Comparison of fungal complexes of Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Jay, 1856) from different areas in the Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan

Mycological investigation of the Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Jay) (Bivalvia) from different areas of the Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan) was conducted. Isolates from internal organs of M. yessoensis scallop comprise 72 species of filamentous fungi from 30 genera of ascomycetes, anamorphic fungi, and zygomycetes. Species richness of filamentous fungi—fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Chaetomium—in the internal organs of bivalve mollusks increases in polluted coastal waters.     

全国首届虫生真菌学术讨论会在公主岭召开

<正> 由中国植物学会真菌学会筹办的全国首届虫生真菌学术讨论会于1987年8月26—29日在吉林省公主岭市召开,来自全国17个省、市、自治区的科研、教学和有关业务部门的50名代表参加了会议。会议共收到论文51篇,有38人作大会发言,广泛讨论了各主要虫生真菌类群,内容涉及到真菌形态分类、生态、生理、遗传,昆虫病理,农林病虫害的生物防治及药用真菌等领域。我国虫生真菌的研究和应用自70年代以来有了较大的进展,在世界上有一定影响。虫生真菌作为农林生态系的重要组成部分及生物防治的重要材料,对我国的农林业生产起了积极作用。在当前环境及生态问题日益突出的形势下,加强虫生真菌的研究,不仅对学科发展,而且对于生产建设都有不可忽视的作用。此外,虫草属的一些种还具有重要的药理作用。根据当前国内外虫生真菌研究动向及存在的问题,在利用真菌防治害虫方面,应扩大资源开发,加强流行病学、遗传育种、发酵工艺、剂型和应用途径以及同其它防治手段的相容性研究,使虫生真菌在有     

Ecology and industrial microbiology,Techniques, Web alert

A selection of World Wide Web sites relevant to papers published in this issue of Current Opinion in Microbiology.     

Non-lichenized fungi around kindrogan,Perthshire recorded in 1991

Summary

Two hundred and sixty-eight agarics and boleti and 39 other basidiomycetes (excluding rusts and smuts) were recorded during the Nordic Mycological Congress at Kindrogan Field Centre, Perthshire; a further 290 micro- and lichenized fungi were found. Collections made as far afield as Abernethy, Inverness-shire and Barry Links, Dundee are included. A list is presented of all non-lichenized fungi. Several collections are new records and do not appear in British check-lists.     

Entomopathogenic Fusarium species: a review of their potential for the biological control of insects,implications and prospects

The genus Fusarium is noted for including important plant pathogens and mycotoxin producers. Furthermore, many Fusarium lineages have been reported to be efficient in controlling insects and to exhibit promising characteristics for agricultural pest control such as causing high mortality rates and having fast action and abundant sporulation. In this review we present a survey of peer-reviewed papers published from 2000 to 2019, demonstrating the widespread pathogenicity of Fusarium to insects. This survey was made using search strings in a number of databases. We list the major complexes and species of Fusarium reported as entomopathogenic and highlight the features of interest for insect control as well as the advantages and implications of this practice. Out of a total of forty papers, at least 30 species and 273 isolates of Fusarium were reported as pathogenic to at least one species of insect. Ten complexes of Fusarium species harbor entomopathogenic fungi, of which F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. fujikuroi, F. oxysporum and F. solani (= Neocosmospora solani) species complexes represented the most abundant number of entomopathogenic strains. The entomopathogenic interactions of these fungi have received greater attention in recent years, but much remains to be explored, especially regarding the specificity of these fungi for the host insect, the production of undesirable secondary metabolites, and side-effect and safety tests organisms not targets. Detailed investigations in this regard will be crucial if we are to fully exploit the potential of Fusarium for controlling insect pests.     

Interaction,assembly and processing: Biocatalysis and biotransformation

A selection of World Wide Web sites relevant to papers published in this issue of Current Opinion in Chemical Biology.     

The system approach to the identification of aflatoxigenic fungi in foodstuffs and feedstuffs

Aspergillus flavus, A parasiticus, A nomius, A tamarii andA pseudotamarii are important microorganisms capable of producing aflatoxins and further mycotoxins. Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species are morphologically similar species belonging to the Aspergillus section Flavi. The aflatoxigenic fungal strains were isolated from foods (cereals, pulses, oilseeds, dried fruit, spices), soil, air and water. Mycological analyses are based on valid standards and recommendations of the International Commission for Food Mycology (ICFM). The identification of isolated aflatoxigenic fungi in foodstuffs and feedstuffs can be proved by using classical mycological cultivation methods, diagnostic nutrient media, chemotaxonomy and molecular biological methods (PCR). The system approach to the identification of aflatoxigenic fungi combines these four methods. Thirty strains of the aflatoxigenic fungi were tested.     

