啃食性端足类强壮藻钩虾对筼筜湖三种大型海藻的摄食选择性

为了评估啃食性端足类强壮藻钩虾Ampithoe valida对筼筜湖大型海藻群落的影响,作者在实验室内开展了强壮藻钩虾对筼筜湖三种大型海藻(绿藻石莼Ulva lactuca和根枝藻Rhizoclonium sp.、红藻细基江蓠繁枝变种Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui)的摄食实验,并分析了大型海藻的营养价值是否对强壮藻钩虾的摄食选择产生影响。结果显示,在无选择性摄食实验中,强壮藻钩虾的摄食率与海藻的干湿比和鲜藻总有机碳含量有着明显的负相关关系,这表明强壮藻钩虾有明显的补偿摄食行为,能通过增加低营养价值藻类的摄食量来满足自身代谢的需求。强壮藻钩虾对绿藻石莼和根枝藻有明显的摄食偏好,对它们的摄食率分别占总摄食率的40.6%和57.1%,而红藻细基江蓠繁枝变种则属于偶然性摄食的种类,海藻的营养价值并没有对强壮藻钩虾的摄食选择产生影响。不过,强壮藻钩虾对绿藻的摄食偏好并没有在筼筜湖形成一个以红藻占主导的大型海藻群落,这可能是由于筼筜湖超富营养化的水体使得来自强壮藻钩虾的下行控制已经无法抑制来自超富营养化的水体通过上行控制对绿藻生长的促进作用。     

庙子湖岛人工藻礁修复示范区内外海域夏季大型底栖生物群落结构

2012年9月在庙子湖岛选择人工藻礁修复示范区及附近海域作为样地,开展了人工藻礁修复示范区内外大型底栖生物群落结构的潜水调查,分析了大型底栖群落的种类组成、空间分布和生物多样性.共发现大型底栖海藻14种,大型底栖动物70种,在所有种类中,暖温性种类占绝对优势,优势种为瓦氏马尾藻、铜藻、带偏顶蛤和厚壳贻贝.在水平和垂直空间尺度上,示范区内外海域间的种类组成无明显差异,而整个海域种类组成随水深的变化差异显著,种类随水深增加而减少,并随水深变化划分为A、B两群落.受潮流和波浪的影响,示范区内外海域的生物数量分布差异显著.示范区的丰富度指数为12.25、多样性指数5.726、均匀度指数0.928.大型底栖生物群落处于稳定状态.     

枸杞岛铜藻种群分布的季节变化

为了查清铜藻(Sargassum horneri)的时空分布,并探明大型海藻场生态保护及修复的方法,采用水下样方法,对枸杞岛铜藻种群藻苗和成藻两个时期的分布变化情况进行了跟踪调查.结果表明:铜藻幼苗到成藻阶段密度平均损失率达61％,除了波浪作用对附着牢度差的铜藻造成移除作用外,密度制约机制可能也起了一定作用;铜藻幼苗时期水深分布范围为121 ～547 cm,而成藻时期为132～461 cm,铜藻垂直分布的宽幅缩小,而且不同站点间的水深分布宽幅变化较大,这与站点间环境因子影响程度不同有关;尤其是对分布在水深上限的铜藻来说,暴波强度的影响可能占主要作用;铜藻的生长速度与海水透明度相关,波浪的作用可能导致了沉积物再悬浮影响光照强度,抑制铜藻生长;光照强度降低是否会导致铜藻死亡还需做进一步研究,以便查清铜藻垂直分布上移的现象.     

