几种南海海藻的氨基酸分析

海藻的开发利用很大程度上首先是以了解海藻在人类食物链中的地位为基础的。海藻作为海洋植物在国内外都已引起关注,日本国的一些长寿村几乎都背山面海,长寿人常以海藻食品为主要副食,故其长寿很可能是与长期以海藻为食物有关。本文研究鼠尾藻、马尾藻、羊栖藻、石花菜、海萝等五种海藻的游离氨基酸和总氨基酸的组成和含量分析数据(除鼠尾藻外均已为当地居民食用),结果发现游离氨基酸总量的大小顺序为海萝>石花菜>鼠尾藻>羊栖菜>马尾藻,范围在0.5%—1.2%之间。其氨基酸占总含量一半的前列几种分别为:羊栖菜为Val、Cys、Asp;马尾藻为Cys、Val、Glu;鼠尾藻为Cys、Phe、Ala;石花菜为Phe、Cys、lie;海萝为Glu、Gly、Gys。总氨基酸大小顺序为石花菜>鼠尾藻>马尾藻>海萝>羊栖菜,其范围为1.5—10%之间。海藻各自的氨基酸含量最多的是Asp、Glu、Ala、Val.马尾藻和鼠尾藻都以Glu居首,含量分别为5.6%和6.6%;羊栖菜和石花菜则以Asp居首,含量分别为2.25%和13.7%,且必需氨基酸除色氨酸因水解破坏外,其余七种均有。必需氨基酸(E)与非必需氨基酸(N)之比值游离氨基酸以羊栖菜最大,石花菜次之,海萝最小,而总氨基酸中E/N值大小顺序为海萝>石花菜>马尾藻>鼠尾藻>羊栖菜。     

青岛3种海藻元素变迁的同步辐射X射线荧光研究

为了研究海藻体内元素的变迁在监测海洋环境污染状况方面的应用,作者利用同步辐射X射线荧光,对分别在1985年7月和1999年7月采自中国山东省青岛海滨的浒苔（Enteroinorpha prolifera)、海蒿子（Sargassum pallidum) 和鸭毛藻（Symphyocladia latiuscula)进行了元素的分析。研究结果表明,各种不同的海藻,各自有相当稳定的XRF谱型。同1985年样品的XRF谱相比,在1999年的所有样品中,许多元素的峰强都明显增高了。Br的含量在鸭毛藻中最高,海蒿子次之,浒苔最少。同1985年相比,1999年的鸭毛藻中Br的含量几乎无变化,可能在1985年就已接近饱和。     

三亚岩相潮间带底栖海藻群落结构及其季节变化

为了解三亚潮间带大型海藻生态现状,布设6条岩相断面,于2008年1—11月进行了四季野外的调查,并使用物种多样性指数与聚类分析研究了潮间带大型海藻四季的群落结构和多样性变化。调查共鉴定出大型底栖藻类130种,隶属于4门75属,其中红藻门41属67种、褐藻门16属31种、绿藻门15属29种、蓝藻门3属3种。潮间带海藻种类数季节变化不大,并呈低潮带>中潮带>高潮带的垂直分布特征,且中低潮带有共同分布种,夏季尤为普遍。潮间带海藻夏冬两季平均生物量高于春秋两季,但并无显著差异。优势种季节变化明显:春季有波利团扇藻Padina boryana、日本仙菜Ceramium japonicum、半叶马尾藻Sargassum hemiphyllum、海柏Polyopes polyideoides,夏季有波状软凹藻Chondrophycus undulates、冠叶马尾藻Sargassum cristaefolium、宽扁叉节藻Amphiroa dilatata、石花菜Gelidium amansii,秋季有冠叶马尾藻、波状软凹藻、叶状铁钉菜Ishige foliacea,冬季有瓦氏马尾藻Sargassum vachellianum、苔状鸭毛藻Symphyocladia marchantioides、珊瑚藻Corallina officinalis、波利团扇藻、日本仙菜。群落多样性冬高夏低:Shannon多样性和Margalef丰富度指数最大值出现在冬季,Shannon多样性和Pielou均匀度指数最低值出现在夏季。区域底栖藻类以暖水性热带-亚热带种为主,其次为温水性的暖温带种类,基本符合南海南区暖水区系特点。研究表明,尽管三亚潮间带底栖海藻种类数与生物量上并无显著的季节差异,但群落结构与多样性均显示出一定的季节变化。     