中国植物学会第二届全国真菌、地衣学术讨论会会议纪要

<正> 第二届全国真菌、地衣学术讨论会于1986年10月28日至11月1日在武汉华中农业大学举行。出席这次学术讨论会的代表、列席代表和特邀代表共160余人,来自全国25省、市、自治区,是我国真菌与地衣学工作者的一次空前盛会。会议由中国植物学会真菌学会主持。会议进行了大会与分组学术报     

Growth Simulation and Discrimination of Botrytis cinerea,Rhizopus stolonifer and Colletotrichum acutatum Using Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging

This research aimed to develop a rapid and nondestructive method to model the growth and discrimination of spoilage fungi, like Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifer and Colletotrichum acutatum, based on hyperspectral imaging system (HIS). A hyperspectral imaging system was used to measure the spectral response of fungi inoculated on potato dextrose agar plates and stored at 28°C and 85% RH. The fungi were analyzed every 12 h over two days during growth, and optimal simulation models were built based on HIS parameters. The results showed that the coefficients of determination (R²) of simulation models for testing datasets were 0.7223 to 0.9914, and the sum square error (SSE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were in a range of 2.03–53.40×10⁻⁴ and 0.011–0.756, respectively. The correlation coefficients between the HIS parameters and colony forming units of fungi were high from 0.887 to 0.957. In addition, fungi species was discriminated by partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLSDA), with the classification accuracy of 97.5% for the test dataset at 36 h. The application of this method in real food has been addressed through the analysis of Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifer and Colletotrichum acutatum inoculated in peaches, demonstrating that the HIS technique was effective for simulation of fungal infection in real food. This paper supplied a new technique and useful information for further study into modeling the growth of fungi and detecting fruit spoilage caused by fungi based on HIS.     

Mycelial carton galleries of Azteca brevis (Formicidae) as a multi-species network

Apart from growing fungi for nutrition, as seen in the New World Attini, ants cultivate fungi for reinforcement of the walls of their nests or tunnel-shaped runway galleries. These fungi are grown on organic material such as bark, epiphylls or trichomes, and form stable ‘carton structures’. In this study, the carton of the runway galleries built by Azteca brevis (Formicidae, Dolichoderinae) on branches of Tetrathylacium macrophyllum (Flacourtiaceae) is investigated. For the first time, molecular tools are used to address the biodiversity and phylogenetic affinities of fungi involved in tropical ant carton architecture, a previously neglected ant–fungus mutualism.The A. brevis carton involves a complex association of several fungi. All the isolated fungi were unequivocally placed within the Chaetothyriales by DNA sequence data. Whereas five types of fungal hyphae were morphologically distinguishable, our DNA data showed that more species are involved, applying a phylogenetic species concept based on DNA phylogenies and hyphal morphology. In contrast to the New World Attini with their many-to-one (different ant species—one fungal cultivar) pattern, and temperate Lasius with a one-to-two (one ant species—two mutualists) or many-to-one (different ant species share the same mutualist) system, the A. brevis–fungi association is a one-to-many multi-species network. Vertical fungus transmission has not yet been found, indicating that the A. brevis–fungi interaction is rather generalized.     

中国野生食用真菌种类及生态习性

我国野生食用真菌种类多,分布广泛,资源丰富。已知657种,132属,41科。其中担子菌620种,占总数的94.4%,子囊菌37种,占5.6%。有过栽培记载和试验或利用菌丝体发酵培养的约80种,32属,18科。目前大量人工栽培的约22种。上述食用真菌按其种数多少主要包括在白蘑科Tricholomataceac,红菇科Russulaceae,牛肝菌科Boletaceae,蘑菇科Agaricaceae,侧耳科Pleurotaceae,珊瑚菌科Clavariaceae,丝膜菌科Cortinariaceae,球盖菇科Strophariaceae,蜡伞科Hygrophoraceae,羊肚菌科Morchellaceae,喇叭菌科Cantharellaceae,齿菌科Hydnaceae,多孔菌科Polyporaceae。依繁殖生长的基物为主,将我国野生食用真菌的生态习性划分为五类。木生菌138种,粪生菌9种,土生菌128种,虫生菌12种,菌根真菌352种。     

Fifty years of mycological studies at the White Sea Biological Station of Moscow State University: Challenges,results, and outlook

This review covers the history of the mycological studies performed at Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Moscow State University (WSBS MSU). The WSBS was established more than 70 years ago; presently, it is one of the main divisions of the university, where numerous educational and research marine programs are fulfilled. Mycological studies have been performed here for more than half a century, focusing on biodiversity and ecology of marine, littoral, and soil fungi and fungi-like protists. Various research projects resulted as a number of scientific publications, diploma (MSc) theses, and dissertations. Presently, WSBS MSU and its vicinity is the northernmost area researching the best in regard to mycobiota. However, a number of blind spots still exist; thus, the future studies in this region should focus on diversity and biology of epiphyte fungi, ecology of fungi and fungi-like protists, and on fungi phylogeny.     

