粉尘螨生殖系统形态学研究

粉尘螨Dermatophagoides farinae是一种重要的医学螨类。本文用光镜和扫描电镜研究了粉尘螨雌雄生殖系统的形态和结构。结果表明：雄性生殖系统由睾丸、输精管、 附腺、射精管、阳茎及附属交配器官组成。睾丸位于血腔末端,不成对,精原细胞、精母细胞和精子依照精子发育的顺序有规则地分布在其内部。雌性生殖系统包括交配孔、囊导管、储精囊、囊导管、卵巢、输卵管、子宫、产卵管及产卵孔,其中卵巢由一个中央营养细胞和围绕其周围的卵母细胞组成。     

Functional morphology of the reproductive system of Galathea intermedia (Decapoda: Anomura)

Spermatophore formation in Galathea intermedia begins in the proximal part of the vas deferens. The contents subsequently form a spermatophoric ribbon, the so-called "secondary spermatophore," in its distal part. A strongly muscular ductus ejaculatorius is present in the coxa of the fifth pereiopod which builds up pressure for the extrusion of the spermatophoric ribbon. After extrusion, the ribbon is caught by the first gonopod, while the second gonopod dissolves the matrix of the ribbon. During copulation the spermatophores are randomly placed on the sternum of the female, near the genital opening, by the fifth pereiopods of the male. Subsequent ovulation of the female via the genital opening, an active process accomplished through muscular activity, results in fertilization of the eggs by the exploding spermatophores. External intersexes are characterized by both male and female external sexual characters, but in all individuals only male gonads are present. No trace of a female reproductive system could be detected. Thus, these external intersexes are exclusively functional males.     

日龄和交配状态对亚洲玉米螟雄蛾内生殖器特征的影响

【目的】揭示日龄和交配对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis雄蛾内生殖器官的影响,以及亚洲玉米螟雄蛾的交配状态和性信息素诱捕之间的关系。【方法】采用行为学和生殖器解剖技术,研究不同日龄和交配状态亚洲玉米螟雄蛾内生殖器特征,并将其与田间性信息素诱捕雄蛾进行比较。【结果】除了精巢、输精管、储精囊、附腺、复射精管和单射精管外,亚洲玉米螟雄蛾内生殖系统还包含1对附腺囊,同时单射精管非角质化区分为5段(PS1-5),PS1又细分为5区(PS1Ⅰ-Ⅴ)。生殖器内含物可分为5级(0-4级),存在充满和未充满生殖器两种状态。1日龄雄蛾内生殖系统不同器官的内含物等级存在差异,但是日龄对雄蛾生殖系统内含物等级无明显影响。交配后0 h亚洲玉米螟雄蛾,除输精管、储精囊和附腺囊外,其余生殖器官内含物等级较未交配雄蛾的均发生显著变化。随着交配后时间的增加,雄蛾生殖器内含物等级逐渐恢复,各器官内含物等级恢复的速度存在差异,交配后60 h所有内含物等级均恢复到未交配状态。但是直到交配后228 h,交配雄蛾PS5内含物仍然表现出断裂等形态特征,和未交配雄蛾存在差异。性信息素引诱雄蛾中有60.9%的生殖系统表现出未交配雄蛾特征。【结论】利用PS5内含物的形态可以鉴别亚洲玉米螟雄蛾的交配状态,性信息素群集诱杀的亚洲玉米螟雄蛾大部分是未交配。本研究结果为亚洲玉米螟雄蛾交配状态的判定和蛾类害虫性信息素测报和防治的有效性提供了一定依据。     

泥螺生殖系统的组织学

泥螺为雌雄同体。生殖系统包括交媾器和生殖器本部。交媾器包括刺激器、阴茎和摄护腺;生殖器本部主要包括两性腺、缠卵腺和蛋白腺。刺激器和阴茎都具有非常发达的肌肉组织,腔壁游离面具纤毛。阴茎腔壁为单层柱状细胞;摄护腺被膜为一层薄的肌纤维,里面具有许多分泌细胞;缠卵腺被膜为单层扁平上皮,下层为环肌,腺体组织由分泌小管构成。蛋白腺主要由皮质层和导管层组成,皮质层内充满了分泌细胞,导管层由许多分泌小管构成,管壁为柱状腺细胞。     

Fine structure of the genital system in the bee parasite,Varroa jacobsoni (Gamasida: Dermanyssina) with remarks on spermiogenesis,spermatozoa and capacitation

The female genital tract ofVarroa jacobsoni is composed of a sperm-access system comprising paired solenostomes located between coxa III and IV, paired tubules, paired rami, an unpaired sperm duct, and an unpaired spermatheca. Another part of the female genital system is confined to egg development and oviposition. It is composed of an ovary (s.str.), in which oocytes mature, and a lyrate organ functioning as a nutrimentary structure. Both compartments, regarded as parts of the gonad, are connected by a region named the camera spermatis. This part is also in continuity with the oviduct I, which is provided with a muscular layer and numerous nerve endings. The following cuticle-lined oviduct II leads to the genital orifice through which the eggs are deposited. The fine structure of all these parts is described. Attention is drawn especially to the peculiar spermatheca which contains the inner cells which are thought to connect by way of free cells with a specialized region of the camera spermatis, thus establishing a cellular bridge through which penetration of capacitated spermatozoa into the ovary s.str. may occur. Lyrate organ and oocytes are connected via intercellular bridges/nutritive cords and are thus comparable to the telotrophic ovarioles of certain insects.The male genital system, composed of unpaired testis, paired vasa deferentia, unpaired accessory gland and ductus ejaculatorius, is described ultrastructurally. Spermiogenesis occurs in cysts and spermatozoa belong to the ribbon type. The vasa deferentia are provided with