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1.
Anthony F. Bartholomay 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1965,27(1):235-251
In an earlier paper (Molecular Set Theory: I.Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 285–307, 1960) the author proposed a “Molecular Set Theory” as a formal mathematical meta-theoretic system for representing
complex reactions not only of biological interest, but also of general chemical interest. The present paper is a refinement
and extension of the earlier work along more formal algebraic lines. For example the beginnings of an algebra of molecular
transformations is presented. It also emphasizes that this development, together with the genetical set theory of Woodger's
and Rashevsky's set-theoretic contributions to Relational Biology, points to the existence of a biomathematical theory of
sets which is not deducible from the general mathematical, abstract theory of sets. 相似文献
2.
Cull P 《Bio Systems》2007,88(3):178-184
N. Rashevsky (1899-1972) was one of the pioneers in the application of mathematics to biology. With the slogan: mathematical biophysics : biology :: mathematical physics ; physics, he proposed the creation of a quantitative theoretical biology. Here, we will give a brief biography, and consider Rashevsky's contributions to mathematical biology including neural nets and relational biology. We conclude that Rashevsky was an important figure in the introduction of quantitative models and methods into biology. 相似文献
3.
Ernesto Trucco 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1957,19(1):19-21
In the bio-topological transformation between graphs denoted by (T
(1)
X) N. Rashevsky (Bull. Math. Biophysics,18, 173–88, 1956) considers the number of fundamental sets which (a) have only one specialized point as source (and no other
sources), (b) have no points in common (are “disjoined”); he proves that this number is an invariant of the transformation.
In this note we show that Rashevsky's Theorem can be extended as follows:The number of fundamental sets of the first category is an invariant of the transformation. We must, however, count the subsidiary points of the transformed graph as specialized points. We recall that fundamental
sets of the first category are those whose sources consist of specialized points only (Trucco,Bull. Math. Biophysics,18, 65–85, 1956). But in this modified version of the Theorem the fundamental sets may have more than one source and need not
be disjoined. 相似文献
4.
Neeraja Sankaran 《Journal of the history of biology》2010,43(3):571-599
In 1936, Frank Macfarlane Burnet published a paper entitled “Induced lysogenicity and the mutation of bacteriophage within
lysogenic bacteria,” in which he demonstrated that the introduction of a specific bacteriophage into a bacterial strain consistently
and repeatedly imparted a specific property – namely the resistance to a different phage – to the bacterial strain that was
originally susceptible to lysis by that second phage. Burnet’s explanation for this change was that the first phage was causing
a mutation in the bacterium which rendered it and its successive generations of offspring resistant to lysogenicity. At the
time, this idea was a novel one that needed compelling evidence to be accepted. While it is difficult for us today to conceive
of mutations and genes outside the context of DNA as the physico-chemical basis of genes, in the mid 1930s, when this paper
was published, DNA’s role as the carrier of hereditary information had not yet been discovered and genes and mutations were
yet to acquire physical and chemical forms. Also, during that time genes were considered to exist only in organisms capable
of sexual modes of replication and the status of bacteria and viruses as organisms capable of containing genes and manifesting
mutations was still in question. Burnet’s paper counts among those pieces of work that helped dispel the notion that genes,
inheritance and mutations were tied to an organism’s sexual status. In this paper, I analyze the implications of Burnet’s
paper for the understanding of various concepts – such as “mutation,” and “gene,” – at the time it was published, and how
those understandings shaped the development of the meanings of these terms and our modern conceptions thereof. 相似文献
5.
Field grown foliage from the resistant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] breeding line GAT “81–327” and the susceptible cultivar “Ransom” was used to rear unparasitized larvae of the
soybean looper (SBL),Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and larvae parasitized byCopidosoma truncatellum (Dalman). SBL larvae, whether parasitized or not, consumed more foliage when fed “Ransom”. Unparasitized larvae reared on
“81–327” had longer developmental times and suffered greater mortality than unparasitized larvae reared on “Ransom”. Parasitization
of SBL larvae byC. truncatellum increased total foliage consumption of both soybean lines. Parasitized larvae reared on the resistant “81–327” weighed less
and yielded fewer parasitoid adults.
