罗非鱼免疫学研究进展

罗非鱼是我国主要的养殖鱼类之一,近年来频繁爆发的罗非鱼病害给罗非鱼产业造成了巨大的经济损失。鉴于免疫防治技术在水环境保护、食品安全等方面的优势,探讨鱼体免疫系统特性和免疫应答机制逐渐成为学术界的热点。就罗非鱼的非特异性免疫、体液免疫和细胞免疫等方面的研究成果作一综述,旨在为今后深入研究罗非鱼病害的免疫防治技术提供一些可行的思路和有效的依据。     

鼠疫F1抗原和V抗原双组分候选疫苗的免疫学评价

目的通过由提取的鼠疫F1抗原和重组鼠疫V(rV)抗原组成的鼠疫候选疫苗免疫豚鼠,对其免疫效果进行评价。方法将豚鼠随机分成5个试验组,在免疫后不同时间点采血进行抗体检测、MTT法淋巴细胞增殖试验以及皮肤迟发型超敏反应(DTH)检测。结果抗体检测结果显示,双组分鼠疫候选疫苗能诱导较强的体液免疫应答;MTT细胞增殖结果显示,脾脏淋巴细胞特异性增殖不明显;中剂量组、高剂量组针对F1和rV抗原DTH阳转率均为100%。结论双组分鼠疫候选疫苗能诱导豚鼠体液免疫和细胞免疫应答,该疫苗有希望成为我国新一代鼠疫疫苗。     

人巨细胞病毒调控免疫逃逸相关基因的功能及其机制研究

人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）是一个广泛传播的机会致病原,也是不断利用和操控机体免疫系统致慢性持续性病毒感染的典型代表。在病毒与宿主共同漫长进化过程中,HCMV产生了许多逃避宿主免疫系统识别的机制,其基因组编码了大量产物,通过抑制自然杀伤细胞和树突细胞功能,下调被感染细胞表面主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类分子表达以减少病毒抗原呈递,损伤IgG介导的体液免疫,调节多种趋化因子和细胞因子的作用,从而控制宿主天然免疫应答和适应性免疫应答的核心功能。本文就HCMV的免疫逃避机制进行综述,探讨病毒与宿主相互作用的发生、发展与结局。     

五步蛇毒对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 探索五步蛇毒对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响.方法 将KM小鼠随机分为5组,分别为空白组、五步蛇毒安全范围内低剂量组(30 mg/kg)、五步蛇毒安全范围内中剂量组(60 mg/kg)、五步蛇毒安全范围内高剂量组(120 mg/kg)(以下简称五步蛇毒低、中、高剂量组)以及西洋参组(30 mg/kg),每组10只.各组小...     

An evolutionary perspective on the systems of adaptive immunity

We propose an evolutionary perspective to classify and characterize the diverse systems of adaptive immunity that have been discovered across all major domains of life. We put forward a new function‐based classification according to the way information is acquired by the immune systems: Darwinian immunity (currently known from, but not necessarily limited to, vertebrates) relies on the Darwinian process of clonal selection to ‘learn’ by cumulative trial‐and‐error feedback; Lamarckian immunity uses templated targeting (guided adaptation) to internalize heritable information on potential threats; finally, shotgun immunity operates through somatic mechanisms of variable targeting without feedback. We argue that the origin of Darwinian (but not Lamarckian or shotgun) immunity represents a radical innovation in the evolution of individuality and complexity, and propose to add it to the list of major evolutionary transitions. While transitions to higher‐level units entail the suppression of selection at lower levels, Darwinian immunity re‐opens cell‐level selection within the multicellular organism, under the control of mechanisms that direct, rather than suppress, cell‐level evolution for the benefit of the individual. From a conceptual point of view, the origin of Darwinian immunity can be regarded as the most radical transition in the history of life, in which evolution by natural selection has literally re‐invented itself. Furthermore, the combination of clonal selection and somatic receptor diversity enabled a transition from limited to practically unlimited capacity to store information about the antigenic environment. The origin of Darwinian immunity therefore comprises both a transition in individuality and the emergence of a new information system – the two hallmarks of major evolutionary transitions. Finally, we present an evolutionary scenario for the origin of Darwinian immunity in vertebrates. We propose a revival of the concept of the ‘Big Bang’ of vertebrate immunity, arguing that its origin involved a ‘difficult’ (i.e. low‐probability) evolutionary transition that might have occurred only once, in a common ancestor of all vertebrates. In contrast to the original concept, we argue that the limiting innovation was not the generation of somatic diversity, but the regulatory circuitry needed for the safe operation of amplifiable immune responses with somatically acquired targeting. Regulatory complexity increased abruptly by genomic duplications at the root of the vertebrate lineage, creating a rare opportunity to establish such circuitry. We discuss the selection forces that might have acted at the origin of the transition, and in the subsequent stepwise evolution leading to the modern immune systems of extant vertebrates.     

