不同氮素水平下二氧化碳加富对草莓叶片光抑制的影响

用便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪和光合仪研究了强光下不同供氮水平（12、4和0.4 mmol·L^-1）和不同CO₂浓度下（700和390 μl·L^-1）丰香草莓叶片的荧光参数及净光合速率的变化.结果表明,CO₂和氮素对草莓叶片光抑制有明显的互作效应.在富CO₂下,12 mmol·L^-1供氮水平的草莓叶片净光合速率升高了62.7%,4和0.4 mmol·L^-1供氮水平则分别降低了7.4%和21.3%;12 mmol·L^-1供氮水平的F_m和F_v/F_m在强光胁迫时降辐减小,暗恢复时F_m和F_v/F_m恢复程度提高,而4和0.4 mmol·L^-1供氮水平却相反.表明氮素供应不足时草莓叶片在富CO₂环境下光合作用出现适应性下调,光抑制增强.     

CO2加富对紫花苜蓿光合作用原初光能转换的影响

研究了ＣＯ２ 加富对紫花苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．） 光合作用原初光能转换的影响。研究结果表明,在ＣＯ２ 加富条件下生长的紫花苜蓿,其叶绿体对光有更强的吸收能力;ＣＯ２ 加富可促进紫花苜蓿叶片ＰＳⅡ原初光能转换效率、ＰＳⅡ潜在活性、ＰＳⅡ电子传递量子产量、以及ＰＳⅠ活化能力的提高;增加荧光光化学猝灭组分,降低非光化学猝灭组分     

缺铁对大豆叶片光合作用和光系统Ⅱ功能的影响

通过气体交换和叶绿素荧光测定研究了缺铁对大豆叶片碳同化和光系统Ⅱ的影响。缺铁条件下大豆光合速率(Pn)大幅下降;最大光化学效率(po)下降幅度较小;荧光诱导动力学曲线发生明显的变化,其中电子传递活性明显下降,K相(VK)相对荧光产量提高。缺铁大豆的天线转化效率(Fv'/Fm')、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和光系统Ⅱ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)降低,而非光化学猝灭(NPQ)则明显增加。此外,缺铁大豆的光后荧光上升增强。据此,认为铁缺乏伤害了光系统Ⅱ复合物供体侧和受体侧的电子传递;缺铁条件下光系统I环式电子传递的增强可能在维持激发能耗散和ATP供给方面起一定作用。     

大豆C4途径与光系统Ⅱ光化学功能的相互关系

测定了不同发育时期大豆（Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ ｍａｘ（Ｌ）Ｍｅｒｒ．）“黑农４１”叶片的４种Ｃ４酶（ＰＥＰＣａｓｅ（磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶）、ＮＡＤＰ－ＭＤＨ（ＮＡＤＰ苹果酸脱氢酶）、ＮＡＤＰ－ＭＥ（ＮＡＤＰ苹果酸酶）和ＰＰＤＫ（丙酮酸磷酸二激酶））活性、荧光动力学数值（Ｆｖ／Ｆｏ（ＰＳⅡ活性）、ｑＰ（光化学淬灭）、ｑＮ（非光化学淬灭、ΦＰＳⅡ（有效ＰＳⅡ光化学效率））和光合速率。结果表明在“黑农４１”     

CO2加富对丹尼斯凤梨(Guzmania ‘Denise’)叶片显微超微结构的影响

对CO2大气浓度(ck:360±30μmol.mol-1)和CO2加富(T1:600±40μmol.mol-1,T2:900±40μmol.mol-1)条件下,丹尼斯凤梨(Guzmania‘Denise’)叶片的显微和超微结构等进行了比较研究。在透射电镜下的观测结果表明:CO2加富可促进丹尼斯凤梨叶片叶肉厚度的增加,叶绿体与叶绿体中淀粉粒数量增多、体积增大,而叶绿体光合膜的结构却受到很大破坏。     