Résumé Des larves dePseudoplusia includens (Walker) parasitées ou non parCopidosoma truncatellum (Dalman) ont été nourries des feuilles de deux lignées de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] l'une, GAT “81–327” résistante et l'autre, “Ransom” sensible. Les larves deP. includens qu'elles soient parasitées ou non consommaient plus de feuillage lorsqu'elles étaient nourries de la lignée “Ransom”. Les larves non parasitées élevées sur “81–327” avaient un cycle de développement beaucoup plus long et un taux de mortalité beaucoup plus élevé que les larves non parasitées élevées comparativement sur feuilles de “Ransom”. Par contre, les larves parasitées manifestaient une consommation accrue du feuillage des deux lignées de soja. Les larves parasitées élevées sur les feuilles de la variété résistante GAT “81–327” pesaient moins et produisaient moins également de parasites adultes.相似文献
6.
Kevin D. Reilly 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1968,30(4):565-579
A mathematical model for learning of a conditioned avoidance behavior is presented. An identification of the net excitation
of a neural model (Rashevsky, N., 1960.Mathematical Biophysics. Vol. II. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.) with the instantaneous probability of response is introduced and its usefulness
in discussing block-trial learning performances in the conditioned avoidance situation is outlined for normal and brain-operated
animals, using experimental data collected by the author. Later, the model is applied to consecutive trial learning and connection
is made with the approach of H. D. Landahl (1964. “An Avoidance Learning Situation. A Neural Net Model.”Bull. Math. Biophysics,26, 83–89; and 1965, “A Neural Net Model for Escape Learning.”Bull. Math. Biophysics,27, Special Edition, 317–328) wherein lie further data with which the model can be compared. 相似文献
7.
On the utilization of food by planktophage fishes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
V. S. Ivlev 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1960,22(4):371-389
Making some plausible assumptions about the over-all mechanism of food catching and consumption by fishes and evaluating in
the light of those assumptions some available experimental data, it is possible to calculate from those data the variation
of several important factors with the concentration of food. The factors considered are: total rate of metabolism, total diurnal
energy expenditure in the process of feeding, average number of hours per day during which the fish feeds, average length
of path traveled by a fish per day, and the so-called “energetic coefficient of growth.” A possible relation with the work
of N. Rashevsky (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 299–308, 1959) is discussed. 相似文献
8.
Toward the end of the 1930s, Bernhard Rensch (1900–1990) turned from Lamarckism and orthogenesis to selectionism and became
one of the key figures in the making of the Synthetic Theory of Evolution (STE). He contributed to the Darwinization of biological
systematics, the criticism of various anti-Darwinian movements in the German lands, but more importantly founded a macroevolutionary
theory based on Darwinian gradualism. In the course of time, Rensch’s version of the STE developed into an all-embracing metaphysical
conception based on a kind of Spinozism. Here we approach Rensch’s “selectionist turn” by outlining its context, and by analyzing
his theoretical transformation. We try to reconstruct the immanent logic of Rensch’s evolution from a “Lamarckian Synthesis”
to a “Darwinian Synthesis”. We will pay close attention to his pre-Darwinian works, because this period has not been treated
in detail in English before. We demonstrate an astonishing continuity in topics, methodology, and empirical generalizations
despite the shift in Rensch’s views on evolutionary mechanisms. We argue that the continuity in Rensch’s theoretical system
can be explained, at last in part, by the guiding role of general methodological principles which underlie the entire system,
explicitly or implicitly. Specifically, we argue that Rensch’s philosophy became an asylum for the concept of orthogenesis
which Rensch banned from evolutionary theory. Unable to explain the directionality of evolution in terms of empirically based
science, he “pre-programmed” the occurrence of human-level intelligence by a sophisticated philosophy combined with a supposedly
naturalistic evolutionary biology.
相似文献
Georgy S. LevitEmail: |
9.
Anya Plutynski 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(3):363-381
There have been two different schools of thought on the evolution of dominance. On the one hand, followers of Wright [Wright
S. 1929. Am. Nat. 63: 274–279, Evolution: Selected Papers by Sewall Wright, University of Chicago Press, Chicago; 1934. Am.
