八肋游仆虫酸性核糖体磷酸化蛋白P1有2个亚型

真核生物酸性核糖体磷酸化蛋白(P0、P1、P2)位于核糖体60S大亚基上,它们在核糖体上共同组成一个向外侧凸出的五聚体的柄状复合物［P0·(P1·P2)2］,该复合物在蛋白质合成延伸过程中起着重要作用．为了探讨单细胞真核生物核糖体柄状复合物的组成形式及在蛋白质合成中的作用,对八肋游仆虫（Euplotes octocarinatus）的P1进行了研究．通过生物信息学方法,分析八肋游仆虫基因组及转录组数据,找到2个酸性核糖体蛋白P1基因,从DNA 和cDNA中都扩增到这2个P1基因,表明八肋游仆虫酸性核糖体磷酸化蛋白P1确实存在2个亚型. 将2个基因克隆后分别构建重组表达质粒pET28a-P1A和pGEX-6P-1-P1B,在大肠杆菌BL21中获得高效表达.经镍柱和GST柱亲和层析后,获得较高纯度的八肋游仆虫酸性核糖体蛋白EoP1A和EoP1B,表达产物经Western印迹检测为阳性．Pull-down分析了EoP1A和EoP1B之间的相互作用．结果表明,游仆虫酸性核糖体磷酸化蛋白P1的2个亚型EoP1A和EoP1B之间存在相互作用.     

SUMO化修饰的Apak对核糖体RNA合成的调控作用

核糖体是由核糖体RNA和核糖体蛋白组成的复合体,其功能是参与蛋白质合成.SUMO化修饰的底物蛋白对核糖体的形成有重要调控作用.前期研究发现,KRAB型锌指蛋白Apak能特异地抑制p53所介导的凋亡通路.进一步研究发现,在核仁应激及癌基因激活条件下,抑癌蛋白ARF促进Apak发生SUMO化修饰并促使其移位于核仁.为了进一步探讨SUMO化修饰的Apak对核糖体RNA合成的调控功能,本研究通过Northern blot检测SUMO化修饰的Apak对核糖体RNA合成的影响,实时定量PCR检测核糖体RNA转录水平,RNA-Ch IP方法检测核糖体RNA与Apak蛋白的相互作用,结果表明,SUMO化修饰的Apak抑制47S核糖体RNA前体的合成且抑制RNA聚合酶Ⅰ介导转录的18S和5.8S r RNA的合成;在放线菌素D以及癌基因诱导下,促进Apak与18S,5.8S r RNA相互作用.本研究对理解Apak的功能和作用机制提供了新的依据,为深入研究KRAB型锌指蛋白家族分子对核糖体RNA的调控奠定了基础.     

核糖体蛋白基因表达与肿瘤的关系

核糖体蛋白是组成核糖体的主要成分,在细胞内蛋白质生物合成中发挥重要作用。近来人们发现,核糖体具有参与DNA修复、细胞发育调控和细胞分化等核糖体外功能。并且在胃癌、结直肠癌、食管癌和肝癌等肿瘤组织中一些核糖体蛋白基因高表达,通过对肿瘤组织中核糖体蛋白基因高表达的深入研究,可以进一步阐明肿瘤发生、发展的机制,了解核糖体蛋白基因高表达在恶性肿瘤中的作用,为肿瘤的基因诊断和基因治疗开辟一个新的研究领域。     

核糖体灭活蛋白在植物中的作用

植物核糖体灭活蛋白 (ribosome -inactivatingproteins ,RIPs)能够破坏真核或原核细胞的核糖体大亚基RNA ,使核糖体失活而不能与蛋白质合成过程中的延伸因子相结合 ,从而导致蛋白质合成受到抑制。不同的核糖体对不同RIPs的敏感性不同 ,RIPs对自体或异体核糖体的作用也有很大区别。RIPs对病毒有很强的抑制作用 ,并且有些RIPs表现出对某些真菌和昆虫的抗性 ,因此认为核糖体灭活蛋白在植物的防御反应中扮演重要角色。另外 ,RIPs还可能参与了细胞代谢、细胞死亡等生理调控过程。     

反式翻译模型

反式翻译是细菌体内一种修复翻译水平上受阻的遗传信息表达过程的机制。tmRNA是反式翻译的核心分子,它兼具tRNA和mRNA的特点,在SmpB蛋白的帮助下特异性识别携带mRNA缺失体的核糖体,在核糖体蛋白S1的传递作用下结合在A位点上,一方面延续被中断的mRNA上的遗传信息,一方面终止蛋白质的合成,释放被束缚的核糖体和tRNA进入新的翻译过程。本文对近年来关于反式翻译模型的研究进行综述。     

