卡泊芬净、米卡芬净对念珠菌体外药物敏感性的动态研究

目的 动态研究卡泊芬净、米卡芬净体外对念珠菌的药物敏感性.方法 参照CLSI公布的M-27A方案微量液体稀释法分别测定卡泊芬净、米卡芬净、氟康唑对85株念珠菌的体外敏感性,并连续7d观测结果.结果 48 h卡泊芬净对白念珠菌、光滑念珠菌及其他念珠菌MIC50、MIC90中位数分别为0.030μg/mL、0.030 μg/mL,0.060μg/mL、0.125 μg/mL,0.125 μg/mL、0.500 μg/mL.48 h米卡芬净对白念珠菌、光滑念珠菌及其他念珠菌MIC50、MIC90中位数分别为0.030 μg/mL、0.030 μg/mL,0.060 μg/mL、0.060 μg/mL,0.250 μg/mL、0.500 μg/mL.48 h氟康唑对白念珠菌、光滑念珠菌及其他念珠菌MIC80、MIC100中位数分别为2μg/mL、128 μg/mL,64 μg/mL、128 μg/mL,2μg/mL、32μg／mL.85株念珠菌中未见对3种药物同时耐药的菌株.卡泊芬净组白念珠菌MIC50、MIC90 24 h后不再升高;光滑念珠菌MIC50 72 h后不再升高,MIC90 120 h后不再升高;其他念珠菌组MIC50 168 h、MIC90 96 h后不再升高.米卡芬净组白念珠菌、光滑念珠菌MIC50、MIC90 24 h后不再升高;其他念珠菌MIC50、MIC90在72 h后不再升高.结论卡泊芬净、米卡芬净对念珠菌属有较好的抗菌作用,其中对白念珠菌、光滑念珠菌作用更强,且MICs随着作用时间延长而升高并存在药物特异性和念珠菌种属特异性.     

289株VVC致病菌的菌种分布和对9种抗真菌药物敏感性

外阴阴道念珠菌病（vulvovaginal candidiasis,VVC）是女性的常见病。本研究收集了2018年1月-12月苏州地区VVC患者分离的289株念珠菌进行了病原学鉴定和包括棘白菌素类、新三唑类药物在内的9种抗真菌药物体外敏感性分析。本文采用核糖体RNA的D1/D2基因进行念珠菌菌种鉴定。参照M27-A3方法检测其对9种抗真菌药物（包括棘白菌素类及新三唑类药物）的体外敏感性。结果表明,289株VVC念珠菌菌株中,白念珠菌259株、光滑念珠菌14株、克柔念珠菌10株、热带念珠菌4株、近平滑念珠菌2株。259株VVC白念珠菌对棘白菌素类体外敏感性好,对米卡芬净敏感性高于另外两种棘白菌素类;对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑敏感性好;但对伊曲康唑、伏立康唑敏感性差;对泊沙康唑敏感性好。光滑念珠菌株和克柔念珠菌分离株对卡泊芬净敏感性差,但对米卡芬净、阿尼芬净敏感性好;光滑念珠菌株对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶体外敏感性好,对伊曲康唑敏感性差,对泊沙康唑敏感性好;伏立康唑对光滑念珠菌分离株MIC₅₀/₉₀为0.5/1μg/mL;克柔念珠菌对伊曲康唑、伏立康唑50%耐药;4株热带念珠菌对伊曲康唑50%耐药,对卡泊芬净、氟康唑、伏立康唑100%耐药,对其余5种抗真菌药物敏感。近平滑念珠菌对9种抗真菌药物均敏感。白念珠菌仍为苏州地区VVC的主要病原菌,其次是光滑念珠菌和克柔念珠菌,它们对临床常用药物伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、卡泊芬净敏感性差。研究结果提示对VVC病人常规进行分泌物培养、菌种鉴定,对苏州地区临床医生制定VVC治疗方案具有重要参考价值。尽管棘白菌素类、两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、新三唑类药物尚未应用到VVC的临床治疗中,但是这些药物对VVC病原体总体敏感性较好,未来有望成为氟康唑、咪唑类药物治疗失败患者的新选择。     

