The "crown" excision of facial skin lesions.

We present a method for local excision of facial skin lesions adjacent to the esthetic boundaries of the face.     

The Association of "Pathogenesis-related" Proteins with Viral Induced Necrosis in Nicotiana sylvestris

The association of “pathogenesis-related” (PR) proteins with protection from superinfection, systemic acquired resistance and production of localized necrotic lesions was examined with a system using tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Nicotiana sylvestris. Leaves of N. sylvestris with a mosaic from earlier inoculation with a systemically infecting strain of TMV (TMV-C) and control plants were challenged with a necrotizing strain of TMV (TMV-P), RNA of TMV-P and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). TMV-P virions produced localized necrotic lesions only in the dark green areas of the mosaic of TMV-C infected plants. Both RNA of TMV-P and TuMV produced localized necrotic lesions in both light green and dark green areas of the mosaic of TMV-C infected plants. All three challenge inocula produced localized necrotic lesions in previously uninoculated plants. Six days after challenge inoculation proteins were extracted from separated dark green and light green mosaic leaf tissue, and leaf material from control plants. Proteins were separated by electrophoresis in a 5 % polyacrylamide spacer gel and 10 % polyacrylamide running gel. PR proteins were found in tissue where localized necrotic lesions were produced as a result of challenge inoculation, but not in tissue that was not superinfected. PR proteins were not found in light green or dark green mosaic leaf tissue as a result of TMV-C inoculation. No PR proteins were evident in protein extracts from light green tissue challenged with TMV-P, although PR proteins were produced in dark green tissue, where necrosis occurred, from the same leaves. Systemic acquired resistance (reduction in size of lesions formed by a challenge inoculation) to TuMV or RNA of TMV-P and PR protein concentration was measured at various times in light green areas of mosaic leaves where dark green areas of the mosaic leaves had been inoculated with TMV-P. No quantitative or temporal relationship between the onset of resistance and PR protein production was found. It is concluded that PR proteins are a result of pathogen induced necrosis and not significantly involved in the mechanism(s) of viral induced resistance.     

False "false-positive" results in diagnostic cytology

With the introduction of transbronchial brushings and fine needle aspiration biopsy, which enable us to obtain samples directly from lesions, the diagnostic potential of cytology for the detection of malignancy, including early cancer, has been greatly enhanced. From 1976 to 1982, five positive cytology reports were initially considered to be "false positives" on the basis of negative gross findings, benign operative biopsies or negative histologic findings in the resected surgical specimens. However, these proved to be false "false positives," based upon the clinical follow-up or further examination of the surgical specimens. Presentation is made of three of these cases with positive cytologic findings and initially negative histologic diagnoses, with an analysis of the causes of the latter. From our experience, four types of cancerous lesions seem prone to being missed during gross examination, namely: any small cancer with a consistency similar to that of the parenchyma of the organ in which the tumor is located, superficially invasive carcinoma, scar cancer and a radiologically occult lung cancer in the presence of a coexisting radiologically demonstrable lesion. With more clinical application of these cytologic methods, false "false positives" are expected to occur more often.     

Role of the parietal associative cortex in "counting" behavior of dogs

Influence of the combined and isolated lesions of areas 5 and 7 of the parietal cortex on the counting behavior was studied in experiments with 6 dogs. Instrumental feeding reaction (lifting and placing the forepaw on the foodwell) was established. The positive conditioned stimulus was a series of 5 clicks with variable interclicks intervals and the negative (non-reinforced) conditioned stimulus was a series of 3 clicks, so that asymmetrical differentiation was elaborated. Combined bilateral lesions of areas 5 and 7 and an isolated lesion of area 5 resulted in a severe impairment of the numerical discrimination for two months, whereas the isolated lesion of area 7 did not lead to any problems in differentiation. The conclusion was made that area 5 is critical for numerical discrimination of sequential stimuli.     

O-2"ARTISTIC" TRIAL: BASELINE DATA

Recent reviews of glandular reports have confirmed a wide variation in specificity.^1–3 We have reviewed our performance over the last 10 years and evaluated the effect of conversion to Liquid Based Cytology (LBC) on our reporting rates and accuracy. Audit revealed an upward trend in ability to accurately detect glandular lesions, with particular improvement in identification of Cervical Glandular Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CGIN).
 