洞头海区大型海藻养殖净化海水水质的研究

调查了2008年浙江温州洞头海区大型经济海藻羊栖莱和坛紫菜的养殖面积和产量,实验室内测定了藻体内的总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）含量,估算出大型海藻养殖从洞头海区除去N约196t,P近10t。海藻养殖有效净化了洞头海区海水水质、降低了赤潮发生频率。     

枸杞岛海藻场6种大型海藻光合荧光特性比较

海藻光合荧光特性研究对分析藻类光合作用和固碳能力具有重要的作用.利用水下调制荧光仪(DIVING-PAM)测定了枸杞岛后头湾夏季常见6种大型海藻孔石莼、斯氏刚毛藻、舌状蜈蚣藻、鼠尾藻、多管藻和羊栖菜的量子产量、快速光曲线(RLC)相关参数.结果显示: 6种常见海藻孔石莼、斯氏刚毛藻、舌状蜈蚣藻、鼠尾藻、多管藻和羊栖菜最大量子产量(F_v/F_m)分别为0.702、0.704、0.457、0.618、0.421、0.567,各物种的开放PSⅡ反应中心原初光能捕获效率(F_v′/F_m′)的大小依次是斯氏刚毛藻>孔石莼>鼠尾藻>羊栖菜>舌状蜈蚣藻>多管藻,且孔石莼、斯氏刚毛藻、羊栖菜的F_v′/F_m′与其他5种大型海藻的差异均达到显著水平;在快速光响应曲线中,羊栖菜、鼠尾藻和孔石莼的最大相对电子传递速率与初始斜率α较高,证明其具有较强的光合能力和捕光能力;舌状蜈蚣藻较高的RLC初始斜率α和较低的I_k表明其有较强的耐弱光能力.3种门类大型海藻之间光合特性有较为显著的差异,其中褐藻门的羊栖菜、鼠尾藻与绿藻门的孔石莼拥有极高的光合活性和抗强光能力,研究结果可为藻场保护工作和大型海藻固碳能力评估提供理论依据.     

大型海藻裂片石莼藻粉对赤潮异弯藻光合作用抑制的研究

为了探究大型海藻裂片石莼(Ulva fasciata)防治赤潮的可行性,研究将赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma aka-shiwo)分别暴露在浓度为0.6、1.2、2.4和4.8 g/L的裂片石莼藻粉中,观察赤潮异弯藻光合系统的响应.实验用植物效率分析法测定了赤潮异弯藻的光合效率,用透射电子显微镜法观察了赤潮异弯藻叶...     

中药海藻质量评价研究

对从不同地方收集到的5个中药商品海藻进行品种鉴定,分别为马尾藻科半叶马尾藻、海蒿子、羊栖菜、海黍子、铜藻。水提醇沉法提取海藻粗多糖,用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,用Bradford法测定蛋白质含量。比较发现,作为海藻正品使用的海蒿子和羊栖菜的多糖含量均高于其他马尾藻品种。半叶马尾藻由于多糖和蛋白的含量差异不大,可以作为代用品,但铜藻不能代替使用。     

3种海藻对无机盐和有机物水体中氨态盐净化效果比较

本研究为比较阐明大型海藻对无机盐和有机物水体中氨态盐净化效果比较,以2.15 mg/L氯化铵人工养殖污水及1.27 mg/L珍珠贝类排泄物养殖污水作为待处理污水,以密度6.5 g/L的针叶蕨藻(Caulerpa sertularioides)、长茎葡萄蕨藻(Caulerpa lentillifera)和细齿麒麟菜(Eucheuma denticulatum)分别进行净化处理,分析水体中氨态盐的浓度变化。研究结果表明:3种大型海藻对不同污染来源的氨态盐净化效果均良好;氯化铵人工养殖污水处理中,针叶蕨藻、长茎葡萄蕨藻、细齿麒麟菜对氨态盐的净化效率分别为97.29%、85.55%、67.3%,其中前两种藻之间存在显著差异(p0.05),与细齿麒麟菜之间存在极显著差异(p0.01);珍珠贝类排泄物养殖污水处理中,针叶蕨藻、长茎葡萄蕨藻、细齿麒麟菜对氨态盐的净化效率分别为96.64%、93.86%、70.94%,前两种藻与细齿麒麟菜间存在极显著差异,其两者之间存在差异性。因此,本研究结果将能为养殖污水生物处理工具的选择提供一定的理论指导。     

