美国威斯康星州的Lower Fox River和Lower Green Bay水域的污…

Ｌｏｗｅｒ Ｆｏｘ Ｒｉｖｅｒ和Ｌｏｗｅｒ Ｇｒｅｅｎ Ｂａｙ水域的沉积物造成了该地区的轻度污染。经测定和分析,沉积物中含有较高的ＰＣＢｓ和较低含量的ＰＣＤＦｓ及ＰＣＤＤｓ,在鱼样口中呈现有ＰＣＢｓ和农药。组织病理学检查,鱼体内寄生虫感染发生率较高,部分肝组织坏死,出现肉芽瘤状物,胰腺纤维化,但没有发现鱼体上有肿瘤。     

多氯联苯对剑尾鱼超氧化物岐化酶活性的影响

目的　研究多氯联苯 (PCBs)暴露对剑尾鱼 (Xiphophorushelleri)超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性的影响 ,探讨剑尾鱼器官组织内SOD活性变化作为环境风险评价 (ERA)的有效生物学标记的可行性。方法　测定了PCBs对剑尾鱼 30d的半致死浓度 (LC50 ) ;使用浸浴法以 0、2、5 0 μg L三个PCBs浓度为剑尾鱼染毒 ,定量测定了 72h内肝、鳃及卵巢组织中的SOD的活性变化。结果　PCBs对剑尾鱼的 30dLC50 为 1 0 5 80 μg L ;PCBs对剑尾鱼肝脏和卵巢的SOD活性有明显 (P <0 0 1 )的影响。在最初染毒的 1 2h内 ,SOD活性略有上升 ,但随暴露时间延长 ,浓度增加 ,肝和卵巢的SOD活性均呈下降趋势。此外 ,结果还显示肝组织的SOD活性较高于卵巢的SOD活性 ,表明不同器官组织的SOD活性对PCBs胁迫的敏感性存在一定的差异。实验中鳃组织SOD活性在PCBs暴露后其变化不明显 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　表明剑尾鱼肝细胞SOD活性可作为环境风险评价 (ERA)的有效生物学标记     

PCBs对红树林沉积物中微生物及酶活性的影响

研究了多氯联苯（PCBs）对沉积物及红树植物秋茄根区沉积物微生物及酶活性的影响。结果表明,种植秋茄可提高沉积物中细菌和放线菌的数量,但不能提高真菌的数量。PCBs处理可显著提高沉积物中细菌和放线菌的数量。土壤呼吸与微生物量具有相似的变化趋势。由于细菌在沉积物微生物中占有绝对的优势,因此细菌的数量是微生物多样性指数的决定性因素。与未种植红树植物的相比,种植沉积物微生物多样性指数相对较低,PCBs处理与对照相比,微生物多样性指数差异不显著。在试验过程中,未种植的PCBs处理组多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性均高于对照组,表明这两种酶是沉积物PCBs污染的敏感指标,而这两种酶被报道在植物修复中与PCBs的降解有关。     

多氯联苯在模拟水生态系统中的分布、积累与迁移动态研究

利用微宇宙模拟水生态系统对多氯联苯在水体环境中的行为 ,包括多氯联苯在水体、沉积物、生物体 (皇冠草、河蚬、鲢 )不同分配相及生物体不同组织、器官中含量、分布以及迁移、富集等时间变化动态过程进行了研究。结果表明 ,水草对PCB有一定程度的吸收 ;河蚬对PCBs有明显的吸收积累 ,并且吸收达到平衡的时间较长。鱼体对PCB的吸收积累在不同组织中有明显的差别 ,在内脏和肌肉组织中积累较高 ,鳃组织中积累较低。     

