellia meonggei sp. nov., a novel gammaproteobacterium isolated from sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi

A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated MA1-3^T, was isolated from a sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) collected from the South sea in South Korea. Strain MA1-3^T was found to grow optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain MA1-3^T fell within the clade comprising Colwellia species, clustering coherently with the type strains of Colwellia aestuarii, Colwellia polaris and Colwellia chukchiensis, showing sequence similarity values of 97.2, 96.4 and 95.6 %, respectively. It exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 93.9–96.1 % to the type strains of the other Colwellia species. Strain MA1-3^T was found to contain Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c, C_16:0 and C_16:1 ω9c as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content of strain MA1-3^T was determined to be 39.1 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness value with the type strain of C. aestuarii was 13 ± 5.4 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that the novel strain is separated from other Colwellia species. On the basis of the data presented, strain MA1-3^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia meonggei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MA1-3^T (=KCTC 32380^T = CECT 8302^T).