Bacillus natto TK-1 产脂肽的结构鉴定及其诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡的研究

利用酸沉、醇提和薄层层析等方法从Bacillus natto TK-1发酵液中分离脂肽,经过HPLC、ESI MS和IR分析可知分离物是分子量为1036Da的脂肪酸链上有15个碳的环状脂肽surfactin。细胞增殖抑制实验显示surfactin在体外能抑制肿瘤细胞MCF-7的增殖,并且呈现出浓度和时间依赖关系,其中细胞被处理48 h时的IC50是38.77mg/L。通过HE染色观察和TUNEL实验发现surfactin可诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡,而且这种抑制作用呈现明显的时间依赖性。     

生物表面活性剂Surfactin生产菌株的定向改造策略

表面活性素(Surfactin)是芽胞杆菌属(Bacillussp.)代谢产生的脂肽类生物表面活性剂,是由非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)催化而得的一种次级代谢产物。由于surfactin具有稳定性好、可被降解、表面活性好等理化性质以及抑菌、抗肿瘤等生物活性,在医药、农业、食品、化妆品、石油开采等方面都具有很大的应用潜力。但是,天然菌株产率低、生产成本高等特点限制了surfactin的规模化应用。本文对surfactin的合成机理进行了简要阐述,并针对目前提升surfactin产量和改变结构组分的4种定向改造策略(启动子工程、强化外排分泌、改造NRPS结构域和脂肪酸链合成酶系)进行了综述,最后对surfactin的研究方向进行了展望。     

地衣芽胞杆菌FJAT-4脂肽结构鉴定及其对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用

【目的】地衣芽胞杆菌FJAT-4产生的脂肽能够有效抑制尖孢镰刀菌的生长,本研究的目的在于探究地衣芽胞杆菌FJAT-4脂肽结构,分析培养基组分和培养温度对FJAT-4产抑菌脂肽的影响,阐述脂肽对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用,为菌株抑菌机理的阐释及其在枯萎病防治中的推广应用奠定基础。【方法】通过酸沉醇提法提取地衣芽胞杆菌FJAT-4产生的脂肽;利用液相色谱串联四极杆飞行时间质谱进行地衣芽胞杆菌FJAT-4脂肽组成分析及结构鉴定;以抑菌圈大小为指标评估地衣芽胞杆菌FJAT-4脂肽对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制效果;通过扫描电镜观察地衣芽胞杆菌FJAT-4粗脂肽对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用。【结果】地衣芽胞杆菌FJAT-4产生的抑菌脂肽由C_(17)fengycin A、C_(17)fengycin B、C_(17)fengycin B_2、C_(16)fengycin A衍生物、C_(16)fengycin B衍生物、C_(13)–C_(15)surfactin及C_(13)–C_(15)surfactin衍生物组成,其中C_(13)–C_(15) surfactin衍生物(m/z[M+Na]~+=1048.6/1062.6/1076.6)为新化合物。培养基成分不同对菌株FJAT-4脂肽组成影响较小,但温度对菌株FJAT-4产生抑菌脂肽的影响很大,该菌株在较低温度(20–25°C)下培养不产生脂肽,30–40°C下培养能产生抑菌脂肽,且高温有利于提高脂肽中surfactin的比例。该脂肽类物质对辣椒、番茄、香蕉和甜瓜尖孢镰刀菌等多种植物病原真菌均具有很好的抑制效果,且呈剂量依赖性。扫描电镜结果表明地衣芽胞杆菌FJAT-4所产的脂肽会严重影响辣椒、番茄、香蕉和甜瓜尖孢镰刀菌菌丝的正常生长,导致菌丝断裂变形、孢子变形或显著抑制了孢子的生长。【结论】地衣芽胞杆菌FJAT-4产生的抑菌脂肽为fengycin和surfactin类物质,该抑菌脂肽会致使尖孢镰刀菌菌丝体发育畸形,影响尖孢镰刀菌的正常生长。     

芽孢杆菌几种重要抗菌脂肽研究进展

多种芽孢杆菌为益生菌,能分泌多种天然抗菌活性物质,其中脂肽是重要的一类。目前已鉴定的脂肽约有90多种,多数为环脂肽。脂肽中表面活性素(surfactin)、伊枯草菌素(iturin)、芬原素(fengycin)、杆菌霉素(bacillomycin)、多粘菌素(polymyxins)等是研究最广泛的脂肽。其中surfactin、iturin、fengycin由于其具有表面活性剂特性及抗真菌、抗细菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗炎症等功能,应用潜力巨大。本文对surfactin、iturin及fengycin的结构、功能、合成调控及其分离纯化和生产等方面的研究进展进行了评述。合成生物学是提高脂肽产量的重要手段,未来脂肽可用于种植业、养殖业、食品、医药、石油工业和环保等领域,因此需要在新型脂肽的发现、高产活性脂肽的生产、脂肽低廉生产技术的研发及安全性的评估等方面加强研究。     

苍白杆菌产生脂肽的结构解析

从油藏产出液中筛选分离得到1株代谢产生脂肽的细菌,经分子生物学鉴定为苍白杆菌(Ochrobactrum sp.)。通过气质联用(GC-MS)、电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)和串联质谱(MS/MS)的方法分析了脂肽的化学组成和结构。结果表明,脂肽的脂肪酸部分包含iso C13、anteiso C13、iso C14、n C14、iso C15、anteiso C15、iso C16和nC16β-羟基脂肪酸,而脂肽的氨基酸部分都是由缬氨酸、亮氨酸、天门氨酸和谷氨酸组成。且含iso C13、anteisoC13、iso C14、n C14、iso C15和anteiso C15的脂肽的氨基酸序列都是N-Glu-Leu-Leu-Val-Asp-Leu-Leu-C。     

