木霉属2个中国新记录种

【背景】木霉菌现存的Stromaticum进化支为Samuels等2012年定义,包括9个木霉种;国内目前仅报道子座木霉(Trichoderma stromaticum)、蠕状毛木霉(T.vermipilum)和絮状木霉(T.floccosum)3个种。【目的】报道2个木霉属中国新记录种。【方法】采用THSM选择性培养基,从北京和山东两地土壤中分离木霉菌株,通过形态学特征、TEF1-α和RPB2序列对菌株进行鉴定。【结果】通过对TEF1-α和RPB2的系统发育分析,2个菌株分别与T.ivoriense(科特迪瓦木霉)和T.barbatum(毛簇木霉)相近;且形态学特征上存在差异。综合鉴定2个菌株分别为科特迪瓦木霉(T.ivoriense)和毛簇木霉(T.barbatum)或其近缘种。【结论】在国内新发现科特迪瓦木霉(T.ivoriense)和毛簇木霉(T.barbatum)两个木霉种,它们属于Stromaticum进化支,该进化支国内木霉种类增加到5个。     

我国河北、浙江、云南及西藏木霉种记述

对从中国河北、浙江、云南及西藏分离的72个木霉菌株进行了鉴定和分类学研究。采纳Gams&Bissett(1998)及Kullnig—Gradinger et al.(2002)的分类观点,鉴定出木霉属的12个种, 其中包括8个已知种:深绿木霉T.atroviride,桔绿木霉T.citrinoviride,哈茨木霉T.harzianum, 康宁木霉T.koningii,长枝木霉T.longibrachiatum,中国木霉T.sinensis,绿木霉T.virens和绿色木霉T.viride;4个我国新记录种是:木霉组(Trichoderma section)的棘孢木霉T.asperellum及粗梗组(Pachybasium section)的淡黄木霉T.cerinum,螺旋木霉T.spirale和茸状木霉T.velutinum。     

辽宁木霉属(Trichoderma)真菌的形态分类研究

对采自辽宁省内14个地方的173份土样和植物组织材料进行分离,获得了54株Trichoderma菌株,采用形态学分类方法鉴定出12种木霉菌,分别是拟康氏木霉(Trichoderma pseudokoningii)、长枝木霉(T.longi-brachiatum)、粘绿木霉(T.virens)、卷曲木霉(T.spirale)、顶孢木霉(T.fertile)、粗壮木霉(T.strigosum)、长孢木霉(T.longipile)、钩状木霉(T.hamatum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)、康氏木霉(T.koningii)、深绿木霉(T.atroviri-de)和哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)。其中长孢木霉为中国新记录种,粗壮木霉和卷曲木霉为东北地区首次报道。文中列有辽宁省木霉属真菌的分种检索表,并附有各木霉菌的生境和分布。     

贵州地区木霉菌分离鉴定及对辣椒疫霉的拮抗作用

【背景】辣椒疫霉是一种毁灭性的土传病害,当前主要使用化学合成杀菌剂防治,但容易导致环境污染和食品安全等问题。【目的】筛选可拮抗辣椒疫霉的候选菌株,探究分离菌株拮抗辣椒疫霉的生理生化作用机制。【方法】综合应用形态学、核糖体RNA (rRNA)基因非转录区ITS序列相似性方法鉴定分离菌株,通过对峙实验筛选抑菌效果较高的拮抗菌株,基于比色法测定分离菌株发酵液粗提物对辣椒疫霉菌丝脂质过氧化、纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-GC)和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性的影响。【结果】从腐木和土壤样品中分离得到11株木霉,分属于绿色木霉(Trichodermavirens)、哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)、钩状木霉(Trichoderma hamatum)和棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum) 4个种。11株木霉对辣椒疫霉均有一定的抑制作用,抑制率达到90%以上的菌株包括:绿色木霉Tv-1(92.68%)、Tv-2 (95.12%),哈茨木霉Thz-2 (92.68%),钩状木霉Tha-1 (90.24%)。以4株高效木霉的发酵液粗提物处理辣椒疫霉菌丝5 d后,因脂质过氧化产生的丙二醛含量显著增加,分别达到1.20、1.48、2.69和3.16 nmol/g,显著高于对照处理的0.77 nmol/g;与对照组相比,β-GC、PG酶活性显著下降,分别降低了12.28%-64.91%、7.2%-15.5%;同时纤维素酶活性呈上升趋势,最显著组为2.647 U/mL,相对于对照组增加了0.831U/mL。【结论】分离得到4株明显抑制辣椒疫霉菌生长的高效木霉菌,主要通过破坏细胞壁结构、降低致病因子酶活力和增强脂质过氧化等方式起拮抗作用,可为辣椒疫病的生物防治提供理论依据和技术支持。     

