植物多糖的抗病毒作用

病毒对人类的危害众所周知。传统的抗病毒药物一般为核苷类似物,如无环鸟苷、叠氮胸苷等。但这些药物抗病毒作用不彻底、毒副作用大。由于西医药对病毒病的局限性,人们对中药、天然药物的研究越来越活跃,其中植物多糖作为抗病毒药物的研究已有了相当的发展,为治疗病毒病提供了一个广阔的前景。     

基于酵母表面展示技术的胸苷磷酸化酶全细胞催化剂的构建

胸苷磷酸化酶(TP)在核苷类代谢通路中发挥重要作用,可催化生成多种核苷类似物。构建了TP的酵母表面展示系统作为全细胞催化剂。从大肠杆菌K12菌株中克隆编码TP的deo A基因,利用酵母表达质粒p KFS构建重组质粒,电击转化毕赤酵母GS115菌株。高拷贝阳性转化子经甲醇诱导96 h后,免疫荧光结果显示TP在酵母细胞表面成功展示。利用β-胸苷为底物,重组酵母细胞作为全细胞催化剂,经HPLC检测,结果表明展示在酵母表面的TP有催化活性,可以催化β-胸苷生成产物胸腺嘧啶。     

乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗新进展

慢性乙型肝炎的抗病毒治疗发展迅速,本文就抗病毒治疗,包括干扰素类、核苷类似物、分子治疗药物的新进展作一综述.     

核苷类药物酶法合成研究进展

由于核苷类似物具有很高的抗病毒活性,因为而已成为医药工作者研究的重点。运用酶法合成核苷类似物．已经显示了巨大的优势。本文综述了酶法合成核苷类似物的产生菌种和酶系,以及它们的催化机理,并罗列了已经用于生产或较有使用价值的菌种。     

细胞和组织中的O~6-甲基脱氧鸟嘌呤核苷的脱甲基作用

为了探讨细胞和组织中的O~6-甲基脱氧鸟嘌呤核苷的脱甲基作用,我们合成了[~3H]O~6-mGua DNA、O~6-mdGuo、O~6-mdGMP、O~6-mdGTP等底物,在体外利用高压液相色谱分析细胞和组织提取物去除鸟嘌呤基团第六位氧原子上甲基的能力。结果表明,在细胞和组织提取物中存在一种去甲基酶,它能去除O~6-甲基脱氧鸟嘌呤核苷、O~6-甲基脱氧鸟嘌呤核苷-磷酸上的甲基,生成脱氧鸟嘌呤核苷或脱氧鸟嘌呤核苷-磷酸,并伴随着甲醇的释放。它不同于DNA甲基转移酶。没有观察到它对O~6-甲基鸟嘌呤DNA、O~6-甲基脱氧鸟嘌呤核苷三磷酸、O~4-甲基胸腺嘧啶核苷以及O~6-甲基鸟嘌呤的去甲基作用。     

人类平衡型核苷转运蛋白3的功能及与疾病的研究进展

平衡型核苷转运蛋白(equilibrative nucleoside transporter, ENT或SLC29)作为非浓度依赖型的核苷和核碱基转运体,以低亲和性结合核苷及其类似物跨膜向相对浓度较低的一方扩散;作为真核生物体内核苷、核碱基、抗肿瘤和抗病毒感染的核苷类似物转运体,在遗传物质的合成、抗肿瘤和抗病毒感染发挥着重要的作用。人类平衡型核苷转运体3(human balanced nucleoside transporter 3,hENT3)是溶质载体29(SLC29)基因家族中主要的细胞内转运体,该蛋白具有非常长的亲水性N-末端区域,内含溶质体、双亮氨基酸,强烈依赖于pH值。hENT3蛋白主要存在于细胞内溶酶体和线粒体中,对胞内核苷、核碱基及核苷类似物转运有重要的研究意义。但目前对于hENT3的研究还处于探索阶段,其转运模式及其与疾病发生发展的关系需要进一步研究。本文将对hENT3及其与疾病的研究进展进行论述,期待对hENT3有一个全面的了解,有助于后期的进一步研究。     