枸杞岛海藻场6种大型海藻光合荧光特性比较

海藻光合荧光特性研究对分析藻类光合作用和固碳能力具有重要的作用.利用水下调制荧光仪(DIVING-PAM)测定了枸杞岛后头湾夏季常见6种大型海藻孔石莼、斯氏刚毛藻、舌状蜈蚣藻、鼠尾藻、多管藻和羊栖菜的量子产量、快速光曲线(RLC)相关参数.结果显示: 6种常见海藻孔石莼、斯氏刚毛藻、舌状蜈蚣藻、鼠尾藻、多管藻和羊栖菜最大量子产量(F_v/F_m)分别为0.702、0.704、0.457、0.618、0.421、0.567,各物种的开放PSⅡ反应中心原初光能捕获效率(F_v′/F_m′)的大小依次是斯氏刚毛藻>孔石莼>鼠尾藻>羊栖菜>舌状蜈蚣藻>多管藻,且孔石莼、斯氏刚毛藻、羊栖菜的F_v′/F_m′与其他5种大型海藻的差异均达到显著水平;在快速光响应曲线中,羊栖菜、鼠尾藻和孔石莼的最大相对电子传递速率与初始斜率α较高,证明其具有较强的光合能力和捕光能力;舌状蜈蚣藻较高的RLC初始斜率α和较低的I_k表明其有较强的耐弱光能力.3种门类大型海藻之间光合特性有较为显著的差异,其中褐藻门的羊栖菜、鼠尾藻与绿藻门的孔石莼拥有极高的光合活性和抗强光能力,研究结果可为藻场保护工作和大型海藻固碳能力评估提供理论依据.     

褐藻77 K荧光特异性研究

测定了裙带菜、叉开网地藻、海带、囊藻、海蒿子、鼠尾藻、萱藻和水云等８种褐藻的７７Ｋ荧光光谱并同菠菜和红藻条斑紫菜作了比较。结果表明与红藻和高等植物明显不同,褐藻没有作为ＰＳＩ特征的７３０ｎｍ荧光峰。按荧光主峰的波长,可以分为二种类型：裙带菜、叉开网地藻、海带和囊藻的荧光主峰位于６９０ｎｍ,海蒿子、萱藻、水云和鼠尾藻的荧光主峰在７０５～７２０ｎｍ。这种７７Ｋ荧光特异性预示褐藻同高等植物之间在ＰＳＩ结构上的差异。     

褐藻77 K荧光特异性研究

测定了裙带菜、叉开网地藻、海带、囊藻、海蒿子、鼠尾藻、萱藻和水云等8种褐藻的77K荧光光谱并同菠菜和红藻条斑紫菜作了比较。结果表明与红藻和高等植物明显不同,褐藻没有作为PSⅠ特征的730 nm荧光峰。按荧光主峰的波长,可以分为二种类型：裙带菜、叉开网地藻、海带和囊藻的荧光主峰位于690 nm,海蒿子、萱藻、水云和鼠尾藻的荧光主峰在705-720 nm。这种77K荧光特异性预示褐藻同高等植物之间在PSⅠ结构上的差异。     