木霉属中国新记录种Trichoderma koningiopsis记述

在华东地区木霉菌资源调查中,利用内转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析和形态学鉴定方法,对从土壤中分离到的木霉菌进行鉴定,发现一个中国新纪录种,即拟康宁木霉。Trichoderma koningiopsis/Hypocrea koningiopsis Samuels,C.SuarezH.C.Evans sp. nov.。该种典型的形态特征是在PDA以及CMD(玉米粉琼脂)上有瓶梗层出现象,而在MA(麦芽提取物)培养基上没有此特征。     

中国西南地区木霉属分类研究

从西南四省区(云、贵、川、藏)的土壤和其它样品中分离木霉301株,鉴定出9个木霉集合种(species aggregates) :哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum Rifai),拟康氏木霉(T.pseudokoningii Rifai),长枝木霉(T.longibrachiatum Rifai),深绿木霉(T.atrovirideBissett),桔绿木霉(T.citrinoviride Bissett),绿色木霉(T.viride Pers.ex S.F.Gray),钩状木霉(T.hamatum(Bon)Bain),康氏木霉(T.koningii Oud.)以及黄绿木霉(T.aureoviride Rifai)。从各个样点收集的42种不同作物和其它植被土样中都分离到木霉;土样pH值为4—8.5,海拔300—5400m。以哈茨木霉和拟康氏木霉出现频率最高,分别为28.5%和21.1%,似为西南地区木霉优势种群,而绿色木霉、钩状木霉和深绿木霉很少分离到。这样的种群结构可能与西南地区气候和采样季节有关。     

粮食上木霉菌的分离鉴定及其生防效果

【背景】粮食在生长和收储期极易受到病原真菌或产毒真菌的污染,造成严重的损失。众多实践证明木霉属(Trichoderma)可以有效防治植物病原真菌。【目的】鉴定和筛选能有效抑制粮食常见危害真菌的木霉生防菌株,开发生防菌剂,保障粮食生产安全。【方法】从粮食上分离筛选出35株木霉,通过多基因系统发育分析和形态学观察方法进行菌种鉴定,利用平板对峙试验筛选出对粮食常见危害真菌有抑制作用的菌株。【结果】35株木霉分属于8个种,分别为非洲哈茨木霉(Trichodermaafroharzianum)、类棘孢木霉(Trichodermaasperelloides)、 Trichoderma amoenum、近深绿木霉(Trichoderma paratroviride)、Trichoderma obovatum、长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)、东方木霉(Trichodermaorientale)和深绿木霉(Trichodermaatroviride)。对峙试验结果表明,这8种木霉对于粮食上分离到的10种危害真菌均具有较好的抑制效果。非洲哈茨木霉(T.afroharzi...     

