生物结皮对5种不同形态的荒漠植物种子萌发的影响

生物结皮广泛分布于干旱、半干旱区, 强烈影响着土壤表层理化特性, 进而对种子散布、萌发和定居产生影响。目前关于生物结皮与植物种子萌发关系的研究结论存在争议。该文通过室内人工控制实验, 研究了生物结皮对古尔班通古特沙漠5种具不同种子形态特征的荒漠植物白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)、蛇麻黄(Ephedra distachya)、角果藜(Ceratocarpus arenaarius)、涩芥(Malcolmia africana)和狭果鹤虱(Lappula semiglabra)的种子萌发的影响。结果表明, 在干燥和湿润两种条件下, 生物结皮对不同形态植物种子萌发均具有不同的作用。在干燥条件下, 生物结皮显著抑制了角果藜和涩芥种子的萌发(p<0.05), 对其它3种植物无显著影响; 而湿润条件下, 生物结皮显著抑制了白梭梭、角果藜和狭果鹤虱种子的萌发(p<0.05), 对蛇麻黄、涩芥则无显著影响。     

塔里木沙拐枣果实刺毛对果实扩散及萌发的影响

塔里木沙拐枣（Calligonum roborowskii A.Los.）是仅分布于我国西北地区荒漠环境的特有种,其果实为不开裂而周围有椭圆形刺毛的瘦果,以果实为单元进行扩散和萌发。本文采用野外观察与室内控制实验相结合的方法,对塔里木沙拐枣刺毛在果实扩散、吸水、脱水及萌发中的作用进行研究。结果显示：不同贮藏时间的果实颜色、大小、重量及刺毛长度存在显著差异。完整果实在水面漂浮时间及水媒扩散能力比去除刺毛的果实更强。完整果实在1 m/s和4 m/s风速下的扩散距离比无刺毛果实的扩散距离长。10 mmol/L赤霉素（AG₃）及不同干藏时间处理的完整果实与无刺毛果实在20℃/30℃光照和黑暗条件下的萌发率间存在显著差异,其中无刺毛果实的萌发率要高于完整果实的萌发率。室外盆栽实验显示,无刺毛果实的萌发率比完整果实高,说明果实刺毛对果实萌发有抑制作用。研究结果表明果实刺毛对塔里木沙拐枣在塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘荒漠环境中的扩散、萌发及种群更新具有重要的辅助作用。     

塔里木沙拐枣果实刺毛对果实扩散及萌发的影响

塔里木沙拐枣(Calligonum roborowskii A. Los.)是仅分布于我国西北地区荒漠环境的特有种,其果实为不开裂而周围有椭圆形刺毛的瘦果,以果实为单元进行扩散和萌发。本文采用野外观察与室内控制实验相结合的方法,对塔里木沙拐枣刺毛在果实扩散、吸水、脱水及萌发中的作用进行研究。结果显示:不同贮藏时间的果实颜色、大小、重量及刺毛长度存在显著差异。完整果实在水面漂浮时间及水媒扩散能力比去除刺毛的果实更强。完整果实在1 m/s和4 m/s风速下的扩散距离比无刺毛果实的扩散距离长。10 mmol/L赤霉素(AG3)及不同干藏时间处理的完整果实与无刺毛果实在20℃/30℃光照和黑暗条件下的萌发率间存在显著差异,其中无刺毛果实的萌发率要高于完整果实的萌发率。室外盆栽实验显示,无刺毛果实的萌发率比完整果实高,说明果实刺毛对果实萌发有抑制作用。研究结果表明果实刺毛对塔里木沙拐枣在塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘荒漠环境中的扩散、萌发及种群更新具有重要的辅助作用。     