浙江省某PCBs废物储存点对其邻近滩涂生态系统的毒性风险

在浙江省沿海某化工厂内含PCBs废物储存点邻近滩涂上设6个采样点,用GC-MS方法检测各采样点水样、滩涂泥样及大弹涂鱼样品中毒性最强的12种二噁英类PCB(DL-PCB)异构体的含量。结果表明,所有样品DL-PCBs检出率、样品单邻位异构体PCB118和非邻位异构体PCB81检出率均为100％,且PCB118和81的含量均与总DL-PCBs量有较好的相关性,在水样、泥样和鱼样品中,PCB118与总DL-PCBs含量的相关系数(r)分别为0.97、0.95和0.91,PCB81与总DL-PCBs含量的相关系数(r)分别为0.93、0.99和0.98。环境样品中以低氯异构体(PCB81和77)为主,而生物样品中高氯异构体(PCB118和105)含量较高。采样区域内大弹涂鱼从水体和泥土中的平均富集系数分别为392.54和14.03,且鱼体PCBs含量与沉积物中DL-PCBs浓度高度相关(r＝0.97)。在距堆场水沟入海口150 m内水体和沉积物中DL-PCBs含量已处于较高污染水平(分别大于599.34 ng/L和10.97 ng/g),且采样区域内大弹涂鱼PCBs含量(均大于59.19 ng/g脂重)显著高于其它地区。毒性当量研究表明,非邻位的PCB126和PCB169是样品总TEQs的主要贡献者,且所有水样和鱼样的TEQs都分别显著超过日本水环境限值1 pg TEQ/L和欧盟水产品标准值8 pg TEQ/g湿重(P<0.001);应用MacDonald沉积物毒性评价方法研究表明,1-4＃泥样已具有较高毒性风险。综合DL-PCBs含量和毒性当量分析表明,清挖4a后,该PCBs废物堆场仍对周边滩涂生态系统具有一定毒性风险,对人体健康存在潜在危害。     

红树植物秋茄对PCBs污染沉积物的修复

通过盆栽试验,研究了红树植物秋茄(Kandelia candel)对污染沉积物中系列浓度的PCB47(2,2′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl)和PCB155( 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′, -hexachlorophenyl)的修复作用与累积机理.结果表明:(1)经过180d处理,栽种了秋茄的沉积物中PCB47的残留浓度为53.99～528.37μg·kg-1,PCB155的残留浓度为68.25～682.90μg·kg-1,分别比对照1(加二氯化汞)低10.40%～15.46% 和6.10%～11.94%;比对照2(无二氯化汞)低7.70%～12.85% 和5.28%～8.27%;(2)秋茄对沉积物中PCB47和PCB155均具有较强的吸收积累作用,并随沉积物中PCB47和PCB155含量的增加而增大,不同种类PCBs在秋茄体内不同部位的积累趋势相同,不论是PCB47还是PCB155的累积量均是根> 叶> 茎.秋茄叶片中多氯联苯来自根部传输和空气吸收两部分,较低浓度的处理中,主要来自空气吸收,较高浓度的处理中,主要来自根部传输;(3)秋茄根对PCBs的生物富集系数(BCFs) 随着沉积物中PCB47和PCB155含量的增加而减小.不同种类PCBs 以及植物不同部位间BCFs 差异较大, PCB47的生物富集系数大于PCB155, 秋茄不同部位对PCBs生物富集系数大小不同,无论是PCB47还是PCB155,生物富集系数均是根＞叶＞茎.总体看来,秋茄能积累与去除污染沉积物中的PCB47和PCB155,表明用红树植物秋茄修复PCBs污染沉积物是一种有效、可行的方法.     

宁波滩涂贝类养殖区沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯残留及生态风险评估

利用GC-ECD对宁波市主要滩涂贝类养殖区表层沉积物中的多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留量进行测定,研究其分布状况,并进行生态风险评估.结果表明:贝类养殖区表层沉积物中的总有机氯农药含量为0.80～32.40ng·g-1,多氯联苯含量为3.20～33.33 ng·g-1.HCHs主要来自远距离大气传输及历史残留,部分区域有DDTs输入,其来源可能是三氯杀螨醇的使用.大部分站位的p,p’-DDT和DDTs存在潜在的生态风险,其中墙头和西店海域的p,p’-DDT残留超过生物效应中值,对底栖生物毒害效应较高.大多数站位PCBs的生态风险较低.     

秋茄(Kandelia candel)幼苗对多氯联苯污染的生理生态响应

通过盆栽实验,研究了4种不同浓度（180、900、1800和2700μg kg^-1）的多氯联苯（PCBs）对红树植物秋茄幼苗的茎高、茎径、生物量、相对生长速率以及叶片的叶绿素含量、水势、丙二醛含量和游离脯氨酸含量等生理生态指标的影响,结果表明：（1）在所设PCBs浓度范围内,PCBs对秋茄幼苗的茎高、茎径、生物量和相对生长速率等生长指标的生长没有产生不利的影响,相反具有促进作用,红树植物秋茄在PCBs污染情况下能旺盛生长;（2）在所设PCBs浓度范围内,秋茄幼苗叶片能保持相对正常的叶绿素水平和相对稳定的叶绿素a／b值,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a＋b的含量虽然有所降低,但均为对照的70％以上;叶绿素a／b值有所升高,但均未超过对照的15％。（3）随着PCBs浓度的升高,秋茄幼苗叶片水势呈上升趋势,而游离脯氨酸含量和膜质过氧化产物MDA含量均有一定的增加,说明PCBs对秋茄幼苗产生了一定的影响。总体来看,秋茄幼苗能在所设浓度的PCBs范围内正常生长,对PCBs有较强的耐受性和适应性,对PCBs污染的沉积物进行修复是可行的。     