大气CO2升高和紫外辐射相互作用对羊栖菜生理特性的影响

为了研究经济海藻羊栖菜对大气CO2浓度增加与紫外辐射(UVR)相互作用的响应,设置两个CO2浓度(380μL/L和800μL/L)以及两种辐射处理,即PAR处理(滤除UV-A、UV-B,藻体仅接受可见光,400—700nm)和PAB处理(全波长辐射280—700nm)培养海藻,探讨了羊栖菜生长、光合作用、呼吸作用、光合色素含量、可溶性糖和蛋白以及硝酸还原酶活性的变化情况。结果表明高浓度CO2显著提高羊栖菜藻体的相对生长速率,并且紫外辐射的负面效应在高CO2处理下表现不显著。高CO2降低了藻体的光合作用速率,而UVR的负面效应和生长体现为一致性,但是羊栖菜的呼吸作用没有受到环境变化的明显影响。羊栖菜的光合色素叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素在高浓度CO2处理下明显降低,而UVR没有明显影响。环境因子对羊栖菜的可溶性糖没有影响,但是在高CO2和全波长辐射处理下,藻体可溶性蛋白的含量显著增加。同时高CO2明显提高了硝酸还原酶的活性,并且仅在高浓度CO2处理下藻体中UVR对其活性有抑制作用。CO2和UVR对羊栖菜的大多数生理特性存在明显的交互作用,在未来CO2浓度进一步增加的情况下,UVR的负面效应将会得到一定程度的缓解,这样有利于羊栖菜在养殖海区获得更高的产量。     

海蒿子多糖DEⅠ、DEⅡ组分分离纯化、结构及抗癌活性研究

海蒿子干粉经热水抽提、乙醇沉淀、DEAE-Sephadex A-25柱层析分离,得到多糖DEⅠ、DEⅡ,总糖含量分别为52.40%、38.8%.经酸降解、薄层层析、气相色谱-质谱分析,证明其单糖组成均为木糖、岩藻糖、半乳糖、果糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖.其中岩藻糖含量最高.多糖DEⅠ、DEⅡ对P388肿瘤具有抑制活性.     

围氏马尾藻的营养化学成分及评价

探寻围氏马尾藻的主要营养成分和多糖成分,为其开发利用提供理论基础。运用营养分析方法分析表明围氏马尾藻的矿质元素含量丰富,粗脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物分别为其干重的1.44%、11.78%和41.61%,总氨基酸的含量为6.63 g/100 g,必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的45%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值是0.81,第一限制氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,第二限制氨基酸为赖氨酸,必需氨基酸指数为96,维生素B2和β-胡萝卜素分别为102μg/100 g和11.4μg/100 g。热水回流法提取围氏马尾藻多糖,脱蛋白后经醇沉及有机溶剂洗涤得到精制多糖,红外光谱分析显示多糖含有糖醛酸和硫酸酯基。综上,围氏马尾藻具有较高的营养价值,是一种高蛋白、低脂肪且富含矿物质和硫酸酯多糖的大型经济海藻,具有较大的开发潜力和市场前景。     

基于孢子粘附功能的大型海藻生态修复技术研究

为实现大型海藻人工移植高效、节约和可持续性,研究基于大型海藻孢子的粘附特性,于2020年4月,初选了几种食品添加剂作为粘附剂,与铜藻(Sargassum horneri)孢子混合后,通过室内外涂覆实验观察孢子附着、萌发和生长情况,筛选出最优的粘附剂,并通过铜藻孢子低温保存实验研究解决延长海藻人工移植周期问题.结果表明:...     

Inhibition of Taq DNA polymerase by seaweed extracts from British Columbia, Canada and Korea

