Paenibacillus beijingensis sp. nov., a novel nitrogen-fixing species isolated from jujube garden soil

A novel Gram-positive, rod-shaped, motile, spore-forming, nitrogen-fixing bacterium, designated strain 7188^T, was isolated from jujube rhizosphere soil in Beijing, China. The strain grew at 4–40 °C and pH 6–12, with an optimum of 30 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain 7188^T is a member of the genus Paenibacillus. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain 7188^T and the type strains of all recognized members of the genus Paenibacillus were below 96 %. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_17:0 and C_16:0. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The DNA G+C content of strain 7188^T was 60.3 mol%. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and unknown aminophospholipids. The diamino acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan is meso-diaminopimelic acid. On the basis of these results, strain 7188^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus beijingensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 7188^T (=ACCC 03082^T = DSM 24997^T).     

Paenibacillus brassicae sp. nov., isolated from cabbage rhizosphere in Beijing, China

A novel Gram-positive, rod-shaped, motile, spore-forming, nitrogen-fixing bacterium, designated strain 112^T, was isolated from cabbage rhizosphere in Beijing, China. The strain was found to grow at 10–40 °C and pH 4–11, with an optimum of 30 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on a fragment of the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain 112^T is a member of the genus Paenibacillus. High levels of 16S rRNA gene similarities were found between strain 112^T, Paenibacillus sabinae DSM 17841^T (97.82 %) and Paenibacillus forsythiae DSM 17842^T (97.22 %). However, the DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain 112^T and the type strains of these two species were 10.36 and 6.28 %, respectively. The predominant menaquinone was found to be menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major fatty acids were determined to be anteiso-C_15:0 and C_16:0. The major polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and unknown aminophospholipids. The cell wall peptidoglycan was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 55.4 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic characteristics, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and the value of DNA–DNA hybridization, strain 112^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus brassicae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 112^T (= ACCC 01125^T = DSM 24983^T).     

Paenibacillus taohuashanense sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from rhizosphere soil of the root of Caragana kansuensis Pojark

A nitrogen-fixing bacterium, designated strain gs65^T, was isolated from a rhizosphere soil sample of Caragana kansuensis Pojark. Phylogenetic analysis based on a fragment of the nifH gene and the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain gs65^T is a member of the genus Paenibacillus. High levels of 16S rRNA gene similarity were found between strain gs65^T and Paenibacillus borealis DSM 13188^T (97.5 %), Paenibacillus odorifer ATCC BAA-93^T (97.3 %), Paenibacillus durus DSM 1735^T (97.0 %) and Paenibacillus sophorae DSM23020^T (96.9 %). Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain gs65^T and the type strains of other recognized members of the genus Paenibacillus were below 97.0 %. Levels of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain gs65^T and P. borealis DSM 13188^T, P. odorifer ATCC BAA-93^T (97.3 %), P. durus DSM 1735^T and P. sophorae DSM23020^T were 35.9, 38.0, 34.2 and 35.5 % respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain gs65^T was determined to be 51.6 mol%. The major fatty acids were found to be iso-C_14:0, anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_16:0. On the basis of its phenotypic characteristics and levels of DNA–DNA hybridization, strain gs65^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus taohuashanense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is gs65^T (=CGMCC 1.12175^T = DSM 25809^T).     

Paenibacillus beijingensis sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from wheat rhizosphere soil