过表达EoRPL11下调HEK293T细胞中蛋白质的翻译活性(英文)

核糖体蛋白L11(RPL11)是真核生物核糖体的重要组成部分.RPL11参与核糖体的生物发生及其它的一些细胞调控过程.本研究在人细胞中研究了游仆虫RPL11(EoRPL11)的亚细胞定位及对蛋白质合成的调控功能.通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现,融合绿色荧光蛋白的EoRPL11分布于细胞核中,并集中于核仁上;将EoRPL11和海肾荧光素酶报告基因共转染HEK293T细胞后发现,细胞内海肾荧光素酶的酶活性明显下降,并呈现一种剂量依赖性关系;实时定量PCR分析则表明,海肾荧光素酶的mRNA水平并没有明显改变;同时,细胞的增殖也受到了一定的抑制.以上结果表明,EoRPL11是核蛋白,并且其过表达可能在翻译水平上抑制细胞内总蛋白质的合成.     

真核翻译起始因子5A在蛋白质合成中的功能及机制

在蛋白质合成过程中,除核糖体、氨酰 tRNA和mRNA外,还有多种翻译因子参与其中。真核翻译起始因子5A（eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A, eIF5A）是维持细胞活性必不可少的翻译因子,在进化上高度保守。eIF5A是真核细胞中唯一含有羟腐胺赖氨酸（hypusine）的蛋白质,该翻译后修饰对eIF5A的活性至关重要。1978年,人们首次鉴定出eIF5A,认为它在翻译起始阶段促进第1个肽键的形成。直到2013年才证实它主要在翻译延伸阶段调控含多聚脯氨酸基序蛋白质的翻译。在经过四十多年研究后,人们对eIF5A的功能有了新的认识。近期基于核糖体图谱数据的分析表明,eIF5A能够缓解翻译延伸过程中核糖体在多种基序处的停滞,并不局限于多聚脯氨酸基序,并且它还能够通过促进肽链的释放增强翻译终止。此外,eIF5A还可以通过调控某些蛋白质的翻译,间接影响细胞内的各种生命活动。本文综述了eIF5A的多种翻译后修饰、在蛋白质合成和细胞自噬过程中的调控作用以及与人类疾病的关系,并与细菌及古细菌中的同源蛋白质进行了比较,探讨了该因子在进化中的保守性,以期为相关领域的研究提供一定的理论基础。     

核糖体蛋白质的新功能及其与相关疾病的关系

核糖体蛋白质与核糖体RNA共同组成了核糖体,是合成蛋白质的细胞器。除参与蛋白质合成,核糖体蛋白质还具有广泛的核糖体外功能,如独立于核糖体外发挥调控基因转录、mRNA翻译、细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡等等。基于诸多的核糖体外功能,核糖体蛋白质与人类疾病密切相关,例如在先天性贫血、生长发育不全和肿瘤的发生发展过程中均发挥重要作用。本文对近年来核糖体蛋白质的核糖体外新功能及其相关疾病的研究进展作一综述。     

蛋白质合成活动与卵母细胞成熟

蛋白质合成率的增加是卵母细胞成熟过程中的重要现象之一;合成率的增加是 mRNA与核糖体机构两者协调活动的结果。S6蛋白磷酸化和 pHi 上升似乎与蛋白质合成增加有关,但有证据表明这种联系是表面现象,非必然的。翻译机构中的蛋白质因子 cIF-4 A 可能参与成熟中蛋白质合成活动的调控。本文还分析了蛋白质合成的总体变化特点,蛋白质合成、磷酸化活动与 MPF 活性和 GVBD 现象之间的关系,这是研究 MPF 活性以及卵母细胞成熟机理的一个重要方面。     

拟南芥EBP1蛋白与RNA相互作用的初步研究

基因表达调控是现代分子生物学研究的热点话题,随着研究手段的不断成熟,其RNA转录后调控已成为备受关注的领域。RNA结合蛋白(RBPs)是转录后调控的关键因子,参与RNA可变剪切、RNA稳定、翻译等多个过程的调控。ErbB3绑定蛋白(EBP1)是结构功能高度保守的RNA结合蛋白,可与rRNA、tRNA、mRNA等多种RNA结合,参与调控核糖体生物生成、蛋白质翻译多个过程,但目前已报道的靶RNA甚少,对靶RNA的作用机制目前仍不清楚。通过生物信息学分析发现拟南芥EBP1结合RNA的保守结构域,并在体外可直接结合"GUCUCUCACUGCGACGGCUU"序列;通过RNA免疫共沉淀实验找到了3个靶mRNA(AT1G24792、AT3G25211、AT3G24320);结合核糖体提取及虫草素处理实验发现EBP1可显著调控特定靶mRNA的稳定性及其翻译速率。研究结果不仅证实拟南芥EBP1具有结合RNA的功能,还显示其参与调控靶RNA的转录后事件,为进一步研究EBP1在转录后调控的生物学机制奠定基础。     