慢性乙型肝炎的基因治疗研究

近年来 ,慢性乙型肝炎的治疗 (主要是抗病毒治疗 )已取得较大进展。尤其是α 干扰素 (ＩＦＮ α)的合理应用及核苷类似物药物的开发与应用 ,对慢性乙型肝炎的治疗有了较大进步 ,但其疗效还不理想。如ＩＦＮ α在有选择的病例中对乙肝的长期疗效仅为 30 %～ 40 %。新近开发的抗病毒药物核苷类似物如拉咪呋啶 (ｌａｍｉｖｕｄｉｎｅ)及华米可维 (ｆａｍｉ ｃｌｏｖｉｒ)等 ,也由于其抗病毒作用短暂及易于诱发ＤＮＡ多聚酶的突变而形成耐药性和停药后易于复发等缺点 ,使其应用受到一定限制。因此 ,抗乙肝病毒的基因治疗被寄于新的希望。本文就…     

瑞德西韦的合成、作用机制与应用

瑞德西韦是一种具有广谱抗RNA病毒活性的核苷类似物,通过抑制病毒中RNA依赖性的RNA聚合酶活性从而发挥作用。在药物设计中,首先筛选了具有抑制病毒生长活性的核苷类似物,确定了鸟嘌呤类似物和戊糖的基本结构,再对其进行磷酸修饰、前药修饰和实验筛选得到最终结构。在药物合成方面,通过对两代合成路线的对比,讨论了反应条件和手性合成对其合成效率的影响,强调反应条件和立体化学在合成中的重要作用。在应用方面,概要阐述了在各类RNA病毒病治疗中的实验和应用情况。通过上述介绍,以期对瑞德西韦有一个相对全面的认识。     

代谢在宿主抗病毒天然免疫的重要作用

抗病毒天然免疫是宿主抗病毒感染的第一道防线。研究证明,病毒感染时,几乎所有细胞都能诱导I型干扰素(IFN-I)及其下游的干扰素刺激基因(ISG)的表达,进而介导宿主的抗病毒天然免疫。最新研究发现,细胞组分,尤其是脂质代谢几乎可以促进病毒复制周期的所有阶段,包括病毒与宿主细胞的初始相互作用、囊膜与细胞膜融合、病毒组装和出芽等。这些阶段均是宿主抗病毒天然免疫的作用靶点,也是预防和治疗病毒感染的有效途径。因此,细胞代谢(尤其是脂代谢)在病毒感染诱导的天然免疫中必定发挥极为关键的作用。代谢在抗病毒天然免疫中作用的研究,必将为预防和治疗病毒感染新途径和新方法的开发提供新的思路。综述将重点探讨代谢在线粒体、过氧化物酶体和少数ISG参与的抗病毒天然免疫中的作用。     

人体平衡型核苷转运蛋白的结构及应用研究进展

通过参与合成和转运核苷及其类似物,人体中的平衡型核苷转运蛋白在生物体内参与了细胞发育、能量代谢和信号转导等众多生理生化过程,其研究对于癌症、病毒感染等相关疾病的治疗有着极为重要的意义。该文综述了该类蛋白质在人体内的发现历程、分类、结构和作用机制,并对于其在一些疾病治疗和药物开发方面的前景进行了展望。     

Discovery of β-d-2′-deoxy-2′-dichlorouridine nucleotide prodrugs as potent inhibitors of hepatitis C virus replication

Discovery of sofosbuvir has radically changed hepatitis C treatment and nucleoside/tide NS5B inhibitors are now viewed as one of the key components in combination therapies with other direct-acting antiviral agents. As part of our program to identify new nucleoside inhibitors of HCV replication, we now wish to report on the discovery of β-d-2′-deoxy-2′-dichlorouridine nucleotide prodrugs as potent inhibitors of HCV replication. Although, cytidine analogues have long been recognized to be metabolized to both cytidine and uridine triphosphates through the action of cytidine deaminase, uridine analogues are generally believed to produce exclusively uridine triphosphate. Detailed investigation of the intracellular metabolism of our newly discovered uridine prodrugs, as well as of sofosbuvir, has now revealed the formation of both uridine and cytidine triphosphates. This occurs, not only in vitro in cell lines, but also in vivo upon oral dosing to dogs.     