CO2加富下水氮耦合对黄瓜叶片光合作用和超微结构的影响

以‘津优35号’黄瓜为试材,采用裂区-再裂区设计,研究了CO₂加富下水氮耦合对黄瓜叶片光合作用和超微结构的影响.主区设大气CO₂浓度(400 μmol·mol^-1,A)和加富CO₂浓度(800±20 μmol·mol^-1,E)2个CO₂浓度处理,裂区设无干旱胁迫(田间持水量的95%,W)和干旱胁迫(田间持水量的75%,D)2个水分处理,再裂区设施氮量450 kg·hm^-2(低氮,N₁)和900 kg·hm^-2(高氮,N₂)2个氮素处理.结果表明: 在干旱和高氮条件下,CO₂加富提高了黄瓜的株高,且使高氮下的叶面积显著增加.正常灌溉条件下,高氮处理的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率高于低氮处理,而干旱条件下则相反;CO₂加富提高了黄瓜叶片的水分利用效率,并且随着施氮量的增加,其水分利用效率提高.干旱胁迫下,黄瓜近轴面气孔密度增加,而CO₂加富和高氮却显著降低了气孔密度.高氮处理增加了黄瓜叶片叶绿体数量而减少了淀粉粒数量,干旱胁迫使叶绿体数量减少,但使淀粉粒数量呈上升趋势.干旱胁迫增加了叶绿体长度和宽度,显著增加了淀粉粒的大小,而高氮降低了叶绿体和淀粉粒的长度和宽度.CO₂加富和高氮均使基粒厚度和片层数增加(ADN₂除外),并且EDN₂处理的片层数显著高于ADN₂.综上所述,CO₂加富和适宜的水、氮条件能促进黄瓜叶片叶绿体类囊体膜系的发育,显著增加基粒厚度和基粒片层数,有效改善黄瓜的叶绿体结构,增强光合性能,提高黄瓜植株对CO₂和水、氮的吸收利用能力.     

水淹对水芹叶片结构和光系统II光抑制的影响

通过探讨在水淹条件下水芹(Oenanthe javanica)叶片结构的变化以及出水对其光系统II功能和光抑制的影响, 阐明水芹光合机构在水淹条件下及出水后死亡的可能原因。结果表明: 水淹条件下新生沉水功能叶光系统II(PSII)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm) 、电子传递活性与对照叶片差异很小, 但水淹使气生功能叶的Fv/Fm显著降低; 植株总生物量呈负增长趋势; 活体弱光条件下, 沉水叶出水后2小时叶片相对含水量(RWC)和Fv/Fm无显著变化; 中等光强和强光条件下其RWC和Fv/Fm迅速降低; 离体条件下, 5小时的中等光强对沉水叶的Fv/Fm影响不显著, 在随后的弱光下能恢复到出水时的初始状态; 强光能使沉水叶的Fv/Fm大幅降低, 且弱光下不能恢复到出水时的初始水平; 在解剖结构上, 水芹沉水叶的叶片总厚度、上下表皮厚度和气孔大小都显著低于气生叶, 而且沉水叶没有明显的栅栏组织分化, 但是沉水叶上表皮的气孔密度显著高于气生叶。研究结果表明, 水淹使水芹原气生叶PSII功能迅速衰退, 但对新生沉水叶片影响很小。水芹植株出水后, 沉水叶片结构变化使其在光下保水能力下降, 而强光导致了光合机构的光抑制和反应中心失活。田间条件下两者共同作用则加剧了对叶片光合机构的破坏, 进而致使其死亡。     

强光和短期高浓度CO2对玉米和大豆光能转化效率的影响

盆栽和人工光源条件下,玉米叶片在普通空气中对强光照射不敏感,在高浓度CO2中强光照射0～5h后,光合速率(Pn)逐渐降低,无机磷(Pi)限制是其主要原因之一;大豆叶片在普通空气中受强光照射5h后,Fv／Fm、Pn、羧化效率(CE)和表观量子效率(AOY)明显降低,Fo升高,在高浓度CO2和强光下大豆Fo上升、Fv／Fm和气体交换参数下降的幅度减小。研究表明,高浓度CO2可减轻强光对植物尤其是C3植物光合功能的损伤,有限地缓解光抑制,但不能完全消除强光导致的大豆Pn和气孔导度(Gs)的降低。     