含藻人工多细胞体系的构建及其在废水处理中的应用

含藻人工多细胞体系研究是合成生物学的重要研究内容之一。微藻利用光能,通过光合作用在人工多细胞体系中发挥光能转换的作用。本文综述了含藻人工多细胞体系的构建、形成机制及其在废水处理中的应用。共培养是研究藻-菌相互作用的有效手段,而复杂的生物群落构建还需要进一步的完善。目前已经建立的人工光合多细胞系统包括高效藻类塘、海藻酸盐固定化、藻菌絮体、颗粒污泥和生物膜等。通过高通量测序等手段,可以从上至下地了解体系内微藻和微生物的动态变化。光合人工多细胞体系已经用于废水中有机污染物、抗生素等有害污染物以及重金属脱除。光合人工多细胞体系适配才能形成高效、稳定的系统,可以充分利用代谢互补和代谢协同,并逐步构建结构精准的多细胞体系。本文也展望了含藻人工多细胞体系存在的问题和可能的解决途径。     

烟台养马岛潮间带大型海藻分布特征及环境影响因素

2010年4月—2011年3月对烟台养马岛潮间带大型海藻进行了逐月调查.在养马岛潮间带共设置了A、B两个点,对大型海藻物种组成、生物量以及与环境变化的关系进行了研究.结果表明: 调查区域共有大型海藻35种,其中红藻24种,占总数的68.6%;绿藻6种,占总数的17.1%;褐藻5种,占总数的14.3%.夏季优势种以褐藻和绿藻为主,秋、冬、春季优势种以红藻和褐藻为主,鼠尾藻在各季节中均为优势种.大型海藻生物量呈现夏季高、冬季低的特点,生物量最高值出现在6月,A、B采样点大型海藻生物量最小值分别出现在1月和11月,具有温带海域藻类变化特点.温度、营养盐和pH对大型海藻生物量有显著影响.
     

Changes in the species composition of benthic macroalgal communities of the upper subtidal zone on a coral reef in Sanya Bay (Hainan Island, China) during 2009–2012

Investigations of macroalgae were carried out on a coral reef at the Luhuitou Peninsula in Sanya Bay (Hainan Island, China) in the upper subtidal zone at a depth of 0.5 to 4 m during the dry season (in April 2009 and 2012). In total, 130 species, varieties, and forms of marine macroalgae were found: 71 (54%) Rhodophyta, 33 (25%) Chlorophyta, and 26 (21%) Phaeophyceae. In terms of the number of species and the floristic composition of algae in the communities, the reef benthic flora in the subtidal zone of Sanya Bay, which is polluted by municipal waste waters and aquaculture wastes, was close to the flora of Indo-Pacific coral reefs situated in areas with low pollution. In 2009 and 2012, the algal turf communities differed both in the algal species diversity and in the composition of dominant species. These differences might be due to an annual periodicity of changes in vegetation: algal turf patches are detached from the hard substrate and a new algal community is formed at this location.     

Effect of simulated macroalgae on the fish assemblage associated with a temperate reef system

Increased habitat complexity is supposed to promote increased diversity, abundance and biomass. This study tested the effect of the macroalgal cover on temperate reef fishes by mimicking macroalgae on artificial reefs in NW Sicily (Mediterranean Sea). Macroalgal cover affected reef fishes in different ways and independently of intrinsic temporal trends. The fish assemblages of manipulated and control artificial reef units differed in the relative abundances of the associated species, but little in species composition. In line with studies in seagrass habitats, fishes were most abundant in reefs covered by artificial macroalgae. Three species (Boops boops, Serranus scriba and Symphodus ocellatus) exhibited consistently greater abundance on vegetated reef units than on control reef units. The total number of species and the abundance of three particular species (S. scriba, S. ocellatus and Thalassoma pavo) displayed temporal trends which were independent on short and large temporal scales. Only fish total biomass and one species (Spicara flexuosa) displayed strong effects of interaction among the experimental factors. Mechanisms to explain these findings are discussed from observational evidence on habitat use and interactions among multiple species. This study highlights that manipulative experiments involving repeated sampling of fish in artificial habitats appear to be a valid approach to study fish-habitat relationships in fluctuating environments. It is also concluded that macroalgae mimics may serve as a tool for restoring lost marine vegetated habitats when current human-induced conditions prevent the recovery of pristine macroalgal stands.     