国产卡泊芬净对曲霉菌的体外活性评估

目的以进口卡泊芬净(原研药)为对照,评估国产卡泊芬净(仿制药)对曲霉菌的体外抗菌活性及与进口卡泊芬净的一致性。方法 利用北京协和医院分离的75株侵袭性曲霉菌,采用CLSI推荐的微量液基稀释法对8种抗真菌药物进行体外敏感性试验。结果 棘白菌素类药物的MEC值总体低于唑类药物的MIC值,而米卡芬净的MEC 50 和MEC 90 比卡泊芬净低出2个梯度。除了对1株黄曲霉的MIC值为4 μg/mL,两性霉素B对其余74株菌株的MIC值≤2 μg/mL。全部菌株对伏立康唑和泊沙康唑均敏感,分别有16株烟曲霉、2株黄曲霉和5株黑曲霉对伊曲康唑耐药。国产卡泊芬净和进口卡泊芬净仅对11株曲霉菌的MEC值存在不一致,且国产卡泊芬净仅较卡进口泊芬净只低一个浓度梯度。卡泊芬净和米卡芬净对超过76%的曲霉菌24 h和48 h的药敏测定结果完全一致。结论 相较于唑类药物和两性霉素B,卡泊芬净对曲霉菌具有很好的体外抗真菌活性,且国产卡泊芬净与进口卡泊芬净的体外抗菌活性基本高度一致。     

焦性没食子酸联合唑类药物对念珠菌的抑菌作用

目的了解光滑念珠菌临床菌株的药敏情况以及中药单体焦性没食子酸联合唑类药物对念珠菌的抑菌作用。方法收集临床分离的光滑念珠菌116株、白念珠菌49株、热带念珠菌42株、克柔念珠菌4株和近平滑念珠菌13株,采用ATB FUNGUS3药敏试条检测光滑念珠菌的药敏情况;同时采用棋盘肉汤稀释法检测焦性没食子酸联合唑类药物对念珠菌的抑菌情况。结果116株光滑念珠菌中,14.66%(17株)的菌株对氟康唑耐药,22.41%(26株)对伊曲康唑表现为非野生型和81.03%(94株)对伏立康唑表现为非野生型。焦性没食子酸对5种念珠菌的抑菌情况,46.55%光滑念珠菌的MIC值为64μg/mL;34.69%白念珠菌的MIC值为64μg/mL;59.52%热带念珠菌的MIC值为64μg/mL;25%克柔念珠菌的MIC值为128μg/mL;46.15%近平滑念珠菌的MIC值为128μg/mL。唑类药物与焦性没食子酸联合用药时,100%、99.14%、99.14%的光滑念珠菌分别对氟康唑、伊曲康唑和伏立康唑表现为协同作用或相加作用,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而白念珠菌、热带念珠菌、克柔念珠菌和近平滑念珠菌均表现为无关作用和拮抗作用。与单独用药相比,联合用药时81.03%、68.1%、77.59%的光滑念珠菌分别对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑的MIC值降低2~3个浓度梯度,且耐药组与非耐药组之间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论光滑念珠菌对唑类药物具有耐药性,伏立康唑非野生型菌株所占比例最高。焦性没食子酸单独用药时,5组念珠菌中对光滑念珠菌的抑菌效果最好,且敏感组比耐药组的抑菌效果更加显著。焦性没食子酸联合唑类药物显著降低了光滑念珠菌唑类药物的MIC值,且耐药组比非耐药组的效果更加显著,为中西医结合治疗临床光滑念珠菌感染提供实验依据。     

新疆地区白念珠菌基因型分析及其体外药物敏感性研究

目的研究新疆地区汉族和维吾尔族患者来源的50株白念珠菌的基因型及其对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、米卡芬净、伊曲康唑、氟康唑和咪康唑的体外敏感性。方法采用PCR法扩增白念珠菌rDNA 25S的Ⅰ类内含子包含区,根据扩增产物的大小判断基因型(A型为450 bp,B型为840 bp,C型为450 bp和840 bp)。采用CLSI M27-A液基微量稀释法测定50株白念珠菌对上述6种抗真菌药的体外敏感性。结果 50株菌分为3种基因型:A型30株,B型和C型各10株。所有菌株对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、米卡芬净和咪康唑的MIC值较低,MIC范围依次为0.25～0.5μg/mL,0.125～0.5μg/mL,≤0.03μg/mL,0.25～8μg/mL;对伊曲康唑和氟康唑的MIC值较高,MIC范围分别为0.25～8μg/mL,0.5～64μg/mL。B型和C型对5-氟胞嘧啶的MIC值均为0.125μg/mL,对伊曲康唑和氟康唑的耐药率分别为84%、70%。不同族别来源的菌株基因型比较无显著差异(P>0.05),不同基因型菌株的抗真菌药物敏感性比较也无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论新疆地区白念珠菌分A,B,C三种基因型。汉...     