干旱胁迫对燕麦生长及叶片光系统Ⅱ活性的影响

以‘燕科2号’燕麦品种为试验材料,采用盆栽控水的方式分别设置正常供水(75%田间持水量)、中度干旱胁迫(60%田间持水量)、重度干旱胁迫(45%田间持水量)3个水分处理,利用叶绿素荧光技术研究了不同水分梯度下燕麦生长和叶片光反应系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)功能的变化,探讨干旱胁迫对燕麦叶片光合性能的影响。结果表明：(1)干旱胁迫导致燕麦株高变矮,叶片数、主茎数、穗数减少,叶片失绿发黄及籽粒产量显著下降。(2)与正常供水相比,重度干旱胁迫下燕麦叶片最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和光合性能指数(PI_ABS)显著降低。(3)重度干旱胁迫导致燕麦叶片单位反应中心吸收的光能(ABS/RC)和单位反应中心耗散掉的能量(DI₀/RC)明显下降,单位反应中心用于电子传递的能量(ET₀/RC)和单位反应中心捕获的光能(TR₀/RC)明显升高;有活性反应中心的开放程度(Ψ₀)和电子传递链的量子产额(φ_E0)明显下降、非光化学淬灭最大量子产额(φ_D0)明显升高,V_J、V_K、V_L 3个位点的相对荧光强度明显升高,OJIP曲线初始斜率M_o明显升高。研究发现,燕麦叶片PSⅡ对中度干旱胁迫具有较强的适应能力,而重度干旱胁迫严重伤害其叶片PSⅡ反应中心,导致其反应中心能流分配失衡,电子传递受阻和PSⅡ稳固性减弱,进而影响燕麦光合作用,最终导致燕麦生长受到抑制。     

干旱胁迫对玉米苗期叶片光系统Ⅱ性能的影响

以陕单609为材料,采用盆栽试验,设置中度、重度干旱胁迫2个处理,研究干旱胁迫对苗期玉米叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)性能、干物质积累、保护酶活性及脯氨酸含量的影响.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,玉米于物质积累量、叶面积、株高下降显著;PSⅡ复合体的不稳定性加重(L-band ＞0),供体侧放氧复合体受到伤害(K-band ＞0),受体侧电子传递链受到抑制(Ψ0显著下降),进而导致光系统Ⅱ整体性能下降(PIABS显著下降).在中度和重度干旱胁迫下,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性,以及脯氨酸含量均显著增加,分别为对照的1.3、1.1、1.2、5.8倍和1.1、3.3、1.5、15.0倍.这表明干旱胁迫引起的玉米叶片光系统Ⅱ供受体侧的损伤是光系统Ⅱ性能下降的原因,导致玉米干物质生产下降,而保护酶和脯氨酸对玉米抵御干旱胁迫起到了积极的作用.     

Effect of Elevated CO2 on the Primary Conversion of Light Energy of Alfalfa Photosynthesis

In studying the mechanism of increase in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ) photosynthesis under elevated atmospheric CO2, it was found that the capacity of chloroplasts for light absorption was greater, the potential activity and efficiency of primary conversion of light enlergy of PS Ⅱ , quantum yield of PS Ⅱ electron transport, and activation capacity of PS Ⅰ were stimulated, photochemical quenching coefficient was increased and non-photochemical quenching coefficient was decreased under elevated atmospheric CO2.     

Effect of Elevated CO2 Concentration on the Starch Grain Accumulation in Chloroplasts from Soybean Leaves at Different Nodes

Soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr. ) plants were grown under ambient and elevated CO2 (plus 350 μL/L) concentration in cylindrical open-top chamber to examine their effects on the ultra- structure of chloroplasts. The upper, lower and mid-node leaves were harvested after 7 days full expansion under different CO2 concentrations and ultrathin section were prepared for transmission electron microscopy. In general, the average content of starch grains and thylakoid membranes in the chloroplasts under the elevated CO2 concentration were always higher than the control. Under higher CO2 concentration, there were smaller and less starch grains in the chloroplasts from upper-node leaves than those from mid-node leaves. The shape of their starch grains changed from elliptical to oval,and their thylakoid membranes and grana remained normal. At lower-node leaves, one or two oval, or three timer starch grains accumulated in the chloroplasts. In the mid-node leaves,however, some chloroplasts under higher CO2 concentration had rather large tim elliptical starch grains which could consequently cause disruption of grana and stroama thylakoids in the chloroplasts, whereas in other chloroplasts, the thylakoid membranes and grana were not deformed as the starch grains were smaller and elliptical. On the other hand, under higher CO2 concentration, the stacking degree of thylakoid membranes and starch grains accumulation in the mid-node leaves were significantly higher than those in the lower-node leaves,and slightly higher than the upper-node leaves. These results, in agreement with the chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic rate which reported by other authors in the past, indicated that the ultrastmcture response of the chloroplasts from different leaf nodes of soybeen under elevated CO2 coneentration were different. The seed yield of soybean at different nodes was decreased gradually from mid-nodes towards both upper- and lower-nodes. The greatest effect of elevated CO2 eoneentrafion on seed yeild was at the mid-node leaves. The variation of seed yields of soybean at different nodes under elevated CO2 concentration was in eoneert with the change in the ultrastmcture of chloroplasts and in turn the change in their photosynthetic rates of leaves at different nodes.     

