改良CTAB法提取番石榴叶片总DNA

目的:从番石榴叶片中快速提取高质量的总DNA。方法:改良CTAB法。主要改进之处在于不用液氮,而是直接研磨硅胶干燥样品;用高浓度CTAB、低浓度乙醇与NaCl盐析相结合等方法去除多糖。结果:应用改良后的方法可以快速提取番石榴叶片总DNA,有效去除组织中的多糖、蛋白质,抑制提取过程中的组织褐变。提取的DNA可用于限制性内切酶酶切和PCR扩增。结论:传统CTAB法经过改良,可用于快速提取番石榴高质量DNA。     

松科植物基因组总DNA提取方法的比较

目的:研究对比了用不同方法提取红松、樟子松和红皮云杉等3种松科植物叶片基因组DNA的效果,以寻找适合提取松科植物叶片基因组DNA的方法。方法:分别比较了用传统的CTAB法、SDS法以及3种改良的CTAB法提取的上述3种松科植物叶片基因组DNA的电泳、纯度和酶切效果。结果:采用不同方法提取的3种松科植物叶片基因组DNA的质量差异较大。结论:常规CTAB法和SDS法无法提取出高质量松科植物基因组DNA,而改良后的CTAB法的提取效果较好。     

高盐沉淀CTAB法提取温室菊花基因组DNA

根据温室菊花植物组织富含多酚、多糖的具体特性,对CTAB法加以改进:在待沉淀液中加入1/2体积5 mol·L～NaCI.改进后的方法获得的DNA质量良好,电泳条带清晰,提取过程无明显的DNA降解,基本上排除了多酚物质的干扰.以提取的DNA为模板,用一对引物扩增菊花中18S基因,得到条带单一,大小与已知一致,说明获得的DNA可以进行PCR扩增,EcoR I 酶切基因组DNA图谱表明,提取的DNA能被限制性内切酶完全酶切,可以满足相关的分子生物学研究.     

三种樟科植物的细胞总DNA提取

为了从富含次生代谢物的樟科植物肉桂、锡兰肉桂、阴香中获得高质量DNA ,研究和改进了CTAB法、高盐低pH法和尿素法。改进方法包括 :1)在裂解液中加入 2 % β -巯基乙醇和 5 %PVP ,以防止氧化褐变的发生 ;2 )在酚 :氯仿抽提前加入 1 5mol L醋酸铵冰浴处理 ,能降低DNA的黏性。所得DNA的质量和产量经电泳、紫外吸收A2 60 A2 80 、PCR扩增和限制性内切酶酶切检测 ,结果表明改进法提取的DNA质量要比常规法的好。其中改进的CTAB法获得的DNA纯度最高 ,能用于PCR扩增和限制性内切酶酶切 ,是提取这 3种樟科植物总DNA的最佳方法。     

枝干树皮宏基因组DNA的提取

旨在得到一种适用于提取多种枝干树皮的高质量DNA的方法。参考前人提取植物DNA的经验,综合了研磨时加PVP、缓冲液洗涤、SDS与CTAB结合使用、高浓度KAc低温冻融、高浓度Na Cl条件下异丙醇沉淀、DNA完全溶解后加微量RNase A处理等操作,所得5种基因组DNA浓度介于190-970 ng/μL,纯度都很高,皆能被限制性内切酶切割,都可用作模板扩增到细菌16S r RNA基因片段,以苹果树皮DNA为模板扩增到苹果BIP和PDI基因且苹果树皮基因组DNA经测序公司检测,质量满足高通量测序法研究微生物多样性对环境宏基因组的要求。     

漠黄梅共生菌藻宏基因组文库的构建

为了从耐旱地衣漠黄梅的共生菌藻基因组中筛选功能基因,并为蛋白质类药物的基因筛选提供平台,采用改进的CTAB方法提取其总DNA,用Sau3AⅠ限制性内切酶部分酶切基因组DNA,以质粒pUC19为载体,转入大肠杆菌DH5α中,构建了漠黄梅共生菌藻的宏基因组文库。该文库包含了4.8×105个重组子,插入片段的平均大小为4kb,覆盖漠黄梅菌藻的整个基因组4次。     