重症患者念珠菌菌种分布及卡泊芬净敏感性分析

目的评估中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院重症医学科重症患者念珠菌菌种分布及卡泊芬净敏感性,以指导临床抗真菌药物的合理使用。方法收集2015年2月1日~2016年2月1日入住我院重症医学科3d以上的所有成年重症患者的念珠菌菌株进行菌种鉴定,卡泊芬净敏感性检测采用临床和实验室标准化委员会(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute,CLSI)酵母菌液基稀释法(M27-A3)进行。结果共收集念珠菌菌株76株,白念珠菌37株,占48.7%。其次为热带念珠菌20株(26.3%)、近平滑念珠菌8株(10.5%)、光滑念珠菌8株(10.5%);克柔念珠菌、葡萄牙念珠菌、季也蒙念珠菌各1株。绝大部分念珠菌菌株对卡泊芬净敏感,敏感率为94.7%。其中,分离到卡泊芬净耐药的光滑念珠菌1株、卡泊芬净中介的光滑念珠菌2株、白念珠菌1株。结论我院重症医学科重症患者念珠菌仍以白念珠菌最常见。非白念珠菌中热带念珠菌的比例较高。来自于重症患者的念珠菌对卡泊芬净仍具有较好的敏感性。     

国产泊沙康唑对生殖器来源念珠菌的体外药物敏感性研究

目的了解国产泊沙康唑对生殖器念珠菌病病原菌的体外抑菌活性。方法参照美国临床和实验室标准协会制定的M27-A4方案测定国产泊沙康唑及其他常用抗真菌药物对60株生殖器念珠菌病致病菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值。结果国产泊沙康唑对氟康唑耐药白念珠菌的MIC范围为0.25～0.50μg/mL,几何均数为0.40μg/mL,MIC_(50)为0.5μg/mL,MIC_(90)为0.5μg/mL;对近平滑念珠菌的MIC范围为0.03～0.125μg/mL,几何均数为0.10μg/mL,MIC_(50)为0.125μg/mL,MIC_(90)为0.125μg/mL;对热带念珠菌的MIC范围为0.125～8.0μg/mL,几何均数为0.57μg/mL,MIC_(50)为0.5μg/mL,MIC_(90)为2μg/mL;对光滑念珠菌的MIC范围为0.06～2.0μg/mL,几何均数为0.25μg/mL,MIC_(50)为0.125μg/mL,MIC_(90)为1μg/mL;对克柔念珠菌的MIC范围为0.125～0.50μg/mL,几何均数为0.29μg/mL,MIC_(50)为0.25μg/mL,MIC_(90)为0.5μg/mL。结论对生殖器来源的氟康唑耐药白念珠菌及非白念珠菌,国产泊沙康唑均表现出了较好的体外抗菌活性,未来有望成为临床生殖器念珠菌病治疗的新选择。     

耐氟康唑念珠菌和耐伊曲康唑烟曲霉对泊沙康唑的敏感性测定

目的：测定耐氟康唑念珠菌和耐伊曲康唑烟曲霉临床分离株对泊沙康唑的敏感性。方法参照美国临床实验室标准化研究所制定的 M27-A3和 M38-A2方案,测定从临床获得的11株耐氟康唑的念珠菌和3株耐伊曲康唑烟曲霉对泊沙康唑的 MIC 值。结果对于氟康唑耐药的念珠菌,泊沙康唑的 MIC 范围是0.125-1μg/ mL。对于伊曲康唑耐药烟曲霉,泊沙康唑的 MIC 范围是0.06-0.5μg/ mL。结论11株耐氟康唑的念珠菌和3株耐伊曲康唑烟曲霉均对泊沙康唑有效。     