     

Rheumatoid arthritis "in the buff": erosive arthritis in defleshed bones

Examination of isolated bones from patients with unequivocal rheumatoid arthritis provides only a glimpse of the disease but has been the only "gold standard" for recognition of osseous lesions as compatible with the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Documentation of skeletal pathologic changes in confidently diagnosed individuals has been a major missing link in the transition from clinical to skeletal analysis. Availability of appropriate skeletal material from two patients with long-standing, well-documented rheumatoid arthritis provided the opportunity for acquiring such information. The osseous appearance, skeletal distribution, and distinguishing features of rheumatoid arthritis "in the buff" were delineated in two contemporary patients and in a skeletal population of 2,906 individuals. The preconceived notion of anticipated severity of disease has hereby been tested and found wanting. Severe lesions are not recognizable or distinguishable from artifact in relatively fragile rheumatoid arthritis-affected bones, whether freshly prepared or remotely sampled. Characterization of the nature and epidemiology of osseous alterations in two contemporary skeletal populations permitted the development of a standard for recognition of the disease in skeletal populations.     

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in "low" and "high" interleukin 2 producer rats. I. Cellular basis of induction

Albino Oxford (AO) rats in comparison to the Dark August (DA) strain exhibit lower susceptibility to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and interleukin 2 (IL-2) production by their spleen and lymph node cells is significantly lower. The cellular analysis of these differences in the outcome of the EAE induction, possibly related to the differences in the IL-2 production, revealed different changes in the T cell subsets in the draining lymph node (DLN) and different cellular composition of the mononuclear infiltrates in the central nervous system (CNS). After the encephalitogenic challenge, the frequency of CD8+ T cells was much higher and the expansion of CD4+ T cells was much lower in the DLN of "low" IL-2 producer rats. AO rats have not shown any clinical sign of EAE, although histological lesions in the early phases of EAE (Day 7-9) were similar to those seen in diseased DA rats. CD4/CD8 T cell ratios and the number of cells bearing receptor for IL-2 (IL-2-R+ cells) and cells bearing class II MHC antigens (Ia+) were significantly lower in the mononuclear cell infiltrates of AO rats. These data are compatible with the notion that CD4+ IL-2-R+ encephalitogenic T cells induce clinical signs of EAE in susceptible animals and show that CD8+ T cells are present in a higher percentage in the lesions of the symptom-free AO rats.     

Formation of "ghost" bodies and calcification in experimental atherosclerosis in nonhuman primates. An ultrastructural study

Aortic lesions from African green monkeys fed a cholesterol diet for up to 24 months were studied by electron microscopy. The lesions, grossly classified as fatty dots and fatty streaks consisted of foam cells, increased amounts of interstitial connective tissues and osmiophilic lipid material. In addition, in the interstitial spaces, there were membrane-bound detached cytoplasmic fragments and deeply osmiophilic calcium spherules. The smooth muscle cells had a frayed appearance and bulbous cytoplasmic pseudopodlike processes. Figures suggestive of transition between these cell processes and the detached cytoplasmic fragments were observed. The detached cytoplasmic fragments or ghost bodies often contained lipid droplets, myelin-like figures and calcific material. The process of budding off cytoplasmic fragments was interpreted as a form of clasmatosis enabling smooth muscle cells to eliminate substances which could not be degraded intracellularly. It is proposed that material presented within the ghost bodies may become a nucleation site for calcium salts deposition. Cell necrosis was not a feature observed in this material.     

Nitration in neurodegeneration: deciphering the "Hows" "nYs"

Recent literature has ushered in a new awareness of the diverse post-translational events that can influence protein folding and function. Among these modifications, protein nitration is thought to play a critical role in the onset and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases. While previously considered a late-stage epiphenomenon, nitration of protein tyrosine residues appears to be an early event in the lesions of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. The advent of highly specific biochemical and immunological detection methods reveals that nitration occurs in vivo with biological selectively and site specificity. In fact, nitration of only a single Tyr residue is often sufficient to induce profound changes in the activity of catalytic proteins and the three-dimensional conformation of structural proteins. Presumably, nitration modifies protein function by altering the hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic properties within the targeted protein. Most importantly, however, nitrative injury may represent a unifying mechanism that explains how genetic and environmental causes of neurological disease manifest a singular phenotype. In this review and synthesis, we first examine the pathways of protein nitration in biological systems and the factors that influence site-directed nitration. Subsequently, we turn our attention to the structural implications of site-specific nitration and how it affects the function of several neurodegeneration-related proteins. These proteins include Mn superoxide dismutase and neurofilament light subunit in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, alpha-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase in Parkinson's disease, and tau in Alzheimer's disease.     