降香黄檀基因组DNA的提取方法研究

目的：建立适合降香黄檀基因组DNA的提取方法。方法：采用常规SDS法、常规CTAB法和改良CTAB法等3种方法提取降香黄檀叶片基因组DNA,经电泳、吸光度、酶切检测比较提取结果;对采用改良CTAB法提取的基因组DNA进行ISSR-PCR检测。结果：改良CTAB法通过增加洗涤样品步骤,有效去除了多糖和多酚类物质,提取的DNA质量好,无降解现象,无蛋白质、盐离子及RNA污染。结论：改良CTAB法是一种高效的提取方法,使用该方法所得DNA的质量完全能够满足相应的分子操作需要。     

梨不同DNA提取方法的效果研究

以7个梨品种为实验材料,比较分析了SDS法、CTAB法、SDSCTAB法、改良的CTAB法、高盐低pH值法、分步离心法对梨总DNA提取的效果。结果表明:利用以上6种方法提取的梨总DNA在纯度和量上有很大的差别。所得到的平均DNA量从大到小依次为:分步离心法、SDS法、SDSCTAB法、改良的CTAB法、CTAB法、高盐低pH值法。DNA提取纯度依次为分步离心法、SDSCTAB法、改良的CTAB法、高盐低pH值法、CTAB法、SDS法。RAPD和自交不亲和基因(S基因)特异性引物扩增实验结果都比较理想,但分步离心法和SDSCTAB法提取的DNA双酶切效果较好。分步离心法提取的梨总DNA更适用于后续的分子生物学实验操作。     

四季桔试管苗基因组DNA微量提取方法

本试验以四季桔试管苗为试材,进行基因组DNA微量、快速提取方法的研究。结果表明:采用改良CTAB法,仅需20mg样品、2.5h就能获得高纯度、高质量的DNA,这是目前木本植物样品量最小的DNA提取方法;提取的DNA能直接被限制性内切酶BamHⅠ酶切,也能进行PCR扩增,可用于进一步的分子生物学研究。     

大青杨基因组DNA提取方法的比较

本研究采用改良SDS法、常规CTAB法和改良CTAB法(1.5×CTAB,2×CTAB,3×CTAB)提取大青杨基因组DNA,并用紫外光普分析、凝胶电泳、限制性内切酶消化和RAPD方法进行鉴定.结果表明:5种方法中,改良SDS法DNA提取率最高,但CTAB法比改良SDS法提取获得的DNA纯度高,OD260/OD280为1.73～1.81.与常规CTAB法比较,改良SDS法和改良CTAB法能有效去除蛋白、多糖、酚类及次生代谢物质.综合分析确定改良2×CTAB法为大青杨基因组DNA的最佳提取方法.     

Capping DNA with DNA

Twelve classes of deoxyribozymes that promote an ATP-dependent "self-capping" reaction were isolated by in vitro selection from a random-sequence pool of DNA. Each deoxyribozyme catalyzes the transfer of the AMP moiety of ATP to its 5'-terminal phosphate group, thereby forming a 5',5'-pyrophosphate linkage. An identical DNA adenylate structure is generated by the T4 DNA ligase during enzymatic DNA ligation. A 41-nucleotide class 1 deoxyribozyme requires Cu(2+) as a cofactor and adopts a structure that recognizes both the adenine and triphosphate moieties of ATP or dATP. The catalytic efficiency for this DNA, measured at 10(4) M(-1) x min(-1) using either ATP or dATP as substrate, is similar to other catalytic nucleic acids that use small substrates. Chemical probing and site-directed mutagenesis implicate the formation of guanine quartets as critical components of the active structure. The observation of ATP-dependent "self-charging" by DNA suggests that DNA could be made to perform the reactions typically associated with DNA cloning, but without the assistance of protein enzymes.     