洞庭湖湿地木霉多样性及生防活性

【目的】了解湖南省洞庭湖湿地木霉种类及分布,丰富我国的木霉种质资源,为功能菌株筛选应用奠定基础。【方法】利用ITS序列比对分析结合形态学特征对分离到的木霉菌株进行种类鉴定,构建系统发育进化树分析其亲缘关系。通过菌丝生长速率法测定菌株的平板抑菌能力,根据水解带大小检测菌株的水解酶活性,利用灰色关联度分析筛选综合生防效果较好的木霉菌株。【结果】从52个土样和18个水样中分离得到114株木霉菌株,经鉴定分属16个木霉种类:哈茨木霉、绿木霉、刺孢木霉、土星孢木霉、钩状木霉、拟康宁木霉、短密木霉、深绿木霉、猥木霉、毛细木霉(中国新记录种)、长枝木霉、卵孢木霉、侧耳木霉、加纳木霉、厚木霉及一个疑似新种;哈茨木霉为洞庭湖湿地中的优势种,占总菌株数量的19.30%;16种木霉在系统发育树中归于7个进化支:Harzianum Clade、Virens Clade、Longibrachiatum Clade、Lutea Clade、Viride Clade、Hamatum Clade、Unknown Clade。灰色关联度分析表明,菌株TW21990、QT22040和QT22094的灰色关联度较高,分别为0.849 5、0.798 6和0.732 6,综合生防性状较好。【结论】洞庭湖湿地木霉具有种类多样性和分布多样性,发现了一个中国新记录种毛细木霉和一个疑似新种,哈茨木霉TW21990、长枝木霉QT22040和卵孢木霉QT22094是潜在的优良生防菌株。     

我国农作物根际土壤木霉菌资源分布调查

通过对我国18个省市地区的农作物根际土壤进行采样,使用木霉菌选择性培养基(TSM)和马铃薯葡萄糖培养基(PDA),对采样土壤中的木霉菌(Trichoderma spp.)进行分离和纯化,再与同一地区的多种植物病原菌进行平板对峙测试,筛选和保存了1 300余株有拮抗功能的木霉菌株。经形态学和分子生物学(ITSTef1-α)鉴定,这些菌株分属9个木霉菌种。其中哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)和棘孢木霉(T.asperellum)为优势菌种,分别占29.07%和29.91%(总数:393和382株);其次是绿色木霉(T.viride),占筛选总数的14%(总数:185株);而渐绿木霉(T.viridescens)和康宁木霉(T.koningii)分别占7.53%和7.00%(总数:99和92株);深绿木霉(T.atroviride)和钩状木霉(T.harmatum)分别只占5%以上(总数:69和67株);长枝木霉(T.longibrachiatum)和橘绿木霉(T.citrinoviride)的群落在我国农作物根际土壤中的分布最少,分别只占1.5%和0.5%以上(总数:21和7株)。同时,为了解不同地区的木霉菌株对上海地区的草莓灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)的拮抗作用的差异性,选用14个不同地区的木霉菌株,通过对峙培养拮抗测定,筛选出6个木霉菌株,进一步做了抑制草莓灰霉病的室内生测试验。结果显示,来源于华东地区的木霉菌株TR78和TR85,在平板对峙试验中对草莓灰霉菌生长的抑菌率分别为85.49%和82.90%,室内生测对灰霉病的防治效果分别为80.19%和80.02%,显著高于(P0.05)其他菌株对灰霉病的防治效果。     

作物根围土壤木霉菌物种多样性及其体外拮抗病原菌效应

对采自我国西北地区青海、宁夏、甘肃、陕西和新疆农作物根围土壤中的木霉菌进行分离纯化后,采用形态与分子生物学技术进行菌种鉴定,获得14个木霉种属346个菌株。其中哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)和棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)为优势菌种,分别占总数的35%和30%;其次为长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)占12%;绿木霉(Trichoderma virens)、深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)、拟康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningiopsis)和平菇木霉(Trichoderma pleurotum)分别占8%,5%,2%和1%;绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)/钩状木霉(Trichoderma hamatum)和短密木霉(Trichoderma brevicompactum)/矩孢木霉(Trichoderma oblongisporum)分别皆占2%和1%;渐绿木霉(Trichoderma viridescens)、侧耳木霉(Trichoderma pleuroticola)和康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningii)为我国西北地区农作物根围土壤中最小的木霉种群,各仅占0.3%。将纯化的菌株分别与5个靶标病原真菌在马铃薯葡萄糖培养基(PDA)平板上进行拮抗测试,研究结果表明各木霉菌株对病原菌的拮抗效果有明显差异,且其平均拮抗指数均60%。将2株短密木霉(TR1294TR1295)进行液体发酵培养,并用稀释5倍的发酵液配制PDA平板,对靶标病原真菌进行抑菌测试。结果显示,这5个病原真菌在含有TR1294和TR1295发酵液PDA平板上的生长抑制率可达72%,表明TR1294和TR1295在液体发酵过程中能产生抑菌次级代谢物。     