"Halo nevi" and UV radiation

Halo nevi, also termed Sutton nevi, are defined as benign melanocytic nevi that are surrounded by an area of depigmentation resembling a halo. Halo nevi are common in children and young adults, with a mean age at onset of 15 years. The incidence in the population is estimated to be approximately 1%. Affected individuals frequently have multiple lesions which are usually localized on the back. A familial tendency for halo nevi has been reported. The etiology of halo nevi is unknown. It is an autoimmune response and T lymphocytes are considered to play a key role in the progressive destruction of nevus cells. Halo nevi may be associated with autoimmune disorders such as vitiligo, Hashimoto thyroiditis, alopecia areata, celiac disease, atopic dermatitis and others. It has been proved that halo nevi are detected after an intense sun exposure especially after sunburns. The etiology of halo nevi, association with malignant melanoma and the role of sun exposure in the development of halo nevi are discussed.     

Enhancing the "A-rule" of translesion DNA synthesis: promutagenic DNA synthesis using modified nucleoside triphosphates

Abasic sites are mutagenic DNA lesions formed as a consequence of inappropriate modifications to the functional groups present on purines and pyrimidines. In this paper we quantify the ability of the high-fidelity bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase to incorporate various promutagenic alkylated nucleotides opposite and beyond this class of non-instructional DNA lesions. Kinetic analyses reveal that modified nucleotides such as N6-methyl-dATP and O6-methyl-dGTP are incorporated opposite an abasic site far more effectively than their unmodified counterparts. The enhanced incorporation is caused by a 10-fold increase in kpol values that correlates with an increase in hydrophobicity as well as changes in the tautomeric form of the nucleobase to resemble adenine. These biophysical features lead to enhanced base-stacking properties that also contribute toward their ability to be easily extended when paired opposite the non-instructional DNA lesion. Surprisingly, misincorporation opposite templating DNA is not enhanced by the increased base-stacking properties of most modified purines. The dichotomy in promutagenic DNA synthesis catalyzed by a high-fidelity polymerase indicates that the dynamics for misreplicating a miscoding versus a non-instructional DNA lesion are different. The collective data set is used to propose models accounting for synergistic enhancements in mutagenesis and the potential to develop treatment-related malignancies as a consequence of utilizing DNA-damaging agents as chemotherapeutic agents.     

Postrhinoplasty "red nose": differential diagnosis and treatment by laser

Prior to anticipated nasal surgery, the nasal and facial skin should be examined for any vascular lesions. The skin type should be ascertained. A history of any prior nasal surgery, particularly on the nasal dorsum, should be noted. If rosacea is a clinical possibility, a trial of 1.5 to 2.0 gm q.d. of tetracycline for 6 to 8 weeks is warranted. If, after rhinoplasty, a diffuse "redness" on the nasal dorsum results and one can exclude other diagnoses, then argon laser therapy should be considered. A 3-mm punch biopsy should be obtained to see whether superficial ectatic vessels are present, a finding that would be indicative of a good result from laser therapy.     

刺激大鼠“涌泉”穴诱发的脊髓背表面电位

刺激大鼠“涌泉”穴诱发的节段性背表面电位(Y-sCDP),在远节段(L3-T7)逐渐消失,而在更远节段(C6)又记录到一个背表面电位(Y-dCDP),该电位为一慢电位正波(P波),高位横断脊髓后Y-dCDP完全消失,说明它来源于脊髓上结构,当电解损毁中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)后,P波幅值显著降低(P<0.05),说明刺激“涌泉”穴产生的Y-dCDP为激活PAG等痛觉调制核团下行诱发的脊髓背表面电位。     

Effect of Dermatophiluscongolensis infection on reproductive performance of dairy cattle