Nat. 68: 25–53, Evolution: Selected Papers by Sewall Wright, University of Chicago Press, Chicago; Haldane J.B.S. 1930. Am.
Nat. 64: 87–90; 1939. J. Genet. 37: 365–374; Kacser H. and Burns J.A. 1981. Genetics 97: 639–666] have defended the view that
dominance is a product of non-linearities in gene expression. On the other hand, followers of Fisher [Fisher R.A. 1928a. Am.
Nat. 62: 15–126; 1928b. Am. Nat. 62: 571–574; Bürger R. 1983a. Math. Biosci. 67: 125–143; 1983b. J. Math. Biol. 16: 269–280;
Wagner G. and Burger R. 1985. J. Theor. Biol. 113: 475–500; Mayo O. and Reinhard B. 1997. Biol. Rev. 72: 97–110] have argued
that dominance evolved via selection on modifier genes. Some have called these “physiological” versus “selectionist,” or more
recently [Falk R. 2001. Biol. Philos. 16: 285–323], “functional,” versus “structural” explanations of dominance. This paper
argues, however, that one need not treat these explanations as exclusive. While one can disagree about the most likely evolutionary
explanation of dominance, as Wright and Fisher did, offering a “physiological” or developmental explanation of dominance does
not render dominance “epiphenomenal,” nor show that evolutionary considerations are irrelevant to the maintenance of dominance,
as some [Kacser H. and Burns J.A. 1981. Genetics 97: 639–666] have argued. Recent work [Gilchrist M.A. and Nijhout H.F. 2001.
Genetics 159: 423–432] illustrates how biological explanation is a multi-level task, requiring both a “top-down” approach
to understanding how a pattern of inheritance or trait might be maintained in populations, as well as “bottom-up” modeling
of the dynamics of gene expression. 相似文献
10.
Harman OS 《Journal of the history of biology》2006,39(1):165-197
This article considers the reception of British cytogeneticist C.D. Darlington’s controversial 1932 book, Recent Advances in Cytology. Darlington’s cytogenetic work, and the manner in which he made it relevant to evolutionary biology, marked an abrupt shift
in the status and role of cytology in the life sciences. By focusing on Darlington’s scientific method – a stark departure
from anti-theoretical, empirical reasoning to a theoretical and speculative approach based on deduction from genetic first
principles – the article characterises the relationships defining the “disciplinary landscape” of the life sciences of the
time, namely those between cytology, genetics, and evolutionary theory. 相似文献
11.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1960,22(3):263-267
The decision to pass or not to pass in view of an oncoming car is considered as a case of comparative judgment in which it
is to be decided whether the time it will take to pass safely is greater or less than the time it will take to collide with
the oncoming car. H. D. Landahl's well-known theory of psychophysical discrimination is used, and it is assumed that the “distracting
stimuli” considered previously (Rashevsky, 1959,Bull. Math. Biophysics,21, 375–85) tend to increase the standard deviation of Landahl's fluctuation function. Effects of the “distracting stimuli”
on the threshold of the neuroelements in Landahl's circuit are also considered. On this basis an expression is derived which
gives the probability of a collision accident in passing as a function of the “distracting stimuli.” 相似文献
12.
Lloyd T. AckertJr. 《Journal of the history of biology》2007,40(1):109-145
Historians of science have attributed the emergence of ecology as a discipline in the late nineteenth century to the synthesis
of Humboldtian botanical geography and Darwinian evolution. In this essay, I begin to explore another, largely neglected but
very important dimension of this history. Using Sergei Vinogradskii’s career and scientific research trajectory as a point
of entry, I illustrate the manner in which microbiologists, chemists, botanists, and plant physiologists inscribed the concept
of a “cycle of life” into their investigations. Their research transformed a longstanding notion into the fundamental approaches
and concepts that underlay the new ecological disciplines that emerged in the 1920s. Pasteur thus joins Humboldt as a foundational
figure in ecological thinking, and the broader picture that emerges of the history of ecology explains some otherwise puzzling
features of that discipline – such as its fusion of experimental and natural historical methodologies. Vinogradskii’s personal
“cycle of life” is also interesting as an example of the interplay between Russian and Western European scientific networks
and intellectual traditions. Trained in Russia to investigate nature as a super-organism comprised of circulating energy,
matter, and life; over the course of five decades – in contact with scientists and scientific discourses in France, Germany,
and Switzerland – he developed a series of research methods that translated the concept of a “cycle of life” into an ecologically
conceived soil science and microbiology in the 1920s and 1930s. These methods, bolstered by his authority as a founding father
of microbiology, captured the attention of an international network of scientists. Vinogradskii’s conceptualization of the
“cycle of life” as chemosynthesis, autotrophy, and global nutrient cycles attracted the attention of ecosystem ecologists;
and his methods appealed to practitioners at agricultural experiment stations and microbiological institutes in the United
States, Western Europe, and the Soviet Union. 相似文献
13.
