用于研究植物质外体空间三维结构的树脂铸型技术

本文介绍了用于研究植物体质外体空间三维结构的树脂铸型技术。植物包含许多重要的质外体空间,如木质部管状分子的腔隙、与气孔相连的叶肉细胞间的通气系统、分泌腔等等。这种空间的三维结构可借助于扫描电子显微镜（ＳＥＭ）研究。但问题是,用ＳＥＭ直接观察不到一个组织或细胞切面内部的图像,因此,不能观察它们的全貌。通过运用树脂铸型技术,可以获得完整的组织或腔隙内部空间的铸型。反映管壁结构的各种形象被印在铸型的表面     

植物质外体的研究方法

质外体是细胞之间的空间和细胞膜与细胞壁之间的微小空间通过细胞壁上的微孔连接而成的一个连续［１］。整株植物的质外体是连续的。它是养分运输的重要途径,并有贮存养分和活化养分的功能。因此,质外体在植物代谢中的作用倍受人们的重视。然而由于质外体在植物中所占的比例较小,它与膜内细胞质之间存在着水分与物质的平衡,从而给有关质外体的研究带来许多困难。近些年来,国际上在这方面的研究取得了一些进展。本文着重介绍目前在植物营养研究中几种常用的质外体研究方法。１植物地上部质外体的测定方法在质外体的研究中,根系质外体已…     

用树脂铸型法研究4种植物木质部导管结构

导管的大小、形态和彼此连接方式的不同对水分运输和应力支撑有重要作用。本研究采用树脂铸型法对毛白杨(Populus tomentosa Carr)、旱柳(Salix matsudana)、榆树(Ulmus pumila L.)和紫藤(Wisteria sinensis)4个树种的导管分子三维结构进行比较研究,分析导管结构特征和其水分输运的关系。导管内壁结构被印在铸型的表面上,将铸型放在扫描电子显微镜下观察。结果表明：旱柳和毛白杨的导管分子特征较接近,与榆树和紫藤存在明显差异,相对于榆树和紫藤较原始。毛白杨和旱柳的导管分子长、侧壁纹孔少,有利于水分的输运。榆树和紫藤的导管分子相对宽,穿孔板几乎平直,更加利于水分的输运。榆树和紫藤的细导管分子有螺纹加厚,可增加导管的机械强度,减少管内产生空穴化的风险,从而保证水分更有效的运输。     

植物细胞质外体多肽与蛋白研究

细胞质膜以外的质外体是植物细胞的重要组成部分,质外体是植物细胞的重要信号源和细胞器。当植物遭受生物或非生物环境刺激时,可能首先引起质外体信号系统的变化;同时质外体作为植物细胞之间最方便的通道,在细胞间信号传递和信息交流上起重要作用,从而成为协调植物细胞分化、器官形成和整体生长发育的决定性因素之一。本文概括地介绍了我室在此领域的一些研究进展。     

植物细胞质外体多肽与蛋白研究

细胞质膜以外的质外体是植物细胞的重要组成部分, 质外体是植物细胞的重要信号源和细胞器。当植物遭受生物或非生物环境刺激时,可能首先引起质外体信号系统的变化; 同时质外体作为植物细胞之间最方便的通道, 在细胞间信号传递和信息交流上起重要作用, 从而成为协调植物细胞分化、器官形成和整体生长发育的决定性因素之一。本文概括地介绍了我室在此领域的一些研究进展。     