A novel nitrogen-fixing bacterium, BJ-18^T, was isolated from wheat rhizosphere soil. Strain BJ-18^T was observed to be Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, motile and rod-shaped (0.4–0.9 μm × 2.0–2.9 μm). Phylogenetic analysis based on a partial nifH gene sequence and an assay for nitrogenase activity showed its nitrogen-fixing capacity. Phylogenetic analysis based on full 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that strain BJ-18^T is a member of the genus Paenibacillus. High similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequence was found between BJ-18^T and Paenibacillus peoriae DSM 8320^T (99.05 %), Paenibacillus jamilae DSM 13815^T (98.86 %), Paenibacillus brasiliensis DSM 13188^T (98.55 %), Paenibacillus polymyxa DSM 36^T (98.74 %), Paenibacillus terrae DSM 15891^T (97.99 %) and Paenibacillus kribbensis JCM 11465^T (97.92 %), whereas the similarity was below 96.0 % between BJ-18^T and the other Paenibacillus species. DNA–DNA relatedness between strain BJ-18^T and P. peoriae DSM 8320^T, P. jamilae DSM 13815^T, P. brasiliensis DSM 13188^T, P. polymyxa DSM 36^T, P. kribbensis JCM 11465^T and P. terrae DSM 15891^T was determined to be 43.6 ± 2.7, 34.2 ± 5.3, 47.9 ± 6.6, 36.8 ± 3.5, 27.4 ± 4.3 and 23.6 ± 4.1 % respectively. The DNA G+C content of BJ-18^T was determined to be 45.8 mol %. The major fatty acid was identified as anteiso-C_15:0 (67.1 %). The polar lipids present in strain BJ-18^T were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyl methylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, and DNA–DNA relatedness data, suggest that BJ-18^T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus beijingensis sp. nov. (Type strain BJ-18^T=DSM25425^T=CGMCC 1.12045^T) is proposed.     

Paenibacillus quercus sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata

A Gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped and motile bacterium, designated strain 1-25^T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata in Taibai Mountain, Shaanxi Province, China. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 1-25^T belongs to the genus Paenibacillus. Strain 1-25^T was found to be closely related to Paenibacillus harenae and Paenibacillus castaneae with 96.0 and 95.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. The strain was observed to grow optimally at 28 °C and pH 7.5. The major isoprenoid quinone was found to be menaquinone-7. The dominant cellular fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_15:0. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was found to be meso-diaminopimelic acid. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 41.6 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics and molecular properties, strain 1-25^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus quercus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1-25^T (=CCTCC AB2013265^T = KCTC 33194^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paenibacillus oryzisoli</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of rice

A novel bacterium, strain 1ZS3-15^T, was isolated from rhizosphere of rice. Its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. The novel strain was observed to be Gram-stain positive, spore-forming, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 1ZS3-15^T was recovered within the genus Paenibacillus. It is closely related to Paenibacillus pectinilyticus KCTC 13222^T (97.9 % similarity), Paenibacillus frigoriresistens CCTCC AB 2011150^T (96.8 %), Paenibacillus alginolyticus JCM 9068^T (96.4 %) and Paenibacillus chondroitinus DSM 5051^T (95.5 %). The fatty acid profile of strain 1ZS3-15^T, which showed a predominance of anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_16:0, supported the allocation of the strain into the genus Paenibacillus. The predominant menaquinone was found to be MK-7. The polar lipids profile of strain 1ZS3-15^T was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The cell wall peptidoglycan contains meso-diaminopimelic acid. Based on draft genome sequences, the DNA–DNA relatedness between strain 1ZS3-15^T and the closely related species P. pectinilyticus KCTC 13222^T are 24.2 ± 1.0 %, and the Average Nucleotide Identity values between the strains are 78.9 ± 0.1 %, which demonstrated that this isolate represents a new species in the genus Paenibacillus. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 45.3 mol%, which is within the range reported for Paenibacillus species. Characterisation by genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analysis indicated that strain 1ZS3-15^T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus oryzisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1ZS3-15^T (= ACCC 19783^T = JCM 30487^T).     