多裂骆驼蓬种皮纹饰和粘液的解剖结构特征及其对种子扩散和萌发的影响

利用体视显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了荒漠植物多裂骆驼蓬粘液质种皮吸水前后的形态变化,通过种子吸水 脱水、粘土、漂浮和萌发实验研究了种皮纹饰和粘液特征在种子扩散和萌发中的适应意义,以期为研究该物种在荒漠环境中的适应策略提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）多裂骆驼蓬种皮纹饰由表皮细胞外切向壁的附属物向外突起形成,呈多面体网纹状;种皮纹饰上覆盖1层粘液薄膜,将多面体网眼围成封闭的腔,种子吸水后粘液薄膜变成凝胶状,腔内有气泡产生;粘液薄膜经过反复吸水 脱水后逐渐溶解消失。（2）种皮网眼状腔室结构和粘液薄膜可使种皮纹饰内储存空气,以增强种子的漂浮能力,有助于种子扩散;种皮纹饰和粘液还增强了种子的粘土能力,使种子锚定在土壤表面,避免种子裸露和活力丧失;此外,种皮纹饰及粘液的快速吸水和保水能力能防止种子失水,有效维持该物种在荒漠环境中的土壤种子库。（3）种皮纹饰和粘液虽可抑制种子萌发,但能促进幼根的伸长生长,对增强幼苗的建植能力有一定积极作用。     

珍稀濒危植物距瓣尾囊草种子散布及萌发特性

采用野外调查和室内实验相结合的方法,对距瓣尾囊草(Urophysa rockii)种子散布途径、散布方式和种子萌发特性进行初步研究.结果表明:距瓣尾囊草种子千粒重为0.6684±0.0038 g,以果实和种子为扩散单元进行扩散,具有自体扩散和水媒扩散两种方式.温度对距瓣尾囊草种子萌发有显著影响,20℃为最适萌发温度,发芽率达67.78％.低温(4℃)层积可有效提高种子发芽率和发芽势,随层积天数增加,发芽率和发芽势增加,但层积30 d和40 d发芽率和发芽势无显著性差异.光照和黑暗对种子萌发的影响差异不显著,光照不是其种子萌发的必需条件.实验证明,与用湿砂做发芽基质相比,用滤纸做发芽基质,其发芽率和发芽势均比前者高,因此滤纸是距瓣尾囊草种子萌发实验中更为适宜的发芽基质.     

片段化景观中壳斗科植物种子捕食和扩散模式

生境片段化伴随的面积效应和边缘效应, 可改变分散贮食动物的竞争强度、觅食行为以及隐蔽条件, 影响种子捕食和扩散模式。阐明生境片段化对多物种种子捕食和扩散的影响, 对理解片段化生境中的植物更新和生物多样性维持十分重要。该研究在浙江省千岛湖地区的岛屿和大陆上开展了针对6种壳斗科植物的种子捕食和扩散实验, 分析了物种、分散贮食动物相对多度、种子产量、岛屿大小和边缘效应如何共同影响种子命运和种子扩散距离。主要结果: (1)种子命运和扩散距离在物种间存在显著差异; (2)大陆比岛屿有更长的种子留存时间, 小岛种子留存时间最短, 岛屿内部比岛屿边缘有更长的种子留存时间; (3)物种和岛屿大小对种子原地取食率存在交互作用, 白栎(Quercus fabri)种子在大岛上有更高的原地取食率; (4)种子在小岛上有最高的扩散率, 分散贮食动物相对多度对种子扩散后贮藏率有负效应。表明在千岛湖地区, 生境片段化改变了种子捕食和扩散模式, 且面积效应对不同物种的种子捕食和扩散模式产生了不同作用, 从而影响森林群落更新和生物多样性维持。     