泛素化修饰与植物免疫应答

植物暴露在细菌、病毒和真菌等病原微生物环境中,病虫害是限制农作物产量和品质的主要因素,而植物病虫害的防治依赖于对植物抗病机制的深入认识。近年来的研究表明,蛋白质泛素化广泛地参与植物防御调节。蛋白质泛素化是真核生物中重要的翻译后修饰方式之一,在植物中,泛素化修饰在多种信号传导途径中发挥作用,如激素、光、糖应答,发育调节和病原菌防御信号途径等。综述了蛋白质泛素化修饰在植物免疫应答中的调控作用。     

Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age

This article reviews the development of the immune response through neonatal, infant and adult life, including pregnancy, ending with the decline in old age. A picture emerges of a child born with an immature, innate and adaptive immune system, which matures and acquires memory as he or she grows. It then goes into decline in old age. These changes are considered alongside the risks of different types of infection, autoimmune disease and malignancy.     

Thematic review series: the immune system and atherogenesis. Immune function in atherogenesis

In this overview to a new thematic series on the immune system and atherogenesis, I provide a very brief summary of current conceptions of atherogenesis, of the innate and adaptive immune systems, and of the participation of the latter in atherogenesis, with particular emphasis on studies of the involvement of the immune system in atherosclerosis reported in the last 2 years. This is followed by a short outline of the eight reviews that will make up this thematic series. The overview is concluded with some caveats that should be considered in the analysis of atherosclerosis in experimental animals.     

植物与病原菌互作的分子机制研究进展

植物的先天免疫主要包括模式识别受体对保守的微生物病原相关分子模式的识别和抗病蛋白对效应蛋白的识别。植物与病原体互作过程中存在广泛的信号交流,信号分子在植物与病原体的互作攻防中发挥了重要的调控作用,决定了二者的竞争关系。当前,大量植物与病原体互作中的信号分子被定位和克隆,其作用方式被揭示。本文总结了这些信号分子及其在植物免疫过程中的作用机制,主要包括植物细胞表面的模式识别受体分子对病原相关分子模式的识别与应答,植物抗病蛋白对病原体效应蛋白的识别与应答,以及免疫反应下游相关信号分子及其在植物抗病中的作用。此外,本文对未来相关研究提出了展望。     

凝结芽胞杆菌对免疫功能影响的实验研究

目的 研究凝结芽胞杆菌（TQ33）对实验动物免疫功能模型的影响。方法 以鸡红细胞混悬液对小鼠腹腔注射,观察TQ33对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响;制备绵羊红细胞（SRBC）,观察血球凝集程度,测定血清溶血素;以靶细胞（YAC-1细胞）与脾细胞（效应细胞）的反应检测TQ33。对小鼠NK细胞活性的影响;采用淋巴细胞转化法观察TQ33对细胞免疫的影响;计算小鼠胸腺／体重及脾脏／体重为脏器系数观察TQ33对小鼠脏器的影响。结果 与对照组比较,TQ33显著增加小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能;对小鼠体液免疫功能有一定的增强作用;可增强小鼠NK细胞活性;对ConA诱导下的小鼠淋巴细胞转化有增强作用;对脏器系数没有显著的影响。结论 凝结芽胞杆菌具有明显的免疫调节作用,预示有良好的应用前景。     