Synthesis and antiviral activity of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyl-7-deazapurine nucleosides, their phosphoramidate prodrugs and 5'-triphosphates

Thirty novel α- and β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyl-7-deazapurine nucleoside analogs were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antiviral activity. Several α- and β-7-deazapurine nucleoside analogs exhibited modest anti-HCV activity and cytotoxicity. Four synthesized 7-deazapurine nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs (18-21) showed no anti-HCV activity, whereas the nucleoside triphosphates (22-24) demonstrated potent inhibitory effects against both wild-type and S282T mutant HCV polymerases. Cellular pharmacology studies in Huh-7 cells revealed that the 5'-triphosphates were not formed at significant levels from either the nucleoside or the phosphoramidate prodrugs, indicating that insufficient phosphorylation was responsible for the lack of anti-HCV activity. Evaluation of anti-HIV-1 activity revealed that an unusual α-form of 7-carbomethoxyvinyl substituted nucleoside (10) had good anti-HIV-1 activity (EC(50)=0.71±0.25 μM; EC(90)=9.5±3.3 μM) with no observed cytotoxicity up to 100 μM in four different cell lines.     

Lethal mutagenesis of poliovirus mediated by a mutagenic pyrimidine analogue

Lethal mutagenesis is the mechanism of action of ribavirin against poliovirus (PV) and numerous other RNA viruses. However, there is still considerable debate regarding the mechanism of action of ribavirin against a variety of RNA viruses. Here we show by using T7 RNA polymerase-mediated production of PV genomic RNA, PV polymerase-catalyzed primer extension, and cell-free PV synthesis that a pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate analogue (rPTP) with ambiguous base-pairing capacity is an efficient mutagen of the PV genome. The in vitro incorporation properties of rPTP are superior to ribavirin triphosphate. We observed a log-linear relationship between virus titer reduction and the number of rPMP molecules incorporated. A PV genome encoding a high-fidelity polymerase was more sensitive to rPMP incorporation, consistent with diminished mutational robustness of high-fidelity PV. The nucleoside (rP) did not exhibit antiviral activity in cell culture, owing to the inability of rP to be converted to rPMP by cellular nucleotide kinases. rP was also a poor substrate for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. The block to nucleoside phosphorylation could be bypassed by treatment with the P nucleobase, which exhibited both antiviral activity and mutagenesis, presumably a reflection of rP nucleotide formation by a nucleotide salvage pathway. These studies provide additional support for lethal mutagenesis as an antiviral strategy, suggest that rPMP prodrugs may be highly efficacious antiviral agents, and provide a new tool to determine the sensitivity of RNA virus genomes to mutagenesis as well as interrogation of the impact of mutational load on the population dynamics of these viruses.     

Novel role of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase,a glycolytic enzyme,in the activation of L-nucleoside analogs,a new class of anticancer and antiviral agents

l-Nucleoside analogs are a new class of clinically active antiviral and anticancer agents. The phosphorylation of these analogs from diphosphate to triphosphate metabolites is crucial for their biological action. We studied the role of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, a glycolytic enzyme, in the metabolism of l-nucleoside analogs, using small interfering RNAs to down-regulate the amount of this enzyme in HelaS3 and 2.2.15 cells, chosen as models for studying the impact of the enzyme on the anticancer and antihepatitis B virus activities of these analogs. Decrease in the expression of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase led to a corresponding decrease in the formation of the triphosphate metabolites of l-nucleoside analogs (but not d-nucleoside analogs), resulting in detrimental effects on their activity. The enzyme is important for generating as well as maintaining the steady state levels of l-nucleotides in the cells, thereby playing a key role in the activity of l-nucleoside analogs against human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and cancer. This study also indicates a structure-based distinction in the metabolism of l- and d-nucleoside analogs, disputing the classic notion that nucleoside diphosphate kinases are responsible for the phosphorylation of all classes of nucleoside analog diphosphates.     