植物修复多氯联苯研究进展

综述了植物修复持久性有机污染物多氯联苯（PCBs）的研究进展,重点阐述了植物对PCBs的去除作用和机理,植物在从环境中去除PCBs的过程中,不仅仅是作为微生物降解的支持者,而且还作为积极的参与者对PCBs进行代谢：一方面植物通过根系从环境中吸收和积累PCBs,并将吸收的PCBs转化为非毒性的代谢产物累积于植物组织中;另一方面植物释放促进PCBs降解的酶直接降解PCBs,或释放根系分泌物,增加根际微生物的数量,提高其活性间接降解PCBs.文中对植物修复PCBs的影响因素如植物组织培养的类型、生物量、PCBs的初始浓度以及PCBs的类型、理化性质等进行了讨论.     

秋茄(Kandelia candel)幼苗对多氯联苯污染的生理生态响应

通过盆栽实验,研究了4种不同浓度(180 、900 、1800 和2700μg kg^-1)的多氯联苯（PCBs）对红树植物秋茄幼苗的茎高、茎径、生物量、相对生长速率以及叶片的叶绿素含量、水势、丙二醛含量和游离脯氨酸含量等生理生态指标的影响,结果表明:（1）在所设PCBs浓度范围内,PCBs对秋茄幼苗的茎高、茎径、生物量和相对生长速率等生长指标的生长没有产生不利的影响,相反具有促进作用,红树植物秋茄在PCBs污染情况下能旺盛生长;（2）在所设PCBs浓度范围内,秋茄幼苗叶片能保持相对正常的叶绿素水平和相对稳定的叶绿素a/b值,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a+b的含量虽然有所降低,但均为对照的70%以上;叶绿素a/b值有所升高,但均未超过对照的15％。（3）随着PCBs浓度的升高,秋茄幼苗叶片水势呈上升趋势,而游离脯氨酸含量和膜质过氧化产物MDA含量均有一定的增加,说明PCBs对秋茄幼苗产生了一定的影响。总体来看,秋茄幼苗能在所设浓度的PCBs范围内正常生长,对PCBs有较强的耐受性和适应性,对PCBs污染的沉积物进行修复是可行的。     

Distributions and Congener Patterns of PCBs in Fish from Major Aquaculture Areas in the Pearl River Delta,South China

The distribution and concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in surface sediments and fish collected from freshwater fishponds in six major aquaculture areas of the Pearl River Delta. The concentrations of total PCBs ranged from 7.32 to 36.2 ng/g (dry weight) in sediments and 5.15 to 226 ng/g (lipid weight) in five species of fish, with higher concentrations in fishponds from two industrialized areas. Feeding habits of fishes played a significant role on the accumulation of PCBs and their homologue patterns in fish tissues, with higher concentrations in muscle and viscera of mandarin fish (Siniperca kneri), and tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) and lower in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). In muscle, IUPAC No. 118, 138, 81/87, 153, 180, 52, 49, 99, and 44 congeners were the most dominant out of the 36 congeners measured in the present study. The contents of PCBs in fish cultivated in the Pearl River Delta were rather low when compared with the maximum concentration of total PCBs of 2.0 μg/g (wet weight), imposed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration edible seafood. However, due to the bioaccumulation and biomagnification nature of PCBs through the food chain, continuous monitoring of PCBs as well as other Persistent Organic Pollutants in this rapidly developed region is encouraged.     

滇西早泥盆世大瓣鱼科(Macropetalichthyidae)化石的发现

<正> 泥盆纪的大瓣鱼化石目前除在南美和非洲尚未发现外,在全球其他各洲分布甚为广泛.它的分布时代可由早泥盆世延续到晚泥盆世.据统计目前发现的该科化石已达12个属.我国目前发现的大瓣鱼科化石共有5个属种,分布于华南的下、中泥盆统,主要发现于下泥盆统.     