短命植物异喙菊异形果实的两头下注策略

异喙菊(Heteracia szovitsii)是准噶尔荒漠中常见的一种具异形果实的菊科一年生早春短命植物。该文对其同一果序中3种果实的形态结构与扩散特征进行了比较研究, 并对其生态学意义进行了探讨。结果表明: 1)异喙菊3种果实的形态特征存在明显差异, 导致其扩散特性明显不同, 避免了同胞子代在生态位上的竞争。其中, 中央果具冠毛, 成熟后以果实为散布单元借风力扩散到较大范围; 外围果与过渡果均无冠毛, 分别以果序和果实为单元扩散至母株附近。2) 3种果实胚大小的差异导致其幼苗大小和竞争能力不同。外围果与过渡果的胚比中央果的大, 萌发后可产生较大和竞争力较强的幼苗。3)与中央果相比, 外围果和过渡果果皮颜色较深, 所含酚类物质较多, 厚度较大且厚壁组织较多, 对胚的保护能力强, 且种子休眠程度深。4)异形痩果在数量上的差异, 分摊了扩散和定居中的风险。数量较多的中央果增加了随机散布的机会, 可为其扩大种群开拓更大的范围, 而数量较少的外围果和过渡果可有效地减少近距离扩散所造成的同胞子代间竞争。异喙菊异形果实的产生及其生态学行为属于典型的两头下注策略: 外围果和过渡果代表了“谨慎”或“低风险”策略, 中央果则代表了“冒险”或“高风险”策略。通过这些策略, 异喙菊可将其在准噶尔荒漠极端环境中的生存风险进行有效地分摊, 以保障其繁衍成功。     

角果藜的地上地下结果性与种子萌发行为

对角果藜(Ceratocarpus arenarius L.)的种子形态进行了观测,并进行了种子萌发实验,探讨了角果藜的地上地下结果特性.结果表明: 角果藜的地上果实和地下果实的颜色、大小、质量均存在差异;种子的异质性导致了地上种子、地下种子(果实)的不同萌发行为;角果藜地上种子、地下种子的萌发率均较低,分别为32%、27%(30 d)(5 ℃/25 ℃);划破种皮可显著提高地上种子和地下种子的萌发率(P＜0.05);延长储藏时间能显著提高地上种子的萌发率(P＜0.05),也能部分提高地下种子的萌发率,表明地上种子和地下种子均属于生理休眠,但地上种子的休眠程度浅;角果藜的地上地下结果性是对荒漠极端环境适应的一种特殊繁殖策略.     

荒漠植物种子粘液的生态学意义

种子粘液是在种皮外层细胞的高尔基体内产生并分泌到胞腔内或细胞壁层的吸湿膨胀的一类果胶类多糖物质。具粘液种子的植物大多生长在荒漠地区, 广泛存在于十字花科、菊科和车前科等类群中。粘液的存在对荒漠植物种子的扩散、萌发、防御以及幼苗的生长等都具有重要的生态学意义, 是荒漠植物适应干旱少雨的生态环境的有效对策之一。对粘液种子的研究不仅可全面揭示荒漠植物的生态适应机制及其进化生态意义, 还可为研究基因控制的糖类生物合成和分泌、细胞次生壁的生物合成及形态分化建立理想的模式体系。为此, 在广泛查阅相关文献的基础上, 该文综合分析了国内外种子粘液的研究进展, 并重点探讨了以下几方面问题: (1)种子粘液的化学成分; (2)粘液及粘液种皮的形态特征; (3)粘液细胞分化与粘液生物合成的细胞学及基因调控机制以及粘液的释放方式; (4)种子粘液的生态学意义。在此基础上展望了今后的研究方向, 以期为推动我国荒漠植物种子生态学的理论与应用研究及西部荒漠区的植物物种多样性保护和生态保育提供重要理论依据。     