The effect of $\text{Dermatophilus}$$\text{congolensis}$ on reproductive performance and milk production of dairy cattle was investigated using a prospective cohort study design. The following results were obtained: the calving to conception interval was 122 vs 104 days (P<0.05) for cows with lesions (cases) and those without lesions (non-cases), respectively; the 180-day pregnancy rate was 70.3% vs 84.3% (P<0.02) for cases and non-cases, respectively; the interval to first service was 69 days for cases and 64 days for non-cases (P<0.05) and the interval from first to second service was 32.7 days for cases and 49.4 days (P<0.01) for non-cases. The prevalence of cows with lesions was 33% ($\text{66}\text{200}$). Lesions were most commonly found on the skin covering the coccygeal and sacral vertebrae and the gluteal muscles. White skin had a greater prevalence of lesions than did black skin (P<0.05).     

Heavy chain loss after treatment with Melphalan in a patient with "nonsecretory" myeloma

A case of "nonsecretory" myeloma is described. The patient had typical osteolytic lesions and marked infiltration of myeloma cells in the bone marrow, and plasma cell leukemia. A good partial remission was obtained with Melphalan, but the patient relapsed and died one year later. Immunofluorescent and immunoelectroscopic studies on the myeloma cells demonstrated the presence of cytoplasmic gamma-and kappa-chains at the initial stage and of only kappa-chains at a relapse. The electron microscopic method for polysome analysis indicated that both L-and H-chains were synthesized on membrane-bound polysomes initially, but the ability to produce H-chain was missing at the relapse.     

Fine needle aspiration cytology of "minimal" breast cancer

The value of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in the diagnosis of "minimal" breast cancer was studied. Sixteen (76.2%) of 21 cases of invasive breast cancer less than 1.0 cm in diameter and 14 (73.3%) of 19 cases of noninvasive breast carcinoma were given a positive diagnosis by FNA cytology. One "suspicious" and the five false-negative diagnoses occurred in cases of invasive carcinoma; the reasons were considered to be either a faulty technique of needling the tumor or the presence of prominent fibrosis in the tumor. In noninvasive carcinoma, atypical cells were misdiagnosed in two of the five smears that had been originally reported as negative. The results of the retrospective analysis showed that FNA cytology had a higher accuracy in the diagnosis of small lesions than did radiologic and echographic criteria, and FNA cytology was thus used as the main criterion for deciding on the necessity for preoperative surgical biopsies.     

Zoster ... "a lmost" ... sine herpete: diagnostic utility of real time-polymerase chain reaction

Zoster sine herpete is a particular form of varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection characterized by segmental pain and dysesthesia, without any cutaneous lesions ever becoming perceptible. This report describes the case of a female patient, presenting with intercostal pain associated with a single papulo-vesicular lesion localized within the same area. Thanks to such a lesion, real time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis on vesicle fluid swab was possible, thus revealing a significant number of VZV genome copies. This innovative tool has proven essential to diagnose this abortive form of herpes zoster, which would otherwise have remained unidentified.     

Effect of destruction of the hippocampus and septum on learning in the rat in "negative transfer" situations

Intact rats and rats with lesions of the hippocampus and septum were trained to repeated switching-over of the habit of choosing the reinforced side of the maze as well as to alternation of reinforced side choice. Repeated switchings-over of the habit impedes the subsequent elaboration of the choice alternation ("negative transfer"). In operated animals, the interferating effect of the previous experience is more expressed. The observed deficit of training is due to disturbance in the apparatus limiting the process of search and retrieval of adequate information from the memory.     

The "round block" surgical technique in the management of multicentric fibroadenomas

The "round block" surgical technique in the treatment of a female patient with multiple, multicentric fibroadenomas in both breasts is presented. The advantages of this technique for patients with multicentric benign breast lesions are minimal postoperative scar and a favourable aesthetic result. Breast dimensions and the areolar diameter were measured in 203 subjects of Primorsko-Goranska county during examination in the Out-Patient Hospital for Breast Diseases, including the operated patient. Smaller breast dimensions and a larger areolar diameter provide an easier access to any part of the breast due to a smaller distance between the incision and a fibroadenoma and a larger circumference of circular periareolar incision, thus facilitating the surgery. The analysis of average, maximum and minimum values measured shows that the "round block" technique can be performed in all cases of multiple and multicentric fibroadenomas regardless of breast size, areolar diameter and the location of fibroadenoma in the breast.