肝病患者无菌部位酵母菌感染的临床特征及抗真菌药物的敏感性分析

目的侵袭性酵母菌感染与重症监护室和器官移植等免疫力低下患者的感染率密切相关,本研究分析了酵母菌感染无菌部位的临床分布特征,同时对7种抗真菌药物的体外抑菌活性进行了分析。方法对来自解放军302医院2012年至2017年间无菌部位分离的188株酵母菌,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定酵母菌对常用抗真菌药的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC);分析188株酵母菌的临床分布特征。结果白念珠菌(45.7%)是导致肝病患者无菌部位感染的主要酵母菌,其次是热带念珠菌(18.1%)和光滑念珠菌(16.0%),分离标本以腹水(39.9%)为主;患者年龄主要集中在50～65岁(43.6%)之间,并且以男性(70.7%)为主,光滑念珠菌是导致50～65岁年龄阶段感染的主要非白念珠菌;药物敏感性试验显示伊曲康唑对白念珠菌的MIC_(50)的值为0.25μg/mL而MIC_(90)的值达到了0.5μg/mL,同时卡泊芬净对克柔念珠菌的MIC_(50)的值为0.25μg/mL而MIC_(90)的值达到了0.5μg/mL,因此,除了白念珠菌对伊曲康唑的体外敏感性较低(19.8%)和克柔念珠菌对卡泊芬净的体外感性较低(33.3%)外,其他三唑类药物、棘白菌素类药物和5-氟胞嘧啶对酵母菌均有很高的体外抑菌活性。结论白念珠菌仍然是导致肝病患者侵袭性酵母菌感染的主要菌种,感染患者以老年男性为主,抗真菌药物对白念珠菌和非白念珠菌的体外抑菌活性不同,临床应合理选择抗真菌药物。     

桂皮醛抗曲霉的敏感性及对烟曲霉细胞壁的影响

目的探讨桂皮醛对曲霉的抗菌活性及对烟曲霉细胞壁的影响,为研发新型靶向抗真菌药物提供依据。方法用沙氏琼脂(4%葡萄糖、1%蛋白胨、2%琼脂)试管稀释法测定曲霉菌MIC。将烟曲霉菌分别制备成1×106 CFU/mL的0.1%的桂皮醛及卡泊芬净吐温80沙氏(4%葡萄糖、1%蛋白胨)液基,37℃孵育48h后,离心、制片,透射电镜观察,以氟康唑作对照。结果桂皮醛、卡泊芬净、氟康唑对曲霉菌MIC(烟曲霉菌0.019 5μg/mL、0.039 1μg/mL、32μg/mL,黄曲霉菌0.039 1μg/mL、0.039 1μg/mL、32μg/mL)。电镜显示0.1%的桂皮醛及卡泊芬净作用烟曲霉菌48h后,细胞壁外层溶解脱落、细胞核及细胞器溶解消失,但细胞膜仍然完整。0.1%氟康唑对烟曲霉菌细胞壁及细胞膜均无影响。结论桂皮醛、卡泊芬净对烟曲霉菌均有较强的抗活性,但桂皮醛优于卡泊芬净。桂皮醛及卡泊芬净作用在烟曲霉菌细胞壁而不影响细胞膜,氟康唑对烟曲霉菌细胞壁及细胞膜均无影响。桂皮醛有望成为一种有效的靶向治疗曲霉菌感染的理想药物。     

Minimal inhibitory concentrations of Candida species to five antifungals by using the reference dilution micromethod and the E-test.

It is accepted that the frequency of candidosis has increased during the last decade, specially in hospitalized patients. The more frequent use of azole antifungals and the recognition of isolates of Candida sp resistant to these and other drugs such as 5-fluorocytosine constitute a great need for a reproducible and useful C. albicans in vitro susceptibility testing method for monitoring antifungal therapy in clinical mycological laboratories. The E-test is a novel agar diffussion technique for testing the susceptibility of yeasts against a defined continous gradient of drug and could be used by most clinical laboratories. In this study the E-test and the NCCLS reference microbroth method (M27-P guidelines) were used to determine the MICs of amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine, itraconazole, fluconazole and ketoconazole for 50 clinical isolates of Candida albicans, Torulopsis glabrata, C. tropicalis and Hansenula anomala and five reference ATCC strains. The main purpose of the study was to compare the results obtained by the two methods. In general good agreement (+/- 1 dilution) was otained between both methods, despite differences observed for some species-antifungal combinations in which the MICs were lower by the E-test than by the microbroth method. MICs for C. albicans and T. glabrata to amphotericin B were < 0.50 microg/mL. Two isolates of C. albicans and two others of H. anomala, showed MIC < 8 microg/mL for 5- flucytosine. All isolates of T. glabrata and 40% of C. albicans showed MICs > 16 microg/mL for fluconazole. The results of this study indicate that E-test is an alternative for susceptibility testing to the NCCLS reference method. Because its simplicity it seems to be an easier test for routine clinical laboratories.     