Fifty-nine species of marine macrophytes from the coasts of British Columbia, Canada and Korea have been screened for the presence of PCR inhibitors, namely inhibitors of Taq DNA polymerase. Eleven of the species displayed some inhibitor activity. At the concentration of 5 μg of methanol extract in 25μL reaction mixture of PCR containing 1.5 unit of Taq DNA polymerase, one (Ulva sp.) of 8 Chlorophyta, eight (Colpomenia bullosa, Ecklonia cava, Endarachne binghamiae, Fucus distichus, Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum confusum, Sargassum sagamianum, and Sargassum thunbergii) of 28 Phaeophyta, and one (Symphyocladia latiuscula) of 34 Rhodophyta showed inhibition in PCR amplification. In the case of the water extract, two (Cladophora columbiana, Ulva sp.) Chlorophyta, seven (Endarachne binghamiae, Fucus distichus, Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum confusum, Sargassum sagamianum, Sargassum horneri, Scytosiphon dotyi) Phaeophyta, no Rhodophyta and one (Phyllospadix scouleri) seagrass showed inhibition in PCR amplification. the methanol fraction of Sargassum confusum and the water fraction of Fucus gardneri (mid–intertidal) have been found to inhibit PCR at level as low as 0.5 μg in 25μL of PCR reaction mixture. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

底栖铜藻和漂浮铜藻生长与光合生理的比较

铜藻是构成"金潮"的关键种.为了探索"金潮"的爆发原因,采集同一位点的底栖和漂浮铜藻,在温度15℃、光照强度5000 lx条件下,经过7天培养后,比较了两类铜藻生长速率和各组织部位(新生叶、老叶、气囊、枝干)生长以及光合生理的差异.结果表明:漂浮铜藻的生长速率(RGR)为8.25％? d-1,而底栖铜藻的RGR仅为5....     

不同干燥方式、存储温度对羊栖菜中岩藻黄素稳定性的影响

为探究不同干燥方式、不同存储温度和存储时间对羊栖菜中岩藻黄素稳定性的影响,本研究考察了三种不同干燥方式,包括自然阴干、低温烘干和冷冻干燥,对羊栖菜中岩藻黄素稳定性的影响。结果表明采用冷冻干燥所得羊栖菜,含水量低,岩藻黄素含量高,达到699.2μg/g,岩藻黄素保留率为94.7%,远高于自然阴干及低温烘干。因此,冷冻干燥是最佳干燥方法。考察了四个不同温度(-20、4、25、30℃)存储对冻干羊栖菜中岩藻黄素稳定性的影响,结果表明随着存储温度的升高,岩藻黄素的降解率明显增高,因此,-20℃为最佳储存温度。     

Anticoagulant activity of marine green and brown algae collected from Jeju Island in Korea

Twenty-two algal species were evaluated for their potential anticoagulant activities. Hot water extracts from selected species, Codium fragile and Sargassum horneri showed high activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Ultraflo extract of C. fragile and S. horneri exhibited the most potent anticoagulant activity. Furthermore, in both algal species, active compounds were mainly concentrated in >30kDa faction. The crude polysaccharide fraction (>30kDa; CpoF) of C. fragile composed of approximately 80% carbohydrate and approximately 19% of protein; the crude polysaccharide fraction (>30kDa; CpoF) of S. horneri was composed of 97% of carbohydrate and approximately 2% of protein. Therefore, most probably the active compound, or compounds of the algal species were related to high molecular weight polysaccharide, or a complex form with carbohydrate and protein (proteoglycan).     

Sugar constituents of fucose-containing polysaccharides from various Japanese brown algae

Sugar constituents of the fucose-containing polysaccharides (FCPs) from 21 species of brown algae were analyzed. FCPs were extracted with hot water (100 °C, 4 h), separated by precipitation with 20% (v:v) ethanol in the presence of 0.05 M MgCl₂ to remove contaminating soluble alginate, and purified by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. The samples were hydrolyzed with HCI, and neutral sugar and uronic acid were separated by anion exchange chromatography. Their amounts were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The neutral sugars in the FCPs from Ishige okamurae, Laminaria ochotensis, Myelophycus simplex, Padina arborescens and Sargassum thunbergii all contained arabinose, fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose and xylose residues. The FCPs from Ishige okamurae, Padina arborescens, Sargassum hemiphyllum, S. patents and S. sagamianum contained the four uronic acids, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, guluronic acid and mannuronic acid.     