荒漠植物种子粘液的生态学意义

种子粘液是在种皮外层细胞的高尔基体内产生并分泌到胞腔内或细胞壁层的吸湿膨胀的一类果胶类多糖物质。具粘液种子的植物大多生长在荒漠地区,广泛存在于十字花科、菊科和车前科等类群中。粘液的存在对荒漠植物种子的扩散、萌发、防御以及幼苗的生长等都具有重要的生态学意义,是荒漠植物适应干旱少雨的生态环境的有效对策之一。对粘液种子的研究不仅可全面揭示荒漠植物的生态适应机制及其进化生态意义,还可为研究基因控制的糖类生物合成和分泌、细胞次生壁的生物合成及形态分化建立理想的模式体系。为此,在广泛查阅相关文献的基础上,该文综合分析了国内外种子粘液的研究进展,并重点探讨了以下几方面问题：（1）种子粘液的化学成分：（2）粘液及粘液种皮的形态特征：（3）粘液细胞分化与粘液生物合成的细胞学及基因调控机制以及粘液的释放方式：（4）种子粘液的生态学意义。在此基础上展望了今后的研究方向,以期为推动我国荒漠植物种子生态学的理论与应用研究及西部荒漠区的植物物种多样性保护和生态保育提供重要理论依据。     

Examining differences in phylogenetic composition enhances understanding of the phylogenetic structure of the shrub community in the northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

Periodic climatic oscillations and species dispersal during the postglacial period are two important causes of plant assemblage and distribution on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP). To improve our understanding of the bio‐geological histories of shrub communities on the QTP, we tested two hypotheses. First, the intensity of climatic oscillations played a filtering role during community structuring. Second, species dispersal during the postglacial period contributed to the recovery of species and phylogenetic diversity and the emergence of phylogenetic overdispersion. To test these hypotheses, we investigated and compared the shrub communities in the alpine and desert habitats of the northeastern QTP. Notably, we observed higher levels of species and phylogenetic diversity in the alpine habitat than in the desert habitat, leading to phylogenetic overdispersion in the alpine shrub communities versus phylogenetic clustering in the desert shrub communities. This phylogenetic overdispersion increased with greater climate anomalies. These results suggest that (a) although climate anomalies strongly affect shrub communities, these phenomena do not act as a filter for shrub community structuring, and (b) species dispersal increases phylogenetic diversity and overdispersion in a community. Moreover, our investigation of the phylogenetic community composition revealed a larger number of plant clades in the alpine shrub communities than in the desert shrub communities, which provided insights into plant clade‐level differences in the phylogenetic structures of alpine and desert shrub communities in the northeastern QTP.     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落各物种种群生物量动态的比较研究

本文给出了北美Ｃｈｉｈｕａｈｕａｎ荒漠分属４科１０属的１７种啮齿动物生物量的时间序列资料,利用时间序列分析方法、均匀性的Ｓｈａｎｎｎｏｎ指数和季节性指标对该１７个物种的生物量动态的比较研究说明：优势种在群落总生物量稳定中起着主要作用,其余非优势物种则在优势种种群密度较低时弥补低生物量,使１７个物种种群能共存于同一群落之中,使处于复杂多变的荒漠生境中的啮齿动物的生物量保持相对稳定。扩散在维持这种稳定中有明显的作用。     

Why are adaptations for long-range seed dispersal rare in desert plants?

Summary The rarity of long-range seed dispersal (telechory) and commonness of antitelechory in desert plants are examined in light of contemporary mathematical theories of the evolution of dispersal and germination behaviors. Analysis of dispersal 3-habitat relationships in the flora of Israel supports the general trend towards atelechory in deserts; in particular epizoochory and tumbleweeds are practically absent from the desert and heterocarpy is centered in the Mediterranean region. In contradiction to the accepted mother-site theory, we find that (a) there is a high turnover in microscale spatial pattern among antitelechoric species; (b) antitelechoric (especially basicarpic) species are widespread and dominant in the desert vegetation of Israel; (c) amphicary and geocary are rare in the desert flora of Israel.We argue that the openness of desert vegetation and the patterns of climatic variation favor atelechory while antitelechory is generally a side-effect of mechanisms whose adaptive value is not directly related to dispersal. Thus for example the desert plants of Israel have evolved a variety of dispersal-restricting seed-containers that protect the seed from predation and flooding, regulate the within-season timing of germination, and spread dispersal and germination over several years.Dedicated to Professor Dr. Michael Evenari     