男性尿道炎和包皮龟头炎致病真菌的分布与药敏分析

目的了解男性念珠菌性尿道炎和包皮龟头炎的菌群分布及体外抗真菌药敏试验情况。方法菌株分离均来自复旦大学附属华山医院皮肤性病门诊临床症状轻重不一、真菌直接镜检阳性的61例患者。用科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基及API 20C AUX鉴定系统进行菌种鉴定;采用CLSIM27-A2肉汤微量稀释法对61株临床分离念珠菌作了氟康唑、两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、特比萘芬6种抗真菌药物敏感性测定。结果对培养阳性的61例菌株,通过科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基及API 20C AUX鉴定系统作菌种鉴定,白念珠菌52例（85.2%）,近平滑念珠菌3例,光滑念珠菌2例,热带念珠菌2例,季也蒙念珠菌1例,克柔念珠菌1例。对52株白念珠菌的药敏试验显示氟康唑98.1%敏感,1.9%剂量依赖性敏感;氟胞嘧啶96.2%敏感,3.8%耐药;伊曲康唑44.2%敏感,40.5%剂量依赖性敏感,15.3%耐药;伏立康唑84.6%敏感,15.4%耐药;两性霉素B全部敏感;特比萘芬的MIC范围为1-64μg/ml,MIC50和MIC90皆为64μg/ml。结论在男性念珠菌性尿道炎和包皮龟头炎中,白念珠菌仍是第一位致病菌,体外药敏试验显示氟康唑、伏立康唑、氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B对男性念珠菌性尿道炎均有较好的敏感性。     

白念珠菌SSK1突变株对氟康唑敏感性的初步研究

目的探讨氟康唑作用于白念珠菌双组分信号传导途径SSK1突变株SSK21后药物敏感性的变化。方法采用微量液体稀释法和固醇测定法测定野生株(CAF2-1)和突变株(SSK21)的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);并应用RT-PCR观察氟康唑作用前后,SSK1的表达变化。结果氟康唑对CAF2-1的MIC为16μg/mL,对SSK21为0.032μg/mL。加入氟康唑后,CAF2-1的SSK1表达明显增加,60min时达到最多。结论 SSK21对氟康唑高度敏感,SSK1基因及其相关的重要基因与药物敏感性的关系值得进一步研究,从而为新的抗真菌药物和治疗途径的研发提供参考。     

特比萘芬与其他抗真菌药物对外阴阴道念珠菌病病原菌的体外相互作用研究

目的 了解特比萘芬( TEB)分别与氟康唑(FLU)、伊曲康唑(ITR)、咪康唑(MCZ)、克霉唑(CMZ)及制霉菌素(NYS)联合对外阴阴道念珠菌病患者分离的念珠菌体外相互作用.方法 受试念珠菌株46株,包括白念珠菌(20株)、热带念珠菌(15株)、光滑念珠菌(4株)、克柔念珠菌(3株)、近平滑念珠菌(3株)和季也蒙念珠菌(1株).方法参考CLSIM27-A3方案中的微量液基稀释法,观察各药单独和联合后的MIC,并计算FICI.结果 TEB、FLU、ITR、MCZ、CMZ和NYS 的单药MIC范围分别为0.5～256μg/mL、0.5～ 128 μg/mL、0.5 ～ 32.0 μg/mL,0.125 ～ 16μg/mL、0.03 ～ 4.0 μg/mL和2～8μg/mL.当TEB与FLU、ITR、MCZ和CMZ联合时,对白念株菌表现为协同作用的分别为100％ (20/20),80％ (16/20),55％ (11/20)和90％ (18/20);对1株季也蒙念珠菌均显示为协同作用;对热带念珠菌,TEB分别与上述4种唑类药物联合时,显示有协同作用的分别为67％ (10/15),60％ (9/15),20％(3/15)和20％ (3/15);TEB与唑类药物联合对光滑念珠菌、克柔念珠菌和近平滑念珠菌均无协同作用;TEB与NYS联合时对所有菌株均无协同作用.结论 TEB与唑类药物联合对不同种的念珠菌显示有不同的效应,但对外阴阴道念珠菌病主要的致病菌白念珠菌显示有良好的协同作用.TEB与NYS联合对念株菌均无协同作用.     