Rehabilitation of coral reefs through removal of macroalgae: state of knowledge and considerations for management and implementation

Coral reef ecosystems are under increasing pressure by multiple stressors that degrade reef condition and function. Although improved management systems have yielded benefits in many regions, broad‐scale declines continue and additional practical and effective solutions for reef conservation and management are urgently needed. Ecological interventions to assist or enhance ecosystem recovery are standard practice in many terrestrial management regimes, and they are now increasingly being implemented in the marine environment. Intervention activities in coral reef systems include the control of coral predators (e.g. crown‐of‐thorns starfish), substrate modification, the creation of artificial habitats and the cultivation, transplantation, and assisted recruitment of corals. On many coastal reefs, corals face competition and overgrowth by fleshy macroalgae whose abundance may be elevated due to acute disturbance events, chronic nutrient enrichment, and reduced herbivory. Active macroalgae removal has been proposed and trialed as a management tool to reduce competition between algae and corals and provide space for coral recruitment, in the hope of restoring the spatial dominance of habitat‐forming corals. However, macroalgae removal has received little formal attention as a method of reef restoration. This review synthesizes available knowledge of the ecological role of macroalgae on coral reefs and the potential benefits and risks associated with their active removal.     

The influence of prey communities on fish species assemblages on artificial reefs in Puget Sound,Washington

Synopsis Research on eleven artificial reefs in Puget Sound, Washington examined the relative importance of reef-produced prey items to recreationally important reef fish species assemblages. The colonization of potential prey items, and fish species assemblages to ten artificial reefs were examined for the reefs first two to five years, and observations were conducted on an eleventh reef during its forty-ninth productive year. Fish species became more abundant, or were seen more frequently on reef habitats whose substrates had successionally developed from barnalces to algal mats. Fish species most affected by this successional change foraged heavily on organisms which were associated with reef algae. Starfish and nudibranchs. who preyed on the barnacles, were identified as the ‘keystone’ predators of these subtidal reef habitats.     

浙北近岸典型岛礁瓦氏马尾藻空间分布格局分析

为探明浙北近岸典型岛礁瓦氏马尾藻(Sargassum vachellianum)的空间分布格局, 于2016年5月底至6月初, 分别采用走航观察和水下样方法, 对按离岸距离远近的3条岛礁带上12个岛礁瓦氏马尾藻成藻时期的分布特征进行了调查, 并从不同空间尺度比较分析了3条岛礁带上瓦氏马尾藻在水平和垂直分布上的差异。结果表明: (1)在地区尺度上, 高浊度和高波浪能的水域环境限制了瓦氏马尾藻的分布与生长, 导致浙北近岸的瓦氏马尾藻仅分布在第二条岛礁带这一狭窄的分布带上。依据瓦氏马尾藻最低适宜生长水温要高于10 ℃的特性, 我们可以推断出舟山群岛的绿华岛可能是我国特有种瓦氏马尾藻分布的最北部端线。(2)在站点尺度上, 岛礁东南向瓦氏马尾藻定生密度明显低于西北向, 这与调查站位所受风浪影响的方位和强度相一致。在第二岛礁带上的4个岛礁北向瓦氏马尾藻的平均株高仅为26.3 cm, 说明瓦氏马尾藻不适宜在高波浪能生境中生存。(3)在站点尺度内, 第二岛礁带上浊度最低的北渔山岛瓦氏马尾藻有较大的垂直分布范围, 且定生深度达到了6.4 m, 而浊度高的近岸岛礁瓦氏马尾藻垂直分布范围较小。瓦氏马尾藻株高随着水深的增加而逐渐降低, 由此推测, 瓦氏马尾藻虽不能耐受强光, 但光照对瓦氏马尾藻的分布生长起重要作用。与同海区铜藻的垂直分布格局相比, 瓦氏马尾藻具有一定适应高浊度、高沉积物环境的能力。因此, 在浙北近岸海域瓦氏马尾藻是较适合进行生态移植修复的种类。     