2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methyl 3',5'-cyclic phosphate nucleotide prodrug analogs as inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase: discovery of PSI-352938

A series of novel 2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methyl 3',5'-cyclic phosphate nucleotide prodrug analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro anti-HCV activity and safety. These prodrugs demonstrated a 10-100-fold greater potency than the parent nucleoside in a cell-based replicon assay due to higher cellular triphosphate levels. Our structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies provided compounds that gave high levels of active triphosphate in rat liver when administered orally to rats. These studies ultimately led to the selection of the clinical development candidate 24a (PSI-352938).     

Kinetics and mechanism of DNA repair. Evaluation of caged compounds for use in studies of u.v.-induced DNA repair.

Experiments are described in which the feasibility of using caged dideoxy and other nucleoside triphosphate analogues for trapping breaks induced by u.v. radiation damage to mammalian cell DNA is evaluated. These nucleotide analogues that have a photolabile 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl-protecting group attached to the gamma-phosphate are placed in situ by permeabilizing cells by exposure to hypo-osmotic medium. The nucleoside triphosphate is released from the cage by a 351 nm u.v. laser pulse whence it may incorporate in the growing chain of DNA induced by the excision-repair process and terminate chain elongation. If the photoreleased dideoxynucleoside triphosphate is isotopically labelled in the alpha-phosphate position the break is trapped and labelled. Incorporation of radioactivity into trichloroacetic acid insoluble material in these experiments confirms their potential for use in studies of the kinetics of mammalian cell DNA repair.     

Incorporation of nucleoside analogs into nuclear or mitochondrial DNA is determined by the intracellular phosphorylation site

Nucleoside analogs used in cancer chemotherapy and in treatment of virus infections are phosphorylated in cells by nucleoside and nucleotide kinases to their pharmacologically active form. The phosphorylated nucleoside analogs are incorporated into DNA and cause cell death or inhibit viral replication. Cellular DNA is replicated both in the nucleus and in the mitochondria, and nucleoside analogs may interfere with DNA replication in both these subcellular locations. In the present study we created a cell model system where nucleoside analogs were phosphorylated, and thereby pharmacologically activated, in either the nucleus, cytosol, or mitochondria of cancer cells. The system was based on the reconstitution of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK)-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells with genetically engineered dCK targeted to the different subcellular compartments. The nucleoside analogs phosphorylated by dCK in the mitochondria were predominantly incorporated into mitochondrial DNA, whereas the nucleoside analogs phosphorylated in the nucleus or cytosol were incorporated into nuclear DNA. We further show that the nucleoside analogs phosphorylated in the mitochondria induced cell death by an apoptotic program. These data showed that the subcellular site of nucleoside analog phosphorylation is an important determinant for incorporation of nucleoside analogs into nuclear or mitochondrial DNA.     

The metabolism of 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaguanosine by human cells in culture

The metabolism of the purine analogs 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaguanosine was studied in cultured human cells using radiolabeled tracers, individual enzyme assays, and mutant cell lines. The toxicity of each drug appeared to require conversion to the 5' nucleotide. The base was converted to the nucleotide by hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. The conversion of the nucleoside to the nucleotide was catalyzed by an unidentified kinase. Purine nucleoside 3-deazaguanosine-5'-monophosphate was converted to its corresponding di- and triphosphate by guanylate kinase. Both the base and the nucleoside were incorporated into DNA but not RNA.