Transfer of antibody activity from immunized mother to embryo in tilapias

Antibody activity specific to antigens (PSA, DSA and BGG) which served for immunization of mothers could be measured in extracts of 0-9-day-old embryos spawned by these mothers, using a modified ELISA. The level of antibody activity in embryos varied according to the interval of time between mother immunization and spawning. This activity peaked between 14 and 37 days post-immunization, then it underwent a significant gradual decrease. The activity of the extract was found to be specific only to the antigen which served for the mother immunization and could be adsorbed only by these antigens. The need of mother immunization against selected pathogens for the prevention of larvae and fry mortality is discussed.     

Antibacterial activity in the coelomic fluid of a marine annelid, Glycera dibranchiata

The coelomic fluid of the polychaete Glycera dibranchiata contained a naturally occurring antibacterial factor, probably serving as part of the organism's defense against bacterial infection. This factor was active against several Gram-negative bacteria, including Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and certain Escherichia coli strains. Quantitative methods to measure this activity were developed. This permitted study of some of its fundamental properties such as dose response, kinetics, and temperature sensitivity. Preliminary data suggested that the antibacterial factor was a heat-labile protein, unrelated to lysozyme. This factor differed from previously described bacteriolytic substances of invertebrate origin and may represent a new type of antimicrobial protein.     

Determinants of immunity to murine salmonellosis: studies involving immunization with lipopolysaccharide-lipid A-associated protein complexes in C3H/HeJ mice

Abstract We have earlier demonstrated that the C3H/HeJ Salmonella hypersusceptible mouse can be protected against infection with this organism by prior immunization with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-lipid A-associated protein (LAP) complexes, but not with LPS alone. In the current studies, protection has been shown to correlate with the induction of LPS-specific antibody in immunized mice. LPS was demonstrated to be a relevant target antigen for Salmonella immunity since C3H/HeJ mice were afforded higher survival rates when they were challenged with Salmonella that shared the same LPS O-antigen as the vaccine. Although low levels of LPS-specific antibody can be detected 14 days after immunization with LAP-LPS, significant antibody is present only after 21–28 days. In addition, anti-LAP specific antibodies can be detected after 14 days of immunization with LAP-LPS. Adoptive transfer of either day 28 anti-LAP-LPS immune serum or day 28 LAP-LPS immune splenocytes alone to naive recipients affords mice minimal, if any, survival against lethal S. typhimurium LT2 challenge. In contrast, transfer of day 28 anti-LAP-LPS immune serum and day 28 LAP-LPS immune splenocytes together is able to transfer Salmonella immunity to naive C3H/HeJ mice. Further, equivalent transfer of only day 28 anti-LAP-LPS immune serum to C3H/HeJ mice immunized 7 days previously with LAP-LPS provides protection similar to that found in mice adoptively transferred with immune cells and serum. These results suggest that a host cellular factor or factors responsive to LAP-LPS, in addition to day 28 anti-LAP-LPS immune serum, may contribute to the protection afforded C3H/HeJ mice following immunization with LAP-LPS.     