Effects of Doubled CO2 on Contents of Photosynthetic and on Kinetic Parameters of Fluorescence Induction in Different Genotypes of Soybean

Effects of doubled C02 on photosynthetic characteristics of soybean ( Glycine max L. ) Bragg (wild type) and its different monogene mutation strains--Nts 382 (supemodulation mutant) and Nod 49 (non-nodulation mutant) were studied. The experimental results showed that the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid of Bragg, Nts 382 and Nod 49 were increased under doubled CO2, respectively, although to different extent. The determination results of fluorescence induction kinetic parameters showed that PS Ⅱ activity, the efficiency of primary conversion of light energy of PS Ⅱ and the efficiency of potential photosynthetic quantum conversion of a leaf from Bragg and its mutants were raised in doubled CO2. Fluorescence photochemical quenching coefficient and the overall photochemical quantum yield of PS Ⅱ were raised and non-photochemical quenching coefficient was reduced with CO2 enrichment; such changes were bigger in Nts 382 than those in Bragg and Ned 49. It might be that atmospheric N2 was more effectively utilized by Nts 382 than by Bragg and Ned 49.     

Effects of Doubled CO2 Concentration on the Content of Photosynthetic Pigments and PS II Functions of Jointing and Grouting in Setaria italica

Effects of doubled CO2 on the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid per unit fresh weight and per unit area of leaves and PS Ⅱ functions of Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. were studied. The experimental results showed that the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid, the proportion of opened PS Ⅱ reaction center from the mature leaves at jointing stage and the mature flag leaves at grouting stage were raised with CO2 enrichment. However, qN value and the overall photochemical quantum yield of PS Ⅱ , as well as the Fv/Fo, Fv/Fro and Fd/Fs in the above-mentioned leaves both at the jointing and grouting stage in response to doubled CO2 were different. The final outcome showed that the photosynthetic functions from the leaves at jointing stage improved by doubled CO2 were better than those from the flag leaves at grouting stage.     

CO2浓度升高对斜生栅藻生长和光合作用的影响

升高大气中CO2 浓度可提高斜生栅藻的生物量和光合作用速率 ,对光合效率、暗呼吸速率、光饱和点和光系统Ⅱ的光化学效率 (Fv Fm)没有明显影响 ,但藻细胞光合作用对无机碳的亲和力降低     

植物对大气CO2浓度升高的光合适应机理

光合作用对大气中CO2浓度升高适应的可能原因主要表现在以下几个方面:由于CO2浓度升高,碳水化合物过量积累,光合电子传递链中质体醌与过氧化氢(H2O2)的氧化还原信号对光合作用发生反馈抑制;核酮糖1,5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶(Rubisco)的含量及其活性下降;气孔状态发生变化.此外,植物体内C/N平衡、生长调节物质和己糖激酶对光合基因表达水平的调控等多个方面会对光合适应产生影响.     

CO2浓度升高对苦草(Vallisneria natans)叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了探究大气CO₂升高对沉水植物光合生理的影响,利用便携式植物效率分析仪（Handy PEA）,在无损的情况下测定不同CO₂浓度处理下的苦草（Vallisneria natans）叶绿素荧光诱导曲线,并采用JIP-test分析方法分析数据,研究CO₂浓度对苦草叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明在实验进行60 d后,与对照相比,高CO₂浓度处理下的苦草叶片PSⅡ反应中心受体侧荧光参数V_j、M_o显著升高,S_m、ψ_o、φ_Eo显著降低,叶片电子传递能力减弱;K相相对可变荧光W_k显著提高,PSⅡ反应中心供体侧放氧复合体OEC受到伤害;ABS/RC、DI_o/RC、TR_o/RC、DI_o/CS_o显著升高,ET_o/RC、RE_o/RC、ET_o/CS_o、RE_o/CS_o显著降低,苦草叶片用于热耗散的能量显著增加,导致用于电子传递及传递到电子链末端的能量显著减少;性能参数F_v/F_m、PI_abs显著降低,苦草叶片PSⅡ潜在活性和光合作用原初反应过程受到抑制。以上结果表明,在长期高CO₂浓度处理下,苦草叶片光合机构功能受到抑制,PSⅡ反应中心活性降低,光合功能下调,发生光适应现象。     