Paenibacillus nicotianae sp. nov., isolated from a tobacco sample

A Gram-stain positive, facultative anaerobic endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain YIM h-19^T, was isolated from a tobacco sample. Cells were observed to be motile rods by means of peritrichous flagella and colonies were observed to be convex, yellow, circular and showed catalase-positive and oxidase-negative reactions. Strain YIM h-19^T was able to grow at 4–45 °C, pH 6.0–8.0 and 0–3 % NaCl (w/v). The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as MK-7. Major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_17:0 and C_16:0. The polar lipids were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 54 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed the strain YIM h-19^T was most closely related to Paenibacillus hordei RH-N24^T and Paenibacillus hunanensis FeL05^T with similarities of 98.30 and 94.64 % respectively. However, DNA–DNA hybridization data indicated that the isolate represented a novel genomic species with the genus Paenibacillus. All data from genotypic and phenotypic analyses support the conclusion that strain YIM h-19^T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus nicotianae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM h-19^T (=CGMCC1.12819^T = NRRL B-59112^T).     

Isolation of Paenibacillus pinesoli sp. nov. from forest soil in Gyeonggi-Do,Korea

Using a new culture method for unculturable soil bacteria, strain NB5^T was isolated from forest soil at Kyonggi University, and characterized taxonomically on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics. The novel strain was a Gram- and catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, which grew in the pH range 6.0–9.5 (optimum, 6.5–9.5) and at temperatures between 15°C and 45°C (optimum, 25–40°C). Growth was possible at 0–5% NaCl (optimum, 0% to 3%) in nutrient, Luria-Bertani, and trypticase soy broths (TSB), as well as R2A medium (with optimal growth in TSB). A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the novel strain was affiliated with the genus Paenibacillus and had 96.8% and 96.5% similarity to P. nanensis MX2-3^T and P. agaridevorans DSM 1355^T, respectively. The predominant menaquinone in NB5^T was MK-7; the major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_16:0; and the DNA G+C content was 54.5 mol%. We propose this strain as a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, and suggest the name Paenibacillus pinesoli sp. nov. (type strain, KACC 17472^T=KEMB 9005-025^T=JCM 19203^T).     

Bacillus cihuensis sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of a plant in the Cihu area of Taiwan

A Gram-positive, moderately halotolerant, rod-shaped, spore forming bacterium, designated strain FJAT-14515^T was isolated from a soil sample in Cihu area, Taoyuan County, Taiwan. The strain grew at 10–35 °C (optimum at 30 °C), pH 5.7–9.0 (optimum at pH 7.0) and at salinities of 0–5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum at 1 % w/v). The diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan of the isolated strain was meso-diaminopimelic acid and major respiratory isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. Major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 (40.6 %), iso-C_15:0 (20.7 %) and the DNA G+C content of strain FJAT-14515^T was 37.1 mol %. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain FJAT-14515^T belongs to the genus Bacillus, and was most closely related to the reference strains of Bacillus muralis DSM 16288^T (97.6 %) and Bacillus simplex DSM 1321^T (97.5 %). Levels of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain FJAT-14515^T and the reference strains of B. muralis DSM 16288^T and B. simplex DSM 1321^T were 27.9 % ± 3.32 and 44.1 % ± 0.57, respectively. Therefore, on the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic properties, strain FJAT-14515^T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus cihuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FJAT-14515^T (=DSM 25969^T = CGMCC 1.12697^T).     

Paenibacillus profundus sp. nov., a deep sediment bacterium that produces isocoumarin and peptide antibiotics

A novel bacterial strain Sl 79^T was isolated from a deep surface sediment sample obtained from the Sea of Japan and investigated by phenotypic and molecular methods. The bacterium Sl 79^T was Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, spore-forming, motile and able to form two different types of colonies. It contained the major menaquinone MK-7 and anteiso-C_15:0 followed by iso-C_15:0 as predominant fatty acids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Sl 79^T belonged to the genus Paenibacillus where it clustered to Paenibacillus apiarius NRRL NRS-1438^T with a sequence similarity of 97.7 % and sharing sequence similarities below than 96.7 % to other validly named Paenibacillus species. Strain Sl 79^T was found to possess a remarkable inhibitory activity against indicatory microorganisms. On the basis of combined spectral analyses, strain Paenibacillus sp. Sl 79^T was established to produce isocoumarin and novel peptide antibiotics. On the basis of DNA–DNA relatedness, phenotypic and phylogenetic data obtained, it was concluded that strain Sl 79^T represents a novel species, Paenibacillus profundus sp. nov. with the type strain Sl 79^T = KMM 9420^T = NRIC 0885^T.     