Laminin provides a better substrate than fibronectin for attachment,growth, and differentiation of 1003 embryonal carcinoma cells 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Michel Y. Darmon 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1982,18(12):997-1003
Summary Culture of cells in hormonally defined media has allowed (a) the demonstration of physiological responses from cells usually
unable to express them in vitro and (b) the study of the effects on growth and differentiation of diffusible factors and attachment
factors. The embryonal carcinoma line 1003 forms multidifferentiated tumors in vivo but is unable to differentiate in vitro
when grown in serum-containing medium. In a defined medium containing insulin, transferrin, selenium, and fibronectin as attachment
factors, 1003 cells grow for several generations and differentiate into neurons and embryonic mesenchyme (Darmon et al., 1981,
Dev. Biol. 85: 463–473). In the present work the effects of fibronectin and laminin were compared. In the presence of laminin
the cells attached and spread better, grew faster, and could be plated at lower densities. Neurite extension was also better
under these conditions and most importantly, it was found that laminin induced an important formation of muscular tissue when
the cells had been seeded at low densities. Multinucleated myotubes could be stained with antibodies directed against embryonic
muscular myosin. Coating the dishes with polylysine or adding FGF or serum-spreading factor to the medium allowed growth of
low-density cultures with fibronectin instead of laminin but muscular differentiation was not detected under these conditions.
Addition of fibronectin to laminin-containing medium did not inhibit muscular differentiation.
Presented in the symposium on Plant and Animal Physiology in Vitro at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Tissue Culture Association,
San Diego, California, June 6–10, 1982.
This research was supported in part by grants from the “Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique” (LA 269), the “Délégation
Générale à la Recherche Scientifique et Technique,” the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale Fran?aise,” the “Institut National
de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale,” the “Ligue Nationale Fran?aise centre le Cancer,” and the “Fondation André Meyer.”
This symposium was supported in part by the following organizations: Bellco Glass, Inc., California Branch of the Tissue Culture
Association, Collaborative Research, Hana Media, Hybridtech, K C Biological, Inc., and Millipore Corporation. 相似文献
14.
Jeremy Vetter 《Journal of the history of biology》2006,39(1):89-123
This paper examines how the 19th-century British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace used biogeographical mapping practices to
draw a boundary line between Malay and Papuan groups in the colonial East Indies in the 1850s. Instead of looking for a continuous
gradient of variation between Malays and Papuans, Wallace chose to look for a sharp discontinuity between them. While Wallace’s
“human biogeography” paralleled his similar project to map plant and animal distributions in the same region, he invoked distinctive
“mental and moral” features as more decisive than physical ones. By following Wallace in the field, we can see his field mapping
practices in action – how he conquered the problem of local particularity in the case of human variation. His experiences
on the periphery of expanding European empires, far from metropolitan centers, shaped Wallace’s observations in the field.
Taking his cues from colonial racial categories and his experiences collaborating with local people in the field, Wallace
constructed the boundary line between the Malay and Papuan races during several years of work in the field criss-crossing
the archipelago as a scientific collector. This effort to map a boundary line in the field was a bold example of using the
practices of survey science to raise the status of field work by combining fact gathering with higher-level generalizing,
although the response back in the metropole was less than enthusiastic. Upon his return to Britain in the 1860s, Wallace found
that appreciation for observational facts he had gathered in the field was not accompanied by agreement with his theoretical
interpretations and methods for doing human biogeography. 相似文献
15.