Prolonged humoral and cellular immunity in COVID-19-recovered patients

By the beginning of 2021, the battle against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains ongoing. Investigating the adaptive immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, in patients who have recovered from this disease could contribute to our understanding of the natural host immune response. We enrolled 38 participants in this study. 7 healthy participants and 31 COVID-19 patients who had recovered from COVID-19 and categorized them into 3 groups according to their previous clinical presentations: 10 moderate, 9 mild, and 12 asymptomatic. Flow cytometry analysis of peripheral lymphocyte counts in recovered patients showed significantly increased levels of CD4⁺ T cells in patients with a history of mild and moderate COVID-19 symptoms compared with those healthy individuals (p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001 respectively). whereas no significant difference was observed in the CD8⁺ T cell percentage in COVID-19-recovered patients compared with healthy individuals. Our study demonstrated that antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (anti-S) IgG antibody production could be observed in all recovered COVID-19 patients, regardless of whether they were asymptomatic (p < 0.05)or presented with mild (p < 0.0001) or moderate symptoms (p < 0.01). Anti-S IgG antibodies could be detected in participants up to 90 days post-infection. In conclusion, the lymphocyte levels in recovered patients were associated with the clinical presentation of the disease, and further analysis is required to investigate relationships between different clinical presentations and lymphocyte activation and function.     

Social immunity and the evolution of group living in insects

The evolution of group living requires that individuals limit the inherent risks of parasite infection. To this end, group living insects have developed a unique capability of mounting collective anti-parasite defences, such as allogrooming and corpse removal from the nest. Over the last 20 years, this phenomenon (called social immunity) was mostly studied in eusocial insects, with results emphasizing its importance in derived social systems. However, the role of social immunity in the early evolution of group living remains unclear. Here, I investigate this topic by first presenting the definitions of social immunity and discussing their applications across social systems. I then provide an up-to-date appraisal of the collective and individual mechanisms of social immunity described in eusocial insects and show that they have counterparts in non-eusocial species and even solitary species. Finally, I review evidence demonstrating that the increased risks of parasite infection in group living species may both decrease and increase the level of personal immunity, and discuss how the expression of social immunity could drive these opposite effects. By highlighting similarities and differences of social immunity across social systems, this review emphasizes the potential importance of this phenomenon in the early evolution of the multiple forms of group living in insects.     

Characterization of serum complement activity of saltwater (Crocodylus porosus) and freshwater (Crocodylus johnstoni) crocodiles

We employed a spectroscopic assay, based on the hemolysis of sheep red blood cells (SRBCs), to assess the innate immune function of saltwater and freshwater crocodiles in vitro. Incubation of serum from freshwater and saltwater crocodiles with SRBCs resulted in concentration-dependent increases in SRBC hemolysis. The hemolytic activity occurred rapidly, with detectable activity within 2 min and maximum activity at 20 min. These activities, in both crocodilian species, were heat sensitive, unaffected by 20 mM methylamine, and completely inhibited by low concentrations of EDTA, suggesting that the alternative serum complement cascade is responsible for the observed effects. The hemolytic activities of the sera were inhibited by other chelators of divalent metal ions, such as phosphate and citrate. The inhibition of SRBC hemolysis by EDTA could be completely restored by the addition of 10 mM Ca2+ or Mg2+, but not Ba2+, Cu2+ or Fe2+, indicating specificity for these metal ions. The serum complement activities of both crocodilians were temperature-dependent, with peak activities occurring at 25-30 degrees C and reduced activities below 25 degrees C and above 35 degrees C.     

Protection against SIV infection in macaques by immunization with inactivated virus from the BK28 molecular clone, but not with BK28-derived recombinant env and gag proteins.

Vaccination of cynomolgus macaques with beta-propiolactone inactivated SIVmacBK28 in Freund's adjuvant induced low but detectable levels of anti-SIV envelope (env) antibodies and T-cell responses and protected against challenge with the 32H isolate of SIVmac251 grown in C8166 cells. In contrast, purified recombinant SIV env and gag proteins derived from BK28 formulated in Syntex adjuvant generated consistent and long-lived cellular and humoral immune responses to SIV env, but failed to protect against infection with the 32H virus. Thus, protection against a heterogeneous challenge stock is possible by immunization with a molecularly-cloned virus, but not with recombinant proteins from the same molecular origin. High levels of anti-cell antibodies induced by the whole virus vaccine, but not by recombinant proteins, may have contributed to the protection observed.