Diaspore dispersal ability and degree of dormancy in heteromorphic species of cold deserts of northwest China: A review

The cold deserts of northern Xinjiang Province in northwest China are rich in diaspore-heteromorphic species, and diaspore biology has been compared in more heteromorphic species native to this biogeoclimatic region than for any other region worldwide. Our primary purpose was to compare the dispersal ability and degree of dormancy in heteromorphic diaspores in Xinjiang desert plants via a review of the Chinese and English literature. We located literature on 20 heteromorphic species native to these deserts. Fourteen of the species are chenopods (Amaranthaceae). All 20 species are heterodiasporous (dimorphic, 14; trimorphic, 4; polymorphic, 2) annuals, and none is amphicarphic sensu stricto. Thirteen of the species are heterocarpic, six heterospermic, one amphi-basicarpic and none heteroarthrocarpic. Diaspores of 19 of the species differ in seed dormancy/germination. Thirteen of the 14 species to which both diaspore dispersal ability and degree of dormancy could be assigned had at least one morph with high (or relatively high) dispersal ability and low degree of dormancy and at least one with low dispersal ability and high (or relatively high) degree of dormancy. Conceptual models of the dynamics of seed dormancy of the two morphs for each of three dimorphic species suggest the ecological significance of heterodiaspory in the cold desert annuals. However, the ecological significance of seed/fruit heteromorphism needs to be more thoroughly demonstrated via long-term field studies that compare the life history/demography of plants derived from different morphs.     

Diversity of desert rangelands of Tunisia

Plants are important components of any rangeland. However, the importance of desert rangeland plant diversity has often been underestimated. It has been argued that desert rangelands of Tunisia in good ecological condition provide more services than those in poor ecological condition. This is because rangelands in good condition support a more diverse mixture of vegetation with many benefits, such as forage for livestock and medicinal plants. Nearly one-quarter of Tunisia, covering about 5.5 million hectares, are rangelands, of which 87% are located in the arid and desert areas (45% and 42%, respectively). Here, we provide a brief review of the floristic richness of desert rangelands of Tunisia. Approximately 135 species are specific to desert rangelands. The predominant families are Asteraceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Fabaceae. These represent approximately 50% of Tunisian desert flora.     

荒漠植物角果藜的地上地下结果性

对分布于准噶尔荒漠中角果藜(Ceratocarpus arenarius)果实的形态特征、空间位置、发育特性及散布特性进行了比较研究,结果表明:角果藜具有地上地下结果性,地上果实和地下果实在颜色、形状、大小、质量、数量、空间位置、成熟期和散布特性上均有显著差异。角果藜地上地下结果性是植物适应荒漠多变环境所具有的一种特殊的繁殖方式。这种独特的繁殖方式增加了物种在荒漠极端环境中成功生存的机率,保证了物种的顺利繁衍。这是首次在藜科植物中发现的地上地下结果性现象。     

Latitudinal pattern in plant composition along the Peruvian and Chilean fog oases

Fog oases in western South America (locally named lomas) are distributed in a kind of fragmented or patchy way into the coastal desert. Their origin, as well as their current ecological connections in terms of species' dispersal capability, remains an open question. We analyzed the latitudinal pattern in plant species and phylogenetic similarities of 13 lomas, which cover the latitudinal extent of these habitats, from 7°58′ to 26°15′ S. A data-set of 1004 species from available checklists was considered. Plant species composition and phylogenetic relationships among lomas were analyzed by non-metric multidimensional scaling. Our results show three main groups of lomas (northern Peruvian, southern Peruvian, and North-Central Chilean lomas) that are aligned along a complex, nonlinear north–south gradient in ordination space. The weak species overlap between Peruvian and Chilean lomas, together with the higher content in endemic species of the Chilean communities, supports the hypothesis that, at least recently, species composition of the three main groups of lomas has been shaped by desert barriers limiting plant dispersal.