植物细胞质外体pH感受机制的解析

质外体是植物感受和应答环境胁迫(包括生物和非生物胁迫)的前沿区域。质外体的pH值是被严格调控的重要生理参数。环境胁迫(如细菌病害)等会引起植物细胞质外体碱化现象。然而, 质外体pH如何协调根生长与免疫响应? 其分子调控机制尚不清楚。最近, 南方科技大学生命科学学院郭红卫团队与清华大学-德国马克斯普朗克研究所-科隆大学柴继杰团队以模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)为研究材料, 通过遗传学、细胞生物学、生物化学和结构生物学等综合手段, 发现细胞表面小肽-受体复合物可作为质外体pH感受器, 感受和应答分子模式触发的免疫(PTI)引发的拟南芥根尖分生组织细胞质外体碱化。该研究揭示了植物根尖分生组织细胞质外体pH感受的蛋白质复合物及响应机制, 以及免疫与生长之间的协调机制, 加深了人们对植物如何平衡生长与免疫应答生物学反应过程的理解。     

植物根中质外体屏障结构和生理功能研究进展

综述了近10年来植物根中质外体屏障结构和功能的研究进展。质外体屏障指根中内、外皮层初生壁的凯氏带,或次生壁栓质化和木质化,以及植物体表角质层组成的保护组织,能隔绝水、离子和氧气不能自由进出植物体的屏障结构,具有保护植物体的生理功能。根中凯氏带的分子发育机理研究表明根内皮层类似哺乳动物上皮组织的保护作用。植物根中质外体保证内部各种生理代谢在稳定的内部环境中进行,是植物适应各种逆境的重要屏障结构。根中质外体屏障在植物适应干旱、洪涝灾害、离子胁迫和病虫害的侵袭等方面具有重要作用,在探索适应并修复极端生态环境的植物资源中有广阔的应用前景。     

肝素钠树脂精制工艺的研究

利用 D2 5 4 树脂可以将原始粗品肝素钠的效价提高到 179.8U SP U/m g,进一步纯化可得 2 0 1.5U SP U/m g的精品 ,其 H2 O2 用量 ( 1.5% )和氧化时间 ( 2 4 h)均少于传统工艺 ,产品光吸收和收率 ( 85.8% )最优     

DNA分子结构的多态性研究——Ⅲ阳离子型表面活性剂诱导λ-DNA由线圈型向球型的转变

应用圆二色光谱 (CD)、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM )和原子力显微镜 (AFM )方法 ,研究了噬菌体λ DNA在阳离子型表面活性剂胶束介质中结构形态的变化 .结果表明 :在λ DNA溶液体系中随着阳离子型表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)浓度的增加 ,其CD谱表现出λ DNA由B型DNA向DNA缩拢的构象变化过程 .SEM和AFM同时观测到λ DNA在CTAB诱导下 ,其结构形态由线圈状向小球状 (球径 =1.2 5 μm)最终至球状 (球径 =5 .4μm)的凝聚过程 .     

植物管状分子三维重建的树脂复型法

介绍了用于观察植物管状分子内部三维结构的树脂复型法及其具体的操作步骤和适用范围     

The Infiltration-centrifugation Technique for Extraction of Apoplastic Fluid from Plant Leaves Using Phaseolus vulgaris as an Example

The apoplast is a distinct extracellular compartment in plant tissues that lies outside the plasma membrane and includes the cell wall. The apoplastic compartment of plant leaves is the site of several important biological processes, including cell wall formation, cellular nutrient and water uptake and export, plant-endophyte interactions and defence responses to pathogens. The infiltration-centrifugation method is well established as a robust technique for the analysis of the soluble apoplast composition of various plant species. The fluid obtained by this method is commonly known as apoplast washing fluid (AWF). The following protocol describes an optimized vacuum infiltration and centrifugation method for AWF extraction from Phaseolus vulgaris (French bean) cv. Tendergreen leaves. The limitations of this method and the optimization of the protocol for other plant species are discussed. Recovered AWF can be used in a wide range of downstream experiments that seek to characterize the composition of the apoplast and how it varies in response to plant species and genotype, plant development and environmental conditions, or to determine how microorganisms grow in apoplast fluid and respond to changes in its composition.     