Plastid movement in statocytes of the arg1 (altered response to gravity) mutant

The ability of a plant to respond to gravity is crucial for growth and development throughout the life cycle. A key player in the cellular mechanisms of gravitropism is ARG1 (altered response to gravity), a DnaJ-like protein that associates with components of the vesicular trafficking pathway and carries a C-terminal domain with similarities to cytoskeleton-associated proteins. The arg1-2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana has reduced and delayed gravitropism in roots, shoots, and inflorescence stems when grown in the light or dark. We performed light microscopic studies of plastid movement in the gravity-perceiving statocytes (endodermal cells) of hypocotyls of arg1-2 and WT light-grown seedlings following reorientation to better characterize the role of ARG1 in gravitropism. Cryofixation/freeze substitution procedures were used because they provide a reliable indication of rapid cellular events within the statocytes. Our results suggest that ARG1 affects gravitropism by reducing plastid movement/sedimentation, a process known to be essential for early phases of signaling cascades in the statocytes.     

Characterization of plant phenotypes associated with loss-of-function of AtCNGC1, a plant cyclic nucleotide gated cation channel.

Of the 57 cation channel genes in the Arabidopsis genome, over a third encode cyclic nucleotide gated cation channels (CNGCs). CNGCs are ion channels regulated by cytosolic signaling molecules (cyclic nucleotides, calmodulin, and Ca(2+)), and which conduct Ca(2+) as well as K(+) and in some cases Na(+). Little is currently known about the role CNGCs may play in plant growth and development. Here, we examined the hypothesis that an Arabidopsis thaliana genotype containing a null mutation in one of the CGNC genes (AtCNGC1) would display cation uptake-related growth phenotype differences from wild type (WT) plants. We determined that AtCNGC1 protein is primarily expressed in the roots of Arabidopsis seedlings. Seedlings lacking this protein had slightly (6-22%) lower shoot Ca(2+) than WT plants. Primary roots of Atcngc1 mutant seedlings grew faster than roots of WT plants, and had larger angles of gravicurvature and less nitric oxide generation upon gravistimulation. We conclude that channels formed (at least in part) by AtCNGC1 contribute (along with other channels) to Ca(2+) uptake into plants, and that Ca(2+) uptake into roots through AtCNGC1 affects some aspects of growth in the primary root of Arabidopsis seedlings.     

Phytochrome A enhances the promotion of hypocotyl growth caused by reductions in levels of phytochrome B in its far-red-light-absorbing form in light-grown Arabidopsis thaliana.

We sought to determine if phytochrome B (phyB)-mediated responses to the red light (R)/far-red light (FR) ratio are affected by phytochrome A (phyA) activity in light-grown seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. Pulses of FR delayed into the dark period were less effective than end-of-day (EOD) FR in promoting hypocotyl growth over a given period in darkness. White light minus blue light interposed instead of darkness between the end of the white-light photoperiod and the FR pulse was sufficient to maintain responsivity to the decrease in phyB in FR-light-absorbing form in wild-type (WT) seedlings, but not in the phyA mutant. Compared with EOD R, hourly R+FR pulses provided throughout the night caused a stronger promotion of stem growth than a single EOD R+FR pulse in WT Arabidopsis, cucumber, mustard, sunflower, tobacco, and tomato, but not in phyA Arabidopsis or in the aurea mutant of tomato. WT seedlings of Arabidopsis responded to a range of high EOD R/FR ratios, whereas the phyA mutant required stronger reductions in the EOD R/FR ratio. In sunlight, phyA seedlings of Arabidopsis showed no response to the "early warning" signals of neighboring vegetation, and hypocotyl-growth promotion occurred at higher plant densities than in the WT. Thus, under a series of light conditions, the sensitivity or responsivity to reductions in the R/FR ratio were larger in WT than in phyA seedlings. A product of phyA is therefore proposed to enhance the hypocotyl-growth response to decreases in phyB in FR-light-absorbing form in light grown seedlings.     