Effects of PCBs, DDT, and mercury compounds in chickens and Japanese quail.

In well-controlled experiments using white leghorn chickens and Japanese quail, dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT and related compounds produced no detrimental effects on eggshell quality. A drastic reduction in hatchability of chicks occurred with 10-20 ppm PCBs, but no detrimental effects on eggshell quality, egg production or hatchability were found with 0.5 and 1.0 ppm PCBs, or DDT up to 100 ppm. Dietary PCBs potentiated a vitamin E-selenium deficiency in the chick, increased exudative diathesis, and decreased plasma glutathione peroxidase levels. Dietary PCBs induced hepatic microsomal benzopyrine hydroxylase. Dietary levles of 100 or 200 ppm inorganic mercury as HgSO4 or HgCl2 had little effect on egg production, hatchability, shell quality, morbidity and mortality. Methylmercury chloride, however, at levels providing 10 or 20 mg Hg/kg of diet, severely affected all of these parameters. Even though the present experiments demonstrate that neither DDT nor PCBs has any effect on eggshell quality in chickens and Japanese quail, they may cause thinning of eggshells in other species. Controlled experiments are lacking. Eagles, ospreys and pelicans all consume fish which in many areas of the world are known to contain methyl mercury. The thinning of eggshells in the species in the wild may have been due, at least in part, to environmental contamination with methylmercury rather than DDT, DDE or PCBs, as has been claimed.     

Distribution and Toxicity Risks of PCBs in the Tidal Flat Ecosystem Near the 37th PCBs Sealed Site on the Coast of Zhejiang Province,China

This study investigated the dioxin-like (DL) PCB concentration and congener distributions in water, sediment, and Boleophthalmus pectinirostris samples collected from a beach near the 37th PCBs sealed site (the hazardous waste storage site was sealed by Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center) of Zhejiang Province, China, so as to evaluate the harmful effects of PCBs waste sealed sites on the surrounding environment. The results showed that DL-PCBs were in all samples. For all samples, the detection ratio of the mono-ortho congener PCB118 and the non-ortho congener PCB81 reached 100%, and both of their contents correlated well with the total DL-PCBs contents. Levels of low-chloride congeners were higher in environmental samples, while the enrichment of the high-chloride congeners was higher in fish. The content of PCBs in B. pectinirostris was highly related to the sediment environment, thus B. pectinirostris could well indicate environmental PCBs pollution. Considering both of the PCBs content and toxic analysis, even after 4 years of being excavated and cleaned, water, sediment, and fish samples were still at a certain degree of toxicity risks. Some areas were revealed to have a high toxicity risk, suggesting this PCBs sealed site still posed toxicity risks to the surrounding tidal flat ecosystem and might potentially endanger animals and human health.     

内蒙古巴特敖包地区早泥盆世牙形刺

内蒙古达茂旗(达尔罕茂明安联合旗)巴特敖包地区以碳酸岩相古生代地层发育而引人注意。经多年研究,特别是李文国等(1985)的研究,使本区珊瑚、腕足类、层孔虫、鹦鹉螺等大化石的研究工作已有一定基础,并依据牙形刺首先确定了在阿鲁共剖面有泥盆纪地层的存在。但本区泥盆纪地层仍存在很多问题,必须通过对牙形刺的研究加以解决。在王成源研究员的精心安排和亲自指导下,作者等在巴特敖包地区的七个剖面进行了系统取样研究。经对158个样品(重667kg)的分析,在本区发现了大量的原定为志留纪的早泥盆世地层,包括西别河组命名剖面。分析结果同时证明,本区不存在志留系温洛克统的沉积。巴特敖包剖面断层发育,志留—泥盆纪地层交替出现,巴特敖包组应取消,原定的阿鲁共剖面层序颠倒。本区地层应厘订为志留系的西别河组(罗德洛统—普里道利统)和下泥盆统的阿鲁共组(Lochkovian阶),前者以包尔汉图剖面为标准剖面,后者应寻找更好的标准剖面。本文重点总结巴特敖包地区早泥盆世的牙形刺。本区共建立了4个牙形刺带,文中共描述了8牙形刺属,21种,其中包括4亚种、1新种(Belodellataeniocuspidatasp.nov.)和1未定种。     