Eukaryotic DNA polymerases in DNA replication and DNA repair

DNA polymerases carry out a large variety of synthetic transactions during DNA replication, DNA recombination and DNA repair. Substrates for DNA polymerases vary from single nucleotide gaps to kilobase size gaps and from relatively simple gapped structures to complex replication forks in which two strands need to be replicated simultaneously. Consequently, one would expect the cell to have developed a well-defined set of DNA polymerases with each one uniquely adapted for a specific pathway. And to some degree this turns out to be the case. However, in addition we seem to find a large degree of cross-functionality of DNA polymerases in these different pathways. DNA polymerase α is almost exclusively required for the initiation of DNA replication and the priming of Okazaki fragments during elongation. In most organisms no specific repair role beyond that of checkpoint control has been assigned to this enzyme. DNA polymerase δ functions as a dimer and, therefore, may be responsible for both leading and lagging strand DNA replication. In addition, this enzyme is required for mismatch repair and, together with DNA polymerase ζ, for mutagenesis. The function of DNA polymerase ɛ in DNA replication may be restricted to that of Okazaki fragment maturation. In contrast, either polymerase δ or ɛ suffices for the repair of UV-induced damage. The role of DNA polymerase β in base-excision repair is well established for mammalian systems, but in yeast, DNA polymerase δ appears to fullfill that function. Received: 20 April 1998 / Accepted: 8 May 1998     

DNA supercoiling by DNA gyrase

Using purified DNA gyrase to supercoil circular plasmid pBR322 DNA, we examined how the linking number attained at the steady state (‘static head’) varies with the concentrations of ATP and ADP, both in the absence and presence of spermidine. In the absence of spermidine at total adenine nucleotide concentrations between 0.35 and 1.4 mM, the static-head linking number was independent of the sum concentration of ATP and ADP, but depended strongly on the ratio of their concentrations. We established that the same linking number was attained independent of the direction from which the steady state was approached. The decrease in linking number at static head is more extensive when spermidine is present in the incubation, but remains a function of the [ATP]-to-[ADP] ratio. These results are discussed in terms of various kinetic schemes for DNA gyrase. We present one kinetic scheme that accounts for the experimental observations. According to this scheme our experimental results imply that there is significant slip in DNA gyrase when spermidine is absent. It is possible that spermidine acts through adjustment of the degree of coupling of DNA gyrase.     

DNA topoisomerases and DNA repair

DNA topoisomerases are enzymes that can modify, and may regulate, the topological state of DNA through concerted breaking and rejoining of the DNA strands. They have been believed to be directly involved in DNA excision repair, and perhaps to be required for the control of repair as well. The vicissitudes of this hypothesis provide a noteworthy example of the dangers of interpreting cellular phenomena without genetic information and vice versa.     

DNA knots and DNA supercoiling

Comment on: Witz G, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108:3608-11.     

DNA supercoiling inhibits DNA knotting

Despite the fact that in living cells DNA molecules are long and highly crowded, they are rarely knotted. DNA knotting interferes with the normal functioning of the DNA and, therefore, molecular mechanisms evolved that maintain the knotting and catenation level below that which would be achieved if the DNA segments could pass randomly through each other. Biochemical experiments with torsionally relaxed DNA demonstrated earlier that type II DNA topoisomerases that permit inter- and intramolecular passages between segments of DNA molecules use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to select passages that lead to unknotting rather than to the formation of knots. Using numerical simulations, we identify here another mechanism by which topoisomerases can keep the knotting level low. We observe that DNA supercoiling, such as found in bacterial cells, creates a situation where intramolecular passages leading to knotting are opposed by the free-energy change connected to transitions from unknotted to knotted circular DNA molecules.     

DNA杂交与DNA指纹技术

Southern印迹杂交和DNA指纹技术在分子生物学研究以及疾病的诊断、亲缘关系鉴定、犯罪分子确认等过程中发挥了重要作用。回顾了2种技术的发明、发展历程和在生命科学研究中的作用,并探讨了可能的发展方向,从中可以从一个侧面了解分子生物学的发展历程和体会科学家的智慧在科学技术发展中所起的重要作用。     

Active DNA demethylation and DNA repair

DNA methylation on cytosine is an epigenetic modification and is essential for gene regulation and genome stability in vertebrates. Traditionally DNA methylation was considered as the most stable of all heritable epigenetic marks. However, it has become clear that DNA methylation is reversible by enzymatic “active” DNA demethylation, with examples in plant cells, animal development and immune cells. It emerges that “pruning” of methylated cytosines by active DNA demethylation is an important determinant for the DNA methylation signature of a cell. Work in plants and animals shows that demethylation occurs by base excision and nucleotide excision repair. Far from merely protecting genomic integrity from environmental insult, DNA repair is therefore at the heart of an epigenetic activation process.