Novel strategy for anti-HIV-1 action: selective cytotoxic effect of N-myristoyltransferase inhibitor on HIV-1-infected cells

A 33-kDa protein component of the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II is essential for photosynthesis, and it has been believed that mutants with deletion of this 33-kDa protein are not found in higher plants. We report here the first isolation of an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant with a defect in one of the genes for the 33-kDa proteins, psbO, and an intact gene (psbO2). This mutant showed considerable growth retardation, suggesting that there is a functional difference between psbO and psbO2.     

What leads to reduced fitness in non-photochemical quenching mutants?

Feedback de-excitation (FDE) is a process that protects photosystem II from damage during short periods of overexcitation. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking this mechanism have reduced fitness in environments with variable light intensities. We have assayed the physiological consequences of mutations resulting in the lack of FDE and analysed the differences between field-grown plants and plants grown under fluctuating light in the laboratory. We show that FDE is an important mechanism in short-term responses to fluctuating light. Anthocyanin and carbohydrate levels indicated that the mutant plants were stressed to a higher degree than wild-type (WT) plants. Field-grown mutants were photo-inactivated to a greater degree than WT, whereas mutant plants in the fluctuating light environment in the laboratory seemed to downregulate the photosynthetic quantum yield, thereby avoiding photo-damage but resulting in impaired growth in the case of one mutant. Finally, we provide evidence that FDE is most important under conditions when photosynthesis limits plant growth, for example during flower and seed development.     

Photoresponses of transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings expressing introduced phytochrome B-encoding cDNAs: evidence that phytochrome A and phytochrome B have distinct photoregulatory functions

The photocontrol of hypocotyl elongation has been studied in two transgenic lines of Arabidopsis thaliana which contain elevated levels of phytochrome B encoded by either an introduced rice- or Arabidopsis -derived cDNA driven by the 35S CaMV promoter. Inhibition of hypocotyl growth in etiolated seedlings of the phyB -transformed lines was saturated at photon fluence rates of continuous red light (R) which were markedly lower than those required for inhibition of growth in seedlings of the isogenic wild-type (WT). Inhibition of hypocotyl growth in etiolated seedlings of the phyB -transgenic lines under continuous far-red irradiation (FR), however, showed the same relationship with fluence rate as WT. Light-grown seedlings of the phyB -transgenic lines responded to end-of-day FR by an acceleration of growth, in a manner comparable with WT. This response was unaltered when the end-of-day FR was extended from a 15 min pulse to 14 h of continuous irradiation. The response of light-grown, phyB -transformed seedlings to decreasing R:FR ratio was also qualitatively similar to WT, i.e. increased elongation growth of the hypocotyl and petioles occurred under low R:FR quantum ratio. However, absolute elongation growth was markedly less in the transgenic seedlings at all R:FR ratios tested than in WT. Together, these data indicate that seedlings over-expressing phytochrome B are more responsive to R than are WT, but are unaltered in their responsiveness to FR. By contrast, seedlings overexpressing phytochrome A are more responsive than WT to both R and FR; whereas the phytochrome B-deficient mutant hy3 is unresponsive to R while retaining WT-like responsiveness to FR. These data indicate that in WT etiolated seedlings phytochrome A mediates the effects of continuous FR, and phytochrome B the effects of continuous R. The evidence thus supports the conclusion that these two molecular species of the photoreceptor have differential regulatory roles in the plant.     

MPK6, sphinganine and the LCB2a gene from serine palmitoyltransferase are required in the signaling pathway that mediates cell death induced by long chain bases in Arabidopsis

Long chain bases (LCBs) are sphingolipid intermediates acting as second messengers in programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. Most of the molecular and cellular features of this signaling function remain unknown. We induced PCD conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and analyzed LCB accumulation kinetics, cell ultrastructure and phenotypes in serine palmitoyltransferase (spt), mitogen-activated protein kinase (mpk), mitogen-activated protein phosphatase (mkp1) and lcb-hydroxylase (sbh) mutants. The lcb2a-1 mutant was unable to mount an effective PCD in response to fumonisin B1 (FB1), revealing that the LCB2a gene is essential for the induction of PCD. The accumulation kinetics of LCBs in wild-type (WT) and lcb2a-1 plants and reconstitution experiments with sphinganine indicated that this LCB was primarily responsible for PCD elicitation. The resistance of the null mpk6 mutant to manifest PCD on FB1 and sphinganine addition and the failure to show resistance on pathogen infection and MPK6 activation by FB1 and LCBs indicated that MPK6 mediates PCD downstream of LCBs. This work describes MPK6 as a novel transducer in the pathway leading to LCB-induced PCD in Arabidopsis, and reveals that sphinganine and the LCB2a gene are required in a PCD process that operates as one of the more effective strategies used as defense against pathogens in plants.