A Dynamic Optimization Solution for Vertical Jumping in Three Dimensions

A three-dimensional model of the human body is used to simulate a maximal vertical jump. The body is modeled as a 10-segment, 23 degree-of-freedom (dof), mechanical linkage, actuated by 54 muscles. Six generalized coordinates describe the position and orientation of the pelvis relative to the ground; the remaining nine segments branch in an open chain from the pelvis. The head, arms, and torso (HAT) are modeled as a single rigid body. The HAT articulates with the pelvis via a 3 dof ball-and-socket joint. Each hip is modeled as a 3 dof ball-and-socket joint, and each knee is modeled as a 1 dof hinge joint. Each foot is represented by a hindfoot and toes segment. The hindfoot articulates with the shank via a 2 dof universal joint, and the toes articulate with the hindfoot via a 1 dof hinge joint. Interaction of the feet with the ground is modeled using a series of spring-damper units placed under the sole of each foot. The path of each muscle is represented by either a series of straight lines or a combination of straight lines and space curves. Each actuator is modeled as a three-element, Hill-type muscle in series with tendon. A first-order process is assumed to model muscle excitation-contraction dynamics. Dynamic optimization theory is used to calculate the pattern of muscle excitations that produces a maximal vertical jump. Quantitative comparisons between model and experiment indicate that the model reproduces the kinematic, kinetic, and muscle-coordination patterns evident when humans jump to their maximum achievable heights.     

Investigating Predictors of Plant Establishment During Roadside Restoration

Ecological restoration on roadsides confers several ecological benefits, but also poses significant challenges. Native plants used in restoration efforts must survive compacted soil, harsh microclimates, prolific invasive species, and pollution from road salts and vehicle emissions. Criteria for both site and species selection need to be developed to assist practitioners in restoring roadside environments. We transplanted seedlings of 9 grassland plant species into plots within 8 highway interchanges surrounding Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. To see if they might predict plant performance in roadside restoration, we assessed 2 indices: the coefficient of conservatism (CC) as an index of affinity to undisturbed habitat; and the number of U.S. counties in which each species occurs as an index of distribution. We measured seedling survival, height, and biomass during the first growing season, and survival 1 year after transplant. We also measured soil characteristics, air temperature, and humidity at each interchange. We found that soil characteristics largely determined plant survival. Plants were more likely to survive in sandier soils than in soils rich in silt or clay that had high bulk density, high pH, and high conductivity. Although plant survival varied among species and interchanges, neither CC nor county‐level distribution was a useful predictor of survival. Our results illustrate the importance of matching plant species with local soil characteristics when choosing restoration sites, and offer guidance to transportation officials considering roadside restoration with native plants, and practitioners working to restore any heavily disturbed site.     

小RNA病毒和小DNA病毒的三维结构模型

本文综述了小RNA病毒和小DNA病毒的主要结构特征,绘制出了它们的三维结构模型,从中找出了两者间的共同点和差异,为进一步研究两种病毒提供了依据。     

韧性城市社区规划设计的3个维度

在与韧性城市社区相关的研究文献中,适应性是经常使用的术语,它不仅描述了一个社区对于可能导致不良后果的扰动的抵抗或吸收能力,也包括一系列相应的变化能力,这些变化往往为社区带来成长、发展、创新与变革的机会。因此,适应性常被视为社区韧性的必要条件。然而在已有文献中,对于“什么是韧性城市社区适应性的本质”尚且没有清楚的阐述。旨在通过回答以下问题来补充这一理论的不足：韧性城市社区适应性的关键特征是什么？社区韧性应如何通过构建适应性来实现？从城市社区目前面临的挑战出发,基于对韧性城市社区本质及关键特征的分析,构建城市社区韧性与适应性概念模型。该模型以适应性为核心,以环境支撑、空间可变、以人为本作为解读城市社区适应性的3个维度,指出：遵循城市社区独特的地脉文脉特征;满足城市社区中变化的环境需求与空间的偏好;尊重居民的权利与建议的城市社区是体现适应性的韧性社区,并以此作为3个原则指导韧性城市社区的规划设计。