Molecular identification of Trichoderma species associated with Pleurotus ostreatus and natural substrates of the oyster mushroom

Green mold of Pleurotus ostreatus , caused by Trichoderma species, has recently resulted in crop losses worldwide. Therefore, there is an emerging need for rapid means of diagnosing the causal agents. A PCR assay was developed for rapid detection of Trichoderma pleurotum and Trichoderma pleuroticola , the two pathogens causing green mold of P. ostreatus . Three oligonucleotide primers were designed for identifying these species in a multiplex PCR assay based on DNA sequences within the fourth and fifth introns in the translation elongation factor 1α gene. The primers detected the presence of T. pleurotum and/or T. pleuroticola directly in the growing substrates of oyster mushrooms, without the need for isolating the pathogens. The assay was used to assess the presence of the two species in natural environments in which P. ostreatus can be found in Hungary, and demonstrated that T. pleuroticola was present in the growing substrates and on the surface of the basidiomes of wild oyster mushrooms. Other Trichoderma species detected in these substrates and habitats were Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma atroviride. Trichoderma pleurotum was not found in any of the samples from the forested areas tested in this study.     

Genetically closely related but phenotypically divergent Trichoderma species cause green mold disease in oyster mushroom farms worldwide

The worldwide commercial production of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus is currently threatened by massive attacks of green mold disease. Using an integrated approach to species recognition comprising analyses of morphological and physiological characters and application of the genealogical concordance of multiple phylogenetic markers (internal transcribed spacer 1 [ITS1] and ITS2 sequences; partial sequences of tef1 and chi18-5), we determined that the causal agents of this disease were two genetically closely related, but phenotypically strongly different, species of Trichoderma, which have been recently described as Trichoderma pleurotum and Trichoderma pleuroticola. They belong to the Harzianum clade of Hypocrea/Trichoderma which also includes Trichoderma aggressivum, the causative agent of green mold disease of Agaricus. Both species have been found on cultivated Pleurotus and its substratum in Europe, Iran, and South Korea, but T. pleuroticola has also been isolated from soil and wood in Canada, the United States, Europe, Iran, and New Zealand. T. pleuroticola displays pachybasium-like morphological characteristics typical of its neighbors in the Harzianum clade, whereas T. pleurotum is characterized by a gliocladium-like conidiophore morphology which is uncharacteristic of the Harzianum clade. Phenotype MicroArrays revealed the generally impaired growth of T. pleurotum on numerous carbon sources readily assimilated by T. pleuroticola and T. aggressivum. In contrast, the Phenotype MicroArray profile of T. pleuroticola is very similar to that of T. aggressivum, which is suggestive of a close genetic relationship. In vitro confrontation reactions with Agaricus bisporus revealed that the antagonistic potential of the two new species against this mushroom is perhaps equal to T. aggressivum. The P. ostreatus confrontation assays showed that T. pleuroticola has the highest affinity to overgrow mushroom mycelium among the green mold species. We conclude that the evolutionary pathway of T. pleuroticola could be in parallel to other saprotrophic and mycoparasitic species from the Harzianum clade and that this species poses the highest infection risk for mushroom farms, whereas T. pleurotum could be specialized for an ecological niche connected to components of Pleurotus substrata in cultivation. A DNA BarCode for identification of these species based on ITS1 and ITS2 sequences has been provided and integrated in the main database for Hypocrea/Trichoderma (www.ISTH.info).     