Paenibacillus ihbetae sp. nov., a cold-adapted antimicrobial producing bacterium isolated from high altitude Suraj Tal Lake in the Indian trans-Himalayas

The assessment of bacterial diversity and bioprospection of the high-altitude lake Suraj Tal microorganisms for potent antimicrobial activities revealed the presence of two Gram-stain-variable, endospore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacteria, namely IHBB 9852^T and IHBB 9951. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the affiliation of strains IHBB 9852^T and IHBB 9951 within the genus Paenibacillus, exhibiting the highest sequence similarity to Paenibacillus lactis DSM 15596^T (97.8% and 97.7%) and less than 95.9% similarity to other species of the genus Paenibacillus. DNA-DNA relatedness among strains IHBB 9852^T and IHBB 9951 was 90.2%, and with P. lactis DSM 15596^T, was 52.7% and 52.4%, respectively. The novel strains contain anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0, C_16:0 and iso-C_16:0 as major fatty acids, and phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and diphosphatidylglycerol were predominant polar lipids. The DNA G+C content for IHBB 9852T and IHBB 9951 was 52.1 and 52.2 mol%. Based on the results of phenotypic and genomic characterisations, we concluded that strains IHBB 9852^T and IHBB 9951 belong to a novel Paenibacillus species, for which the name Paenibacillus ihbetae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IHBB 9852^T (=MTCC 12459^T = MCC 2795^T = JCM 31131^T = KACC 19072^T; DPD TaxonNumber TA00046) and IHBB 9951 (=MTCC 12458 = MCC 2794 = JCM 31132 = KACC 19073) is a reference strain.     

Bacillus pakistanensis sp. nov., a halotolerant bacterium isolated from salt mines of the Karak Area in Pakistan

A rod shaped, non-motile, endospore forming, Gram-stain positive and moderately halotolerant strain, designated as NCCP-168^T, was isolated from salt mines sampled in the Karak district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in Pakistan. To delineate its taxonomic position, the strain was subjected to polyphasic characterization. Cells of strain NCCP-168^T can grow at 10–40 ^○C (optimum at 30–35 ^○C), in a pH range of 5.0–9.0 (optimum at pH 8.0) and in 0–17 % (w/v) NaCl on agar medium. The phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain NCCP-168^T belongs to the genus Bacillus with the highest similarity to Bacillus seohaeanensis BH724^T (97.1 %), and less than 97 % similarity with other closely related taxa (95.6 % with B. subtilis subsp. subtilis NCIB3610^T). DNA–DNA relatedness between strain NCCP-168^T and the type strains of closely related species was lower than 30 %. Chemotaxonomic data (major menaquinone, MK-7; cell wall peptidoglycan type, A1γ [meso-diaminopimelic acid]; major fatty acids, iso-C_15:0 29.9 %, anteiso-C_15:0 29.3 %, iso-C_16:0 11.4 %, iso-C_14:0 8.9 % and anteiso-C_17:0 7.0 %; major polar lipids, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine) support the affiliation of strain NCCP-168^T with genus Bacillus. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain NCCP-168^T can be distinguished from the closely related taxa and thus represents a novel species in the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus pakistanensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain NCCP-168^T (= KCTC 13786^T = DSM 24834^T = JCM 18975^T).     