Keith Johnson 《Journal of biological physics》2012,38(1):85-95
Water nanoclusters are shown from first-principles calculations to possess unique terahertz-frequency vibrational modes in
the 1–6 THz range, corresponding to O–O–O “bending,” “squashing,” and “twisting” “surface” distortions of the clusters. The
cluster molecular-orbital LUMOs are huge Rydberg-like “S,” “P,” “D,” and “F” orbitals that accept an extra electron via optical
excitation, ionization, or electron donation from interacting biomolecules. Dynamic Jahn–Teller coupling of these “hydrated-electron”
orbitals to the THz vibrations promotes such water clusters as vibronically active “structured water” essential to biomolecular
function such as protein folding. In biological microtubules, confined water-cluster THz vibrations may induce their “quantum
coherence” communicated by Jahn–Teller phonons via coupling of the THz electromagnetic field to the water clusters’ large
electric dipole moments. 相似文献
16.
Raf De Bont 《Journal of the history of biology》2008,41(1):81-118
In historical literature, Edouard van Beneden (1846–1910) is mostly remembered for his cytological discoveries. Less well
known, however, is that he also introduced evolutionary morphology – and indeed evolutionary theory as such – in the Belgian
academic world. The introduction of this research programme cannot be understood without taking both the international and
the national context into account. It was clearly the German example of the Jena University that inspired van Beneden in his
research interests. The actual launch of evolutionary morphology at his University of Liège was, however, also connected with
the dynamic of Belgian university reforms and the local rationale of creating a research “school.” Thanks to his networks,
his mastering of the rhetoric of the “new” biology, his low ideological profile and his capitalising on the new academic élan
in late-19th century Belgium, van Beneden managed to turn his programme into a local success from the 1870s onwards. Two decades
later, however, the conceptual underpinnings of evolutionary morphology came under attack and the “Van Beneden School” lost
much of its vitality. Despite this, van Beneden’s evolutionary morphology was prototypical for the research that was to come.
He was one of the first scientific heavyweights in Belgium to turn the university laboratory into a centre of scientific practice
and the hub of a research school. 相似文献
17.
Johnson CN 《Journal of the history of biology》2007,40(3):529-556
Almost any modern reader’s first encounter with Darwin’s writing is likely to be the “Historical Sketch,” inserted by Darwin
as a preface to an early edition of the Origin of Species, and having since then appeared as the preface to every edition after the second English edition. The Sketch was intended
by him to serve as a short “history of opinion” on the species question before he presented his own theory in the Origin proper. But the provenance of the “Historical Sketch” is somewhat obscure. Some things are known about its production, such
as when it first appeared and what changes were made to it between its first appearance in 1860 and its final form, for the
fourth English edition, in 1866. But how it evolved in Darwin’s mind, why he wrote it at all, and what he thought he was accomplishing
by prefacing it to the Origin remain questions that have not been carefully addressed in the scholarly literature on Darwin. I attempt to show that Darwin’s
various statements about the “Historical Sketch,” made primarily to several of his correspondents between 1856 and 1860, are
somewhat in conflict with one another, thus making problematic a satisfactory interpretation of how, when, and why the Sketch
came to be. I also suggest some probable resolutions to the several difficulties.