Species composition and distribution of algae on the fringing coral reef of Sesoko Island (Ryukyu Archipelago) before and after the natural catastrophe of 1998

The species composition and distribution of marine plants on the fringing reef of Secoko Island were studied before and after the mass coral mortality in 1998. The study showed that changes in the bottom communities that occurred after bleaching of corals were caused by the presumed development of marine plants substituting reef-building corals on the bottom. The number of algal species grew from 211 to 345. The projective cover (PC) of hard substrate with macroalgae increased: in 1998, it was 1–10% in the subtidal zone and 20–50% in the intertidal zone, while in 2002 through 2005, the PC reached 71% in the subtidal and 40–85% in the intertidal zone. It is assumed that the phase of the “plant reef” on Sesoko Island is a temporary event, and that the coral reef can recover within several decades, unless a natural catastrophe occurs again.     

大型海藻在珊瑚礁退化过程中的作用

随着全球范围珊瑚礁的退化,大型海藻在珊瑚礁区的覆盖度呈增多的趋势。大型海藻的大量生长,妨碍了珊瑚的生长、繁殖、恢复等过程。概括起来,大型海藻对珊瑚生长、繁殖及恢复过程所产生的不利影响主要包括:(1)大型海藻通过与珊瑚竞争空间和光照而影响珊瑚生长;(2)大型海藻与珊瑚直接接触时,通过摩擦作用及释放化感物质而影响珊瑚生长;(3)大型海藻的大量生长打破了珊瑚与海藻的竞争平衡,珊瑚为应对大型海藻的入侵而把用于生长和繁殖的能量转移到组织修复与防御上,进而造成珊瑚繁殖能量的减少;(4)大型海藻通过影响珊瑚幼虫的附着及附着后的存活率,而阻碍珊瑚群落的发展;(5)海藻还能通过富集沉积物、释放病原体及扰乱珊瑚共生微生物的生长等而间接影响珊瑚生长。明确的竞争机制有利于研究海藻与珊瑚的相互作用过程。在总结前人对海藻与珊瑚的竞争机制研究的基础上,把两者的竞争机制划分成物理机制、化学机制、微生物机制三大类,物理机制是研究得比较透彻的竞争机制,而化学机制与微生物机制则需要更深入的研究,是当前研究的热点。目前,我国对珊瑚礁中底栖海藻与珊瑚的相互作用研究甚少;鉴于此,对底栖海藻功能群的划分类型以及三大类型底栖海藻对珊瑚的作用特点做了简要介绍,并对珊瑚礁退化的现状和退化珊瑚礁区内海藻的表现做了概述。在此基础上,再综述国外关于大型海藻对珊瑚的影响研究进展,指出我国应该加强对南海珊瑚礁区大型海藻的种类分布及丰富度等的调查,评价大型海藻对南海珊瑚礁的影响现状;并结合生理学、分子生物学技术和生态学研究手段,在细胞与分子水平上探索海藻对珊瑚的影响机制,以期为珊瑚礁生态系统的保护提供参考。     

Macroalgal Extracts Induce Bacterial Assemblage Shifts and Sublethal Tissue Stress in Caribbean Corals

Benthic macroalgae can be abundant on present-day coral reefs, especially where rates of herbivory are low and/or dissolved nutrients are high. This study investigated the impact of macroalgal extracts on both coral-associated bacterial assemblages and sublethal stress response of corals. Crude extracts and live algal thalli from common Caribbean macroalgae were applied onto the surface of Montastraea faveolata and Porites astreoides corals on reefs in both Florida and Belize. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene amplicons was used to examine changes in the surface mucus layer (SML) bacteria in both coral species. Some of the extracts and live algae induced detectable shifts in coral-associated bacterial assemblages. However, one aqueous extract caused the bacterial assemblages to shift to an entirely new state (Lobophora variegata), whereas other organic extracts had little to no impact (e.g. Dictyota sp.). Macroalgal extracts more frequently induced sublethal stress responses in M. faveolata than in P. astreoides corals, suggesting that cellular integrity can be negatively impacted in selected corals when comparing co-occurring species. As modern reefs experience phase-shifts to a higher abundance of macroalgae with potent chemical defenses, these macroalgae are likely impacting the composition of microbial assemblages associated with corals and affecting overall reef health in unpredicted and unprecedented ways.     