Curcumin as a promising anticandidal of clinical interest

Curcumin, an important Asian spice, is part of many Indian food preparations. This work evaluates the antifungal activity of curcumin against 14 strains of Candida (10 clinical and 4 standard). Curcumin displayed antifungal properties against all tested Candida strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) varying from 250 to 2000 μg·mL?1. The in vitro effect of curcumin on growth, sterol content, proteinase secretion, and H+ extrusion by plasma membrane ATPase was investigated for 2 standard strains Candida albicans ATCC 10261 and Candida glabrata ATCC 90030 and compared with the effect of fluconazole. At MIC, curcumin inhibited H+ extrusion in 2 species of Candida by 42% and 32% in the absence of glucose and by 28% and 18% in the presence of glucose. Respective inhibition of H+ extrusion caused by the MIC of fluconazole was 85% and 89% in the absence of glucose and 61% and 66% in its presence. Ergosterol content decreased by 70% and 53% for the 2 strains following exposure to curcumin at MIC; comparative values for fluconazole at MIC were 93% and 98%. Curcumin and fluconazole decreased proteinase secretion by 49% and 53%, respectively, in C. albicans and by 39% and 46%, respectively, in C. glabrata. In conclusion, curcumin is found to be active against all tested clinical and standard strains but is less effective than fluconazole. Antifungal activity of curcumin might be originating from alteration of membrane-associated properties of ATPase activity, ergosterol biosynthesis, and proteinase secretion.     

Antifungal effects of hydrolysable tannins and related compounds on dermatophytes, mould fungi and yeasts

A series of hydrolysable tannins and related compounds was evaluated for antifungal activities against filamentous fungi (Epidermophyton floccosum; Microsporum canis; Microsporum gypseum; Trichophyton mentagrophytes; Trichophyton rubrum; Trichophyton tonsurans; Trichophyton terrestre; Penicillium italicum; Aspergillus fumigatus; Mucor racemosus; Rhizopus nigricans) and opportunistic yeasts (Candida albicans; Candida glabrata; Candidata krusei; Cryptococcus neoformans), using the agar dilution method. While all samples had no activity against the filamentous fungi in concentrations of 1.1-5.9 microM (1000 microg/ml), the phenolic compounds displayed significant potencies against all the opportunistic yeasts tested but C. albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.1 microM (16-125 microg/ml). Although the presence of galloyl groups in flavonoids did not necessarily produce activity, this structural element, an HHDP moiety or its oxidatively modified entity proved to be an important structural feature of hydrolysable tannins. Comparison of dilution methods provided strong evidence of dependence of MIC values on the test method. Employing the microdilution broth method, the ellagitannin corilagin (MIC 0.8 nM) was found to be similarly potentially active as amphotericin B (MIC 0.5 nM) and sertaconazole (MIC 0.9 nM) against Candida glabrata strains. The order of effectiveness observed being 64- and 4-8-fold increased for corilagin and the reference compounds respectively, when compared with that of the agar dilution test.     

Comparsion ofin vitro activities of antifungal drugs and propolis against yeasts isolated from patients with superficial mycoses

Thein vitro susceptibilities of propolis and antifungal drugs were determined against some yeasts isolated from patients with superficial mycoses. The agents tested included fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine and propolis. MICs were determined by the broth microdilution technique following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards document M27-P. For allCandida albicans isolates from the patients with superficial mycoses, ketoconazole presented higher (P<0.05) efficiency than that of the other antifungal agents tested. The geometric mean MIC values of antifungal drugs and propolis against the yeasts tested ranged from 0.087 to 12.69 μg/mL and 0.4–0.6 μg/mL, respectively. Propolis also showed an important antifungal activity against the yeasts tested, MIC ranges of the propolis were between 0.01–1.65 μg/mL. Based on these results, propolis requires further investigation as a potential agent for the treatment of superficial mycoses.     

反转录转座子TCA4与白念珠菌耐药性的研究

目的研究高温刺激下白念珠菌中反转录转座子的表达情况与耐药性产生的关系,探寻白念珠菌耐药的分子机制。方法微量液基稀释法测定氟康唑对高温诱导的白念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC）;斑点法（spotassay）考察诱导菌株对药物的耐受能力;实时定量PCR（RT-PCR）方法检测诱导菌株中反转录转座子TCA4中开放阅读框的表达水平。结果长期高温刺激能降低白念珠菌对氟康唑（16μg／mE）的耐受能力;高温诱导菌株中反转录转座子TCA4中Orf19．2668和Orf19．2669的表达水平相比于亲本菌ATCC10231发生高表达。结论高温刺激能使反转录转座子TCA4发生转座激活,反转录转座子TCA4的转座激活与白念珠菌耐药性形成相关,与此同时可能还有其他机制参与白念珠菌耐药性的形成。