Saccharopolyspora cavernae sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from the Swallow Cave in Yunnan, south-west China

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile actinobacterial strain, designated YIM C01235^T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from the Swallow Cave, Yunnan province, south-west China. The isolate grew at 10–30 °C, pH 6.0–9.0 and 0–8 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed highest similarity to Saccharopolyspora gloriosae YIM 60513^T (96.8 %), and lower 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities (95.1–96.7 %) with the other species of the genus Saccharopolyspora. The whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP), arabinose and galactose. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, two unknown glycolipids, two unknown phospholipids and one polar lipid. MK-9(H₄) was the predominant menaquinone. The major fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, anteiso-C_15:0 and anteiso-C_17:0. Mycolic acids were not detected. The genomic DNA G+C content was 69.1 mol%. These chemotaxonomic data, together with its morphological properties, were consistent with the assignment of strain YIM C01235^T to the genus Saccharopolyspora. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed strain YIM C01235^T to be differentiated phenotypically from all the recognized Saccharopolyspora species. On the basis of evidence from this polyphasic study, the novel species Saccharopolyspora cavernae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM C01235^T (=DSM 45825^T = CCTCC AA 2012022^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paenibacillus bryophyllum</Emphasis> sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bryophyllum pinnatum</Emphasis>

A nitrogen-fixing, endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain L201^T was isolated from the leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum growing in South China Agricultural University. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain L201^T is affiliated with the genus Paenibacillus, and closely related to Paenibacillus albidus Q4-3^T (97.4%), Paenibacillus odorifer DSM 15391^T (97.3%) and Paenibacillus borealis DSM 13188^T (97.2%). The main fatty acids components was anteiso-C_15:0 (48.1%). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The G+C content of strain L201^T was 43.9%. DNA–DNA relatedness between L201^T and the reference strain was 29.8%. Biological and biochemical tests, protein patterns, genomic DNA fingerprinting and comparison of cellular fatty acids distinguished strain L201^T from the closely related Paenibacillus species. Based on these data, the novel species Paenibacillus bryophyllum sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain L201^T(=?KCTC 33951 ^T?=?GDMCC 1.1251 ^T).     

Bacillus alkalicola sp. nov., An Alkaliphilic,Gram-Positive Bacterium Isolated from Zhabuye Lake in Tibet,China

A Gram-positive, alkaliphilic bacterium, designated strain Zby6^T, was isolated from Zhabuye Lake in Tibet, China. The strain was able to grow at pH 8.0–11.0 (optimum at pH 10.0), in 0–8 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum at 3 %, w/v) and at 10–45 °C (optimum at 37 °C). Cells of the isolate were facultatively anaerobic and spore-forming rods with polar flagellum. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7, and its cell wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, C_16:0 and anteiso-C_15:0. The major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. The genomic DNA G+C content of the isolate was 38.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Zby6^T was a member of the genus Bacillus and most closely related to Bacillus cellulosilyticus DSM 2522^T (97.7 % similarity). The DNA–DNA relatedness value between strain Zby6^T and B. cellulosilyticus DSM 2522^T was 59.2 ± 1.8 %. Comparative analysis of genotypic and phenotypic features indicated that strain Zby6^T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus alkalicola sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is Zby6^T (=CGMCC 1.10368^T = JCM 17098^T = NBRC 107743^T).     

Streptomonospora algeriensis sp. nov., a halophilic actinomycete isolated from soil in Algeria

A halophilic actinomycete strain, designated H27^T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from a hypersaline habitat in Djelfa Province (North-Central Algeria), and then investigated using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The strain was observed to produce poor aerial mycelium, which formed short chains of oval to cylindrical-shaped spores at maturity, and non fragmented substrate mycelium. The optimum NaCl concentration for growth was found to be 10–15 % (w/v) and the optimum growth temperature and pH were found to be 28–37 °C and 6–7, respectively. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was identified as meso-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinones of strain H27^T were identified as MK-11 (H₄) and MK-10 (H₆). The major fatty acids were found to be iso-C_16:0, anteiso-C_17:0, 10 methyl C_17:0 and 10 methyl C_16:0. The diagnostic phospholipids detected were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. The chemotaxonomic properties of strain H27^T are consistent with those shared by members of the genus Streptomonospora. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain H27^T is most closely related to Streptomonospora alba DSM 44588^T (98.8 %) and Streptomonospora flavalba DSM 45155^T (98.7 %) whereas the DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain H27^T and the two type strains were 17.1 and 57.9 %, respectively. Based on the combined genotypic and phenotypic evidence, it is proposed that strain H27^T should be classified as representative of a novel species, for which the name Streptomonospora algeriensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H27^T (=DSM 45604^T =CCUG 63369^T =MTCC 11563^T).     