How Darwin came to settle on the title “Historical Sketch” for the Preface to the Origin is not certain, but a guess may be ventured. When he first submitted the text to Asa Gray in February 1860 he called it simply
“Preface Contributed by the Author to this American Edition” (Burkhardt et al., eds., vol. 8, 1993, p. 572; the collected
correspondence is hereafter cited as CCD). In fact he had thought of it as being properly called a Preface much earlier, perhaps as early as 1856, as will be seen
in what follows. It came to be called “An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species” only
in the third English edition, April 1861. This is the title it retained thereafter, with the exception of an addition to the
title in the sixth English edition, “Previously to the Publication of the First Edition of this Work” (Peckham, 1959, pp. 20, 59). The word “sketch,” on the other hand was one of two words Darwin commonly used in private correspondence to
refer to the book that would later become the Origin, the other word being “Abstract,” and both signifying that Darwin thought of the work as being a resume rather than a full-fledged
study (e.g., letter to J.D. Hooker, May 9 1856, CCD vol. 6 p. 106; letter to Baden Powell January 18 1860, CCD vol. 8 p. 41; letter to Lyell 25 June 1858, CCD v. 7, 1991, pp. 117–8; letter to Lyell May 1856, CCD, v. 6 p. 100). The most likely source of the title “Historical Sketch” for Darwin’s Preface is Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology in which, beginning with the third edition (1834), Lyell added titles to his chapters, calling chapters 2–4 “Historical Sketch
of the Progress of Geology” (Secord, in Lyell [1997], p. xlvii; for other uses by Lyell of this expression, cf. Porter, 1976, p. 95; idem 1982, p. 38; and Lyell, 1830 [1990], p. 30). Further parallels between Lyell’s Introduction and Darwin’s “Historical Sketch” in terms of content and strategy
are suggested below. 相似文献
18.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1969,31(3):605-617
A previous study (Bull. Math. Biophysics,31, 417–427, 1969) on the definitions of stability of equilibria in organismic sets determined byQ relations is continued. An attempt is made to bring this definition into a form as similar as possible to that used in physical
systems determined byF-relations. With examples taken from physics, biology and sociology, it is shown that a definition of equilibria forQ-relational systems similar to the definitions used in physics can be obtained, provided the concept of stable or unstable
structures of a system determined byQ-relations is considered in a probabilistic manner. This offers an illustration of “fuzzy categories,” a notion introduced
by I. Bąianu and M. Marinescu (Bull. Math. Biophysics,30, 625–635, 1968), in their paper on organismic supercategories, which is designed to provide a mathematical formalism for
Rashevsky's theory of Organismic Sets (Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 389–393, 1967;30, 163–174, 1968;31, 159–198, 1969). A suggestion is made for a method of mapping the abstract discrete space ofQ-relations on a continuum of variables ofF-relations. Problems of polymorphism and metamorphosis, both in biological and social organisms, are discussed in the light
of the theory. 相似文献
19.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1969,31(2):417-427
In a preceding paper (Rashevsky, 1969. “Outline of a Unified Approach to Physics, Biology and Sociology.”Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,31, 159–198) certain isomorphisms between biological and social systems on the one hand and physical systems on the other were
studied. The notion or relational forces, of which ordinary physical forces are a particular case, was introduced. In the
present paper an attempt is made to establish analogies between stable equilibria in physical systems, equilibria due to physical
forces, and stable equilibria in biological and social systems which are due to purely relational forces. The notion of relational
forces causing multiple equilibria similar to multiple equilibria in some physical systems is studied, and it is outlined
how this notion may possibly help the understanding of such phenomena as polymorphism, metamorphosis and the existence of
rudimentary organs or rudimentary functions. 相似文献
20.
Paula Sánchez-Hernández Martha P. Ramírez-Pinilla Miguel Molina-Borja 《Acta ethologica》2012,15(1):65-71
There have been relatively few attempts to quantitatively describe behaviours in scincid lizards. Chalcides viridanus is a small body-sized skink endemic of Tenerife (Canary Islands). We describe and quantify 18 behaviour patterns (both social
and agonistic) of this species, some of which have not been described before for other scincids. Video recordings of male–male,
female–female, and male–female interactions were made under laboratory conditions, with controlled light–dark cycle and temperature.
We describe several agonistic and courtship behaviour patterns. Within the first context, we detected a new agonistic behaviour
for a scincid, “Snout to body”, that appeared at the beginning of agonistic sequences; it consisted of each animal placing
its snout in contact with the other individual’s lateral side of the body. The amplitude of head movement during “Head bobbing”
was lower than that described for many other lizard species. Agonistic behaviours were shown in intrasexual staged encounters
both within males and females. The comparison of behaviour patterns of both types of intrasexual encounters showed that females
were more active, exhibiting significantly higher frequencies of behaviour than males. Specifically, females showed the “Snout
to body” pattern more frequently than males. In male–female encounters we detected courtship and copulation patterns only
in April, when males performed “Bites” and “Snout to body” directed at females. 相似文献