Comparing the invasibility of experimental "reefs" with field observations of natural reefs and artificial structures

Natural systems are increasingly being modified by the addition of artificial habitats which may facilitate invasion. Where invaders are able to disperse from artificial habitats, their impact may spread to surrounding natural communities and therefore it is important to investigate potential factors that reduce or enhance invasibility. We surveyed the distribution of non-indigenous and native invertebrates and algae between artificial habitats and natural reefs in a marine subtidal system. We also deployed sandstone plates as experimental 'reefs' and manipulated the orientation, starting assemblage and degree of shading. Invertebrates (non-indigenous and native) appeared to be responding to similar environmental factors (e.g. orientation) and occupied most space on artificial structures and to a lesser extent reef walls. Non-indigenous invertebrates are less successful than native invertebrates on horizontal reefs despite functional similarities. Manipulative experiments revealed that even when non-indigenous invertebrates invade vertical "reefs", they are unlikely to gain a foothold and never exceed covers of native invertebrates (regardless of space availability). Community ecology suggests that invertebrates will dominate reef walls and algae horizontal reefs due to functional differences, however our surveys revealed that native algae dominate both vertical and horizontal reefs in shallow estuarine systems. Few non-indigenous algae were sampled in the study, however where invasive algal species are present in a system, they may present a threat to reef communities. Our findings suggest that non-indigenous species are less successful at occupying space on reef compared to artificial structures, and manipulations of biotic and abiotic conditions (primarily orientation and to a lesser extent biotic resistance) on experimental "reefs" explained a large portion of this variation, however they could not fully explain the magnitude of differences.     

Influence of Diadema antillarum populations (Echinodermata: Diadematidae) on algal community structure in Jardines de la Reina, Cuba

The 1983-1984 mass mortality of Diadema antillarum produced severe damages on Caribbean reefs contributing to substantial changes in community structure that still persist. Despite the importance of Diadema grazing in structuring coral reefs, available information on current abundances and algal-urchin interactions in Cuba is scarce. We analyzed spatial variations in Diadema abundance and its influence on algal community structure in 22 reef sites in Jardines de la Reina, in June/2004 and April/2005. Urchins were counted in five 30 x 2m transects per site, and algal coverage was estimated in randomly located 0.25m side quadrats (15 per site). Abundances of Diadema were higher at reef crests (0.013-1.553 ind/m2), while reef slope populations showed values up to three orders of magnitude lower and were overgrown by macroalgae (up to 87%, local values). Algal community structure at reef slopes were dominated by macroalgae, especially Dictyota, Lobophora and Halimeda while the most abundant macroalgae at reef crests were Halimeda and Amphiroa. Urchin densities were negatively and positively correlated with mean coverage of macroalgae and crustose coralline algae, respectively, when analyzing data pooled across all sites, but not with data from separate habitats (specially reef crest), suggesting, along with historical fish biomass, that shallow reef community structure is being shaped by the synergistic action of other factors (e.g. fish grazing) rather than the influence of Diadema alone. However, we observed clear signs of Diadema grazing at reef crests and decreased macroalgal cover according to 2001 data, what suggest that grazing intensity at this habitat increased at the same time that Diadema recruitment began to be noticeable. Furthermore, the excessive abundance of macroalgae at reef slopes and the scarcity of crustose coralline algae seems to be due by the almost complete absence of D. antillarum at mid depth reefs, where local densities of this urchin were predominantly low.