CADMIUM, COPPER AND LEAD IN GASTROPODS OF THE LOWER NELSON RIVER SYSTEM, MANITOBA, CANADA

Cadmium, copper and lead were examined in whole snails fromthe Lower Nelson River system. Concentrations of the three metalswere significantly correlated with each other. Lead was accumulatedleast, while copper was present in the greatest concentrations.Significant interspecific differences were found for copper.Total body burdens increased with snail size and weight, butconcentrations per unit dry weight decreased with size and weightin some species. Metal concentrations in snails were not significantlycorrelated with metal content of the sediments. In Gyraulus,copper and lead concentrations were correlated with levels ofthese metals in the host macrophytes. Seasonal differences inmetal concentration appeared to be related to differences inage structure of the populations. (Received 5 September 1991; accepted 30 October 1991)     

湖南新化下石炭统遗迹化石及其沉积环境

鉴定了产自湖南新化地区早石炭世碳酸岩沉积中的遗迹化石6属(Zoophycus, Chondrites, Phycodes, Planolites, Palaeophycus, Skolithos)16种.并根据岩性实体与遗迹化石以及沉积构造等特征,划分为2个沉积亚相、21个微相、19个遗迹相.     

吉林汪清早白垩世似卷柏化石*

文中描述了发现于吉林汪清下白垩统大拉子组似卷柏化石:纤细草本,侧叶和中叶呈四行排列。侧叶互生,卵形,全缘,顶端尖锐,叶片前端略向内侧弯曲,叶背呈龙骨状,基部无柄,略呈鞘状;中叶生于两侧叶之间,形态与侧叶相似,在茎上密集贴生。该化石与报道自我国辽西下白垩统义县组下部尖山沟层的多产似卷柏Selaginellites fausta(Wu)Sun and Zheng特征相似,但由于未保存生殖器官结构,无法进一步详细对比,因此将其定为Selaginellites cf.fausta(Wu)Sun and Zheng。这是我国目前为止发现的距今最近的似卷柏化石,丰富了中国似卷柏的化石记录。     

PCB contamination of the common barbel,Barbus barbus (pisces,cyprinidae), in the River Meuse in relation to hepatic monooxygenase activity and ultrastructural liver change

To evaluate the impact of PCBs on a wild population of a regressing fish species, we have measured the levels of these toxicants in common barbel (Barbus barbus) from the Belgian part of the river Meuse. We have expressed these levels in terms of the most suitable composition of commercial PCB mixture (Aroclor 1254 and 1260 20/80; v/v), and related them to hepatic xenobiotic-metabolising enzyme activities and to hepatocyte ultrastructure.PCB concentrations in barbel organs were extremely high, with no statistical difference between the two sexes at equal weight. In liver, muscle, and gonads, PCB concentrations increased significantly with age, reaching 20 g g^–1 DW in 12- to 15-year-old individuals. The activities of the monooxygenases (ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase, EROD, and ethoxycoumarin o-deethylase, ECOD) and the cytochrome P-450 content correlated closely with the PCB concentration in fish liver. Moreover, wild fish presented a markedly altered liver ultrastructure, as compared to controls; the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) was particularly abundant and the mitochondrial membranes were altered. PCBs thus alter essential metabolic functions in wild barbels, which constitute a highly sensitive tool for biomonitoring wild fish populations. While the effects of PCBs on metabolic pathways may combine additively or synergistically with effects of other xenobiotics, it has been demonstrated elsewhere that they decrease successful reproduction. Their chronic negative effects have thus played a role in reducing barbel populations in highly polluted areas.     

Plasma leptin and thyroxine of mink (Mustela vison) vary with gender, diet and subchronic exposure to PCBs

Female minks (Mustela vison) fed diets based on freshwater, marine or mixed fish were exposed to 1 mg of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) a day for 21 weeks. The plasma leptin and thyroxine concentrations and the glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen phophorylase activities in the liver were measured at the end of the experiment. The plasma thyroxine concentrations were significantly higher in the group exposed to PCBs. The mean plasma leptin concentration and glucose-6-phosphatase activity was the highest in the group that had the lowest body-mass index (BMI). The glycogen phophorylase activity was the highest in the freshwater fish-control group. The results suggest that the amount of fat in the body of the female minks is not the only determinant of the plasma leptin levels, but the leptin levels seem to rise with a lowered BMI unlike in rodents or humans. The positive correlation between the leptin levels and the glucose-6-phosphatase activity suggests increased gluconeogenesis with high leptin levels. Subchronic exposure to PCBs seems to have no effect on the plasma leptin levels or the glucose-6-phophatase activities, but it elevates significantly the plasma thyroxine levels with a mechanism that remains unknown.