Trichoderma amazonicum, a new endophytic species on Hevea brasiliensis and H. guianensis from the Amazon basin

A new species of Trichoderma (teleomorph Hypocrea, Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae), T. amazonicum, endophytic on the living sapwood and leaves of Hevea spp. trees is described. Trichoderma amazonicum is distinguished from closely related species in the Harzianum clade (e.g. Hypocrea alni, H. brunneoviridis, H. epimyces, H. parepimyces, T. aggressivum, T. harzianum, T. pleuroticola and T. pleuroti) by morphological and ecological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of three loci (ITS nrDNA, tef1 and rpb2). The closest relatives of this species are the facultatively fungicolous species T. pleuroticola and T. pleuroti.     

Trichoderma biodiversity in China

In the present study, we made further investigation into the diversity of Trichoderma in China than previous ones utilizing comprehensive approaches of morphological microscopic observation and phylogenetic analysis by detecting molecular markers. One thousand nine hundred ten Trichoderma strains were isolated from soil or other materials in China: East (Anhui, Fujian, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Zhejiang province and Shanghai municipality), South-West (Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan province, Tibet Autonomous Region and Chongqing municipality), South-East (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan province), and Middle China (Henan, Hubei and Hunan province). Representative isolates were verified at the species level by morphological characters and the oligonucleotide barcode program TrichoOKey v.10 and the custom BLAST server TrichoBLAST, using sequence of the ITS 1 and 2 region of the rDNA cluster and partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha(tef1-α). A total of 23 Trichoderma species were identified : T.asperellum, T.atrioviride, T.aureovriride, T.brevicompactum, T.citrioviride, T.erinaceum, T.gamsii, T.hamatum, T.harzianum (H.1ixii), T.intricatum, T.koningii (H.koningii), T.koningiopsis, T.longibranchiatum, T.pleuroticola, T.reeseii (H.jecorina), T.sinensis, T.spirale, T.stromaticum, T.tomentosum, T.velutinum, T.vermipilum, T.virens (H.virens), T.viride. Among them, 3 species: T.intricatum, T.stromaticum, T.vermipilum were first reported in China; T.harzianum (H,1ixii) was the most widely distributed species in China. This study further shows that, the highest biodiversity of Trichoderma population appeared in South-West China.     

Genetic and metabolic diversity of Trichoderma: a case study on South-East Asian isolates

We have used isolates of Trichoderma spp. collected in South-East Asia, including Taiwan and Western Indonesia, to assess the genetic and metabolic diversity of endemic species of Trichoderma. Ninety-six strains were isolated in total, and identified at the species level by analysis of morphological and biochemical characters (Biolog system), and by sequence analysis of their internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and 2) of the rDNA cluster, using ex-type strains and taxonomically established isolates of Trichoderma as reference. Seventy-eight isolates were positively identified as Trichoderma harzianum/Trichoderma inhamatum (37 strains) Trichoderma virens (16 strains), Trichoderma spirale (8 strains), Trichoderma koningii (3 strains), Trichoderma atroviride (3 strains), Trichoderma asperellum (4 strains), Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: Trichoderma reesei; 2 strains), Trichoderma viride (2 strains), Trichoderma hamatum (1 strain), and Trichoderma ghanense (1 strain). Analysis of biochemical characters revealed that T. virens, T. spirale, T. asperellum, T. koningii, H. jecorina, and T. ghanense formed clearly defined clusters, thus exhibiting species-specific metabolic properties. In biochemical character analysis T. atroviride and T. viride formed partially overlapping clusters, indicating that these two species may share overlapping metabolic characteristics. This behavior was even more striking with T. harzianum/T. inhamatum where genotypes defined on the basis of ITS1 and 2 sequences overlapped significantly with adjacent genotypes in the biochemical character analysis, and four strains from the same location (Bali, Indonesia) even clustered with species from section Longibrachiatum. The data indicate that the T. harzianum/T. inhamatum group represents species with high metabolic diversity and partially unique metabolic characteristics. Nineteen strains yielded three different ITS1/2 sequence types which were not alignable with any known species. They were also uniquely characterized by morphological and biochemical characters and therefore represent three new taxa of Trichoderma.     