Paenibacillus frigoriresistens sp. nov., a novel psychrotroph isolated from a peat bog in Heilongjiang, Northern China

A novel cold-resistant bacterium, designated YIM 016^T, was isolated from a peat bog sample collected from Mohe County, Heilongjiang Province, Northern China and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. The strain was Gram-positive, aerobic, endospore-forming, motile and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence clearly revealed that strain YIM 016^T is a member of the genus Paenibacillus. The strain is closely related to Paenibacillus alginolyticus DSM 5050^T, Paenibacillus chondroitinus DSM 5051^T and Paenibacillus pocheonensis Gsoil 1138^T with similarities of 99.0 %, 97.0 % and 96.3 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the low DNA–DNA relatedness levels between strain YIM 016^T and its closely related phylogenetic neighbours demonstrated that this isolate represents a new genomic species in the genus Paenibacillus. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic tests showed that growth of strain YIM 016^T occurred at 4–37 °C, pH 6.0–8.0 and with a NaCl tolerance up to 0.5 % (w/v). The peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and glutamic acid. The whole-cell hydrolysates mainly contained glucose, galactose and ribose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_16:0. The DNA G+C content of strain YIM 016^T was 51.7 mol %. On the basis of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain YIM 016^T could be clearly distinguished from other species of the genus Paenibacillus. It is therefore concluded that strain YIM 016^T represents a novel species in the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus frigoriresistens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 016^T (= CCTCC AB 2011150^T = JCM 18141^T).     

Paenibacillus abyssi sp. nov., isolated from an abyssal sediment sample from the Indian Ocean

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain SCSIO N0306^T, was isolated from an abyssal sediment sample collected from the Indian Ocean. The isolate was found to grow optimally at 0–2 % (w/v) NaCl, pH 7.0 and 30 °C. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the isolate SCSIO N0306^T belongs phylogenetically to the genus Paenibacillus, and to be most closely related to P. algorifonticola XJ259^T (with 95.47 % sequence similarity), sharing less than 95.0 % sequence similarity with all other taxa of this genus. Chemotaxonomic analysis revealed MK-7 as the major isoprenoid quinone, the DNA G+C content was determined to be 45.5 mol%, and anteiso-C_15:0, C_16:0, and iso-C_15:0 were identified as the major fatty acids. On the basis of this polyphasic taxonomic data, isolate SCSIO N0306^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus abyssi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SCSIO N0306^T (= DSM 26238^T = CGMCC 1.12987^T).     

Virgibacillus albus sp. nov., a novel moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from Lop Nur salt lake in Xinjiang province, China

A Gram-positive, moderately halophilic, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated YIM 93624^T, was isolated from a salt lake in Xinjiang province of China and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain YIM 93624^T grew at 15–45 °C (optimum 25–30 °C), 1–17% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5–10 %, w/v) and pH 4.0–9.0 (optimum pH 7.0). The predominant menaquinone was found to be MK-7. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 and C_16:0. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, a glycolipid and two unidentified phospholipids. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 37.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 93624^T was a member of the genus Virgibacillus and exhibited the highest similarity of 97.0 % to Virgibacillus koreensis KCTC 3823^T. However, the level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain YIM 93624^T and V. koreensis KCTC 3823^T was 32.5 %. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic analysis data, the isolate is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Virgibacillus, for which the name Virgibacillus albus sp. nov., is proposed, with type strain of YIM 93624^T (=DSM 23711^T = JCM 17364^T).