Elevated CO2 enhances resprouting of a tropical savanna tree

The savannas (cerrado) of south-central Brazil are currently subjected to frequent anthropogenic burning, causing widespread reduction in tree density. Increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO₂ could reduce the impact of such frequent burning by increasing the availability of nonstructural carbohydrate, which is necessary for resprouting. We tested the hypotheses that elevated CO₂ stimulates resprouting and accelerates replenishment of carbohydrate reserves. Using a factorial experiment, seedlings of a common Brazilian savanna tree, Keilmeyera coriacea, were grown at 350 ppm and 700 ppm CO₂ and at two nutrient levels. To simulate burning, the plants were either clipped at 15 weeks or were left unclipped. Among unclipped plants, CO₂ and nutrients both stimulated growth, with no significant interaction between nutrient and CO₂ effects. Among clipped plants, both CO₂ and nutrients stimulated resprouting. However, there was a strong interaction between CO₂ and nutrient effects, with CO₂ having a significant effect only in the presence of high nutrient availability. Under elevated CO₂, carbohydrate reserves remained at higher levels following clipping. Root total nonstructural carbohydrate remained above 36% in all treatments, so carbohydrate reserves did not limit regrowth. These results indicate that under elevated CO₂ this species may be better able to endure the high frequency of anthropogenic burning in the Brazilian savannas. Received: 19 May 1999 / Accepted: 8 November 1999     

高CO2浓度对温带三种针叶树光合光响应特性的影响

将长白山地区阔叶红松林中主要针叶树种红松、红皮云杉和长白落叶松的幼苗 ,盆栽于模拟自然光照和人工调节CO2 浓度为 70 0和 40 0 μmol·mol-1的气室内两个生长季 ,在各自的生长环境条件下 ,利用CI 30 1PS便携式CO2 分析系统测定针叶的光合光响应曲线 .结果表明 ,不同树种及同一树种的不同CO2浓度处理间差异明显 .比较饱和净光合速率、暗呼吸、光补偿点、光饱和点、及光能利用率 (QUE)的变化可见 ,长白落叶松为阳性树种 ,其光合作用对高CO2 浓度的适应能力较好 ,红松树种次之 ,阴性树种红皮云杉光合作用对高CO2 浓度适应能力最差 .并初步探讨了供试树种光合生理特性及其演替状况间的联系     

Elevated CO2 alters belowground exoenzyme activities in tussock tundra

A three-year exposure to a CO2 concentration of 680 mol mol-1 altered the enzymic characteristics of root surfaces, associated ectomycorrhizae, and in soils surrounding roots in a tussock tundra ecosystem of north Alaska, USA. At elevated CO2, phosphatase activity was higher on Eriophorum vaginatum root surfaces, ectomycorrhizal rhizomorphs and mantles associated with Betula nana roots, and in Oe and Oi soil horizons associated with plant roots. Also, endocellulase and exocellulase activities at elevated CO2 were higher in ectomycorrhizal rhizomorphs and lower in Oe and Oi soil horizons associated with roots. These results suggest that arctic plants respond to raised CO2 by increasing activities associated with nutrient acquisition, e.g. higher phosphatase activities on surfaces of roots and ectomycorrhizae, and greater cellulase activity in ectomycorrhizae. Changes in enzyme activities of surrounding soils are consistent with an increase in carbon exudation from plant roots, which would be expected to inhibit cellulase activities and stimulate phosphatase activities of soil microflora. These data were used to modify existing simulation models describing tussock phosphatase activities and litter decay. Model projections suggest that observed increases in phosphatase activities at 680 mol mol-1 CO2 could augment total annual phosphorus release within tussocks by more than 40%, at present levels of root and ectomycorrhizae biomass. This includes a nearly three-fold increase in potential phosphatase activity of E. vaginatum roots, per unit of surface area. Observed reductions in cellulase activities could diminish cellulose turnover by 45% in soils within rooting zones, which could substantially increase mineral nitrogen availability in soils due to lowered microbial immobilization.