培养基中铁离子对枯草芽孢杆菌CICC 23659发酵产脂肽的影响研究

高性能的生物表面活性剂脂肽在医药、食品、化妆品及微生物采油等领域具有广泛的应用价值.利用高效液相色谱法和电喷雾质谱法分析了Bacillus subtilis CICC 23659所产脂肽的组成,结果表明其所产脂肽是由surfactin的同系物C13、C14和C15组成,其分子量分别为1008、1022和1036.以生物量、脂肽产量、脂肽组成、乳化能力和临界胶束浓度等指标考察在培养基中投加不同浓度的Fe2+对B.subtilis CICC 23659的影响,结果表明添加Fe2+不仅能够提高B.subtilis CICC 23659的生物量,还能大幅提高脂肽产量.当Fe2+添加浓度为5 mmol/L时,生物量达到最大3.69g/L,提高了6倍,脂肽产量也达到最大234.08 mg/L,提高了9.5倍.Fe2+作用下脂肽同系物中C13、C14、C15在脂肽产物中的相对含量发生了变化,脂肽同系物C13和C15的相对含量降低,脂肽同系物C14的相对含量上升.脂肽同系物中C13的相对含量越高,CMC值越大,脂肽同系物中C14和C15的相对含量越高,CMC值则越小.     

大豆根腐病生防菌KJB04-11的鉴定及其产生的脂肽类抗生素

从大豆根围筛选到1株对尖孢镰刀菌和立枯丝核菌都具有很好拮抗作用的菌株KJB04-11,经形态观察、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列分析,属于枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillussubtilis)。具有抗菌活性的KJB04-11发酵液无菌滤液对热和酸碱具有较强的稳定性。采用SephadexG-25柱层析、反相HPLC和冷冻干燥从KJB04-11发酵液中分离纯化了抗菌活性成分。由红外光谱、MALDI-TOF-MS、氨基酸组成及脂肽合成酶基因扩增结果推测该菌株产生的抗菌物质为C16、C17的mycosubtilin和C15的surfactin。田间试验表明,大豆种子经KJB04-11发酵液包衣处理对大豆根腐病防效为53.6%,大豆产量提高12.5%。     

Surfactin的生产及在石油工业的应用研究进展

表面活性素(surfactin)是由枯草芽孢杆菌代谢产生的环脂肽类生物表面活性剂。Surfactin具有卓越的表/界面活性,在石油化工、生物医疗、农业和食品工业等领域具有良好的应用前景,被认为是最具潜力的生物表面活性剂之一。但高昂的生产成本以及使用成本限制了surfactin的规模化应用。本文中,笔者对surfactin的发酵生产研究及其在石油化工领域中的应用研究进行综述,并对surfactin的发酵生产及应用研究前景进行展望。     

可可西里低温适生拮抗芽孢杆菌的筛选鉴定及脂肽化合物分析

极端环境特殊微生物资源研究和开发具有广阔的应用前景和研究意义.对分离筛选自青海可可西里境内植被根围的8株在4和10 ℃条件下生长良好的低温适生芽孢杆菌进行鉴定分析.结果表明: 通过生理生化特征分析、rep-PCR指纹图谱分析、16S rDNA及gyrB基因序列分析鉴定,8株供试菌株分别为莫哈韦芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mojavensis)3株,解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B. amyloliquefaciens)1株和简单芽孢杆菌(B. simplex)4株.采用平板对峙试验从中筛选到4株对油菜菌核病原真菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)及水稻白叶枯病原细菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)均具有显著拮抗活性的生防菌株;采用MALDI-TOF-MS质谱分析生防菌株的拮抗活性物质,结果显示菌株KKD-1 (B. mojavensis)产生脂肽类化合物泛革素和表面活性素,菌株KKD-2(B. amyloliquefaciens)产生脂肽类化合物伊枯草菌素A、泛革素和表面活性素,推断生防菌株的拮抗活性可能与脂肽化合物的合成及分泌有关.该研究为低温适生性芽孢杆菌生物肥料和生物农药的研发提供了菌株资源.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌Q-426 Bacillomycin D的分离纯化及其抗肿瘤活性

环脂肽化合物因其独特的结构特点和生物活性在医药领域具有广泛的应用前景。本研究旨在从解淀粉芽孢杆菌Q-426发酵液中分离纯化获得高纯度的环脂肽单体,并对分离得到的环脂肽C-15 Bacillomycin D和C-16Bacillomycin D的抗肿瘤活性及机制进行初步研究。首先,联合使用酸沉淀和双树脂层析去除大量杂质,然后通过制备型HPLC分离得到纯度较高的两种环脂肽,经ESI-MS/MS对其进行结构鉴定,分别确定为C-15Bacillomycin D与C-16 Bacillomycin D。其次,将两种环脂肽单体及其1:1混合液(摩尔比)按不同浓度梯度作用于人癌细胞(Hela、MG、Hep-G2、HT-29),结果表明环脂肽对Hela与MG细胞增殖的抑制作用呈浓度依赖性,长链环脂肽的抑制率较短链环脂肽略高。最后,采用细胞划痕实验和PI染色法考察了C-16 Bacillomycin对细胞侵袭与迁移能力、细胞凋亡和周期的影响,结果显示,C-16 Bacillomycin D可有效影响细胞的迁移能力,诱导细胞凋亡呈浓度依赖性,且阻滞细胞G_0G_1期。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.