The interaction between diet and density in influencing reproductive output in the echinoid Evechinuschloroticus (Val.)

The effects of diet, density, and sex on the reproductive output and survival of Evechinus chloroticus (Val.) have been investigated by means of a field experiment. Densities used ranged between 2 and 20 per 0.5-m² cage. The urchins were given single species diets of Ecklonia radiata (C.Ag.) J.Ag., Carpophyllummaschalocarpum (Turn.) Grev., C. angustifolium J.Ag., and coralline algae. Diet and density interacted in influencing both the size of gonads and their histological condition. At low density those individuals fed Ecklonia had significantly larger gonads than did those fed less preferred algae. This effect disappeared at higher density and was contrasted with the relative constancy in size of gonad with increasing density for those animals fed other diets. Gonad volume was a useful predictor of reproductive output. In both winter and spring the size of gonad closely reflected differences in the representation of gametocytes within the gonad. The sex of individuals did not significantly affect the size of gonad; the low power of tests for this effect were, however, noted. The results presented are similar to those given in other studies of this nature. Difficulties in extrapolating these results to natural situations have been discussed and it is argued that knowledge that individual Evechinus display preferences among species of algae is of little use in predicting the field diet of this species.     

Ecological studies on the community of drifting seaweeds in the south-eastern coastal waters of Izu Peninsula, central Japan. II: Seasonal changes in plants showing maximum stipe length in drifting seaweed communities

The authors examined seasonal patterns in 20 sargas‐saceous species (maximum stipe length of ≥45 cm) from 902 patches of drifting seaweeds in the southeastern coastal waters of the Izu Peninsula, central Japan, between spring and autumn, 1991–1993. The first analysis, dealing with plants occurring for three consecutive years, examined the top three ranked species determined from monthly pooled means of frequency of appearance in these 3 years. The second analysis examined not only the top‐ranked species in monthly means in each year, but also the continuity of appearance of species among years. The third analysis was made from dendrogram analysis based on monthly samples from each year. The first and second analyses revealed three seasonally discernible changes. From April to June, dominance shifted from Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh to Sargassum yamamotoi Yoshida with a stable transition; in July, S. yamamotoi, Sargassum macrocarpum C. Agardh, Sargassum crispi‐folium Yamada and Sargassum piluliferum (Turner) C. Agardh appeared consistently in an unstable domination with low frequency of appearance by Sargassum nipponicum Yendo, Sargassum fulvellum (Turner) C. Agardh, S. macrocarpum or S. crispifolium; in August to October, there was a stable shift from S. macrocarpum to Sargassum micracanthum (Kützing) Endlicher and Sargassum ringgoldianum Harvey. In the third analysis, monthly samples from each year were divided into four groups, characterized using the top five ranks. This characterization indicated that the top‐ranked species shifted from S. horneri to S. yamamotoi, to S. macrocarpum and to S. micracanthum with the change of seasons. Because of an overlap in the characteristic species in these three analyses, seven species (S. horneri, S. micracanthum, S. yamamotoi, S. macrocarpum, S. ringgoldianum, S. nipponicum and S. crispifolium) were regarded as dominant species. Results are compared to our previous study and it is suggested that the similarity in the pattern of plant community during seasonal changes over the period from April to June and in July resulted from both stable and unstable changes, respectively, but discrepancies in the pattern of plant community during seasonal change from August to October were the result of differences in the frequency of appearance of S. ringgoldianum and S. macrocarpum in August 1991. These results indicated that the seasonal changes of dominant species in the plant community from April to October in this study area were periodic except in July.     

Dioctyl phthalate,and antibacterial compound from the marine brown alga —Sargassum wightii

Chloroform-methanol (2:1) extracts of the marine brown algaSargassum wightii (Grev.) J. Ag. yielded a compound with antibacterial activity. The compound, purified by silica gel column and preparative thin layer chromatography, was determined as dioctyl phthalate from spectroscopic data.