Not as Ubiquitous as We Thought: Taxonomic Crypsis,Hidden Diversity and Cryptic Speciation in the Cosmopolitan Fungus Thelonectria discophora (Nectriaceae,Hypocreales, Ascomycota)

The distribution of microbial species, including fungi, has long been considered cosmopolitan. Recently, this perception has been challenged by molecular studies in historical biogeography, phylogeny and population genetics. Here we explore this issue using the fungal morphological species Thelonectria discophora, one of the most common species of fungi in the family Nectriaceae, encountered in almost all geographic regions and considered as a cosmopolitan taxon. In order to determine if T. discophora is a single cosmopolitan species or an assemblage of sibling species, we conducted various phylogenetic analyses, including standard gene concatenation, Bayesian concordance methods, and coalescent-based species tree reconstruction on isolates collected from a wide geographic range. Results show that diversity among isolates referred as T. discophora is greatly underestimated and that it represents a species complex. Within this complex, sixteen distinct highly supported lineages were recovered, each of which has a restricted geographic distribution and ecology. The taxonomic status of isolates regarded as T. discophora is reconsidered, and the assumed cosmopolitan distribution of this species is rejected. We discuss how assumptions about geographically widespread species have implications regarding their taxonomy, true diversity, biological diversity conservation, and ecological functions.     

Mycobiota of the giant oyster <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crassostrea gigas</Emphasis> (Thunberg, 1787) (Bivalvia) from the Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan

Mycological investigation of the Pacific (giant) oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) (Bivalvia) from the Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan was carried out. The taxonomic composition of filamentous fungi associated with C. gigas was studied. The taxonomic composition of the fungi associated with the giant oyster included 22 species of filamentous fungi of which 17 species were identified. The latter belonged to six genera: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Trichoderma. The distribution of filamentous fungi in the internal organs of the bivalve mollusk was studied.     

Fungal Paronychia. Clinical,Diagnosis and Treatment Aspects

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this study is to recognize and expand the knowledge of mycotic paronychia as a variable clinical condition due to various predisposing factors and multiple fungal organisms.

Recent Findings

Candida-associated mycotic paronychia is common but other non-dermatophyte molds, such as Fusarium, are identified as potential agents of paronychia and onychomycosis.

Summary

Mycotic paronychia is characterized by inflammation of the proximal or lateral nail folds caused by certain fungi. Mycological analysis is necessary to identify the causal agent and prescribe an appropriate treatment. Further studies are needed to know the involved microorganisms in the disease and the pathogenicity factors involved in this localized area of the nail apparatus.

     

Eighty Years of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycopathologia</Emphasis>: A Retrospective Analysis of Progress Made in Understanding Human and Animal Fungal Pathogens

Mycopathologia was founded in 1938 to ‘diffuse the understanding of fungal diseases in man and animals among mycologists.’ This was an important mission considering that pathogenic fungi for humans and animals represent a tiny minority of the estimated 1.5–5 million fungal inhabitants on Earth. These pathogens have diverged from the usual saprotrophic lifestyles of most fungi to colonize and infect humans and animals. Medical and veterinary mycology is the subdiscipline of microbiology that dwells into the mysteries of parasitic, fungal lifestyles. Among the oldest continuing scientific publications on the subject, Mycopathologia had its share of ‘classic papers’ since the first issue was published in 1938. An analysis of the eight decades of notable contributions reveals many facets of host–pathogen interactions among 183 volumes comprising about 6885 articles. We have analyzed the impact and relevance of this body of work using a combination of citation tools (Google Scholar and Scopus) since no single citation metric gives an inclusive perspective. Among the highly cited Mycopathologia publications, those on experimental mycology accounted for the major part of the articles (36%), followed by diagnostic mycology (16%), ecology and epidemiology (15%), clinical mycology (14%), taxonomy and classification (10%), and veterinary mycology (9%). The first classic publication, collecting nearly 200 citations, appeared in 1957, while two articles published in 2010 received nearly 150 citations each, which is notable for a journal covering a highly specialized field of study. An empirical analysis of the publication trends suggests continuing interests in novel diagnostics, fungal pathogenesis, review of clinical diseases especially with relevance to the laboratory scientists, taxonomy and classification of fungal pathogens, fungal infections and carriage in pets and wildlife, and changing ecology and epidemiology of fungal diseases around the globe. We anticipate that emerging and re-emerging fungal pathogens will continue to cause significant health burden in the coming decades. It remains vital that scientists and physicians continue to collaborate by learning each other’s language for the study of fungal diseases, and Mycopathologia will strive to be their partner in this increasingly important endeavor to its 100th anniversary in 2038 and beyond.     

Introduction to the issue of Professor John Webster

<正>This special issue of the Journal of Fungal Research sponsored by Jilin Agricultural University and the Mycological Society of China is dedicated to John Webster,1 9 2 5-2014,one of the stalwarts of mycology over many years.Former colleagues,students and friends have come together with a series of papers which demonstrate the many aspects of mycology John introduced them to over his active and profitable