Characterization of Trichoderma Isolates from Philippine Rice Fields by UP-PCR and rDNA-ITS1 Analysis: Identification of UP-PCR Markers

Forty-two isolates of Trichoderma from rice fields in four provinces in the Philippines were characterized using rDNA-ITS1 analysis and universally primed polymerase chain reaction (UP-PCR). Two groups were clearly distinguishable on the basis of length and restriction pattern of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA and UP-PCR banding profiles using UP primer, L45. The 40 isolates comprising the largest group were very similar with respect to their UP-PCR banding profiles and were assigned to Trichoderma harzianum Rifai following morphological identification of four of the isolates. The two isolates belonging to the second group were identified as Trichodermaviride Pers. ex. Gray on the basis of their morphology, rDNA-ITS1 analysis and distinct UP-PCR banding profiles. One of the T. harzianum isolates with good cellulolytic and competitive saprophytic abilities was analysed using single and pair-wise combinations of UP primers in order to distinguish it from the remaining 41 isolates. A suitable diagnostic marker was identified and this marker will be valuable for monitoring the isolate in field tests.     

Lipid accumulation in Trichoderma species

Abstract Two filamentous fungi, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride , were compared for their ability to synthesize lipids on different carbon and nitrogen sources. Three culture media were selected for each strain after preliminary screening. All the test media were nitrogen-deficient (C/N = 60) so as to stimulate lipid accumulation. For both microorganisms the glucose-ammonium sulphate medium was the most conducive to lipid production: a lipid accumulation of 17% (w/w) of biomass dry weight was obtained for T. harzianum and of 32% (w/w) of biomass dry weight for T. viride . In sucrose-sodium nitrate medium T. harzianum was able to accumulate almost 25% (w/w) of its biomass in lipid form. However the small quantity of biomass produced (2 g dry weight/l) limited the quantity of lipid obtained. Neutral lipids, free fatty acids and phospholipids were monitored during 8 days of cultivation of the two fungi.     

不同诱导方法对农杆菌介导的木霉菌遗传转化效率的影响

[目的]比较不同诱导方法对根癌农杆菌EHA105介导的哈茨木霉T88遗传转化体系转化效率的影响,以确定最佳的诱导方法.[方法]通过对复铺培养基法、转膜培养法和液体共培养法转化效率的比较来确定3种方法的优劣.[结果]复铺培养基法转化效率约为10个转化子/107个木霉孢子,转膜培养法转化效率约为20个转化子/107个木霉孢子,液体共培养法转化效率达到100个转化子/107个木霉孢子.[结论]在农杆菌介导的木霉菌遗传转化体系中,液体共培养法的转化效率最高,是常用的复铺培养基法及转膜培养法转化效率的5-10倍.     

M13-microsatellite PCR and rDNA sequence markers for identification of Trichoderma (Hypocreaceae) species in Saudi Arabian soil

Seven fungal isolates were identified as pan-global Hypocrea/Trichoderma species, from section Trichoderma, on the basis of their morphology. These species were H. lixii/T. harzianum and H. orientalis/T. longibrachiatum. PCR-based markers with primer M13 (core sequence of phage M13) and internal-transcribed spacer sequences of ribosomal DNA were used to confirm the identity of the two Trichoderma species. Sequence identification was performed using the TrichOKEY version 2.0 barcode program and the multilocus similarity search database TrichoBLAST. Sequences from the ribosomal DNA internal-transcribed spacer regions showed limited variation among the Trichoderma species. This analysis divided the isolates into two main groups. Grouping the isolates based on cluster analysis of their DNA profiles matched the grouping based on morphological taxonomy. Molecular data obtained from analyses of gene sequences are essential to distinguish phonetically cryptic species in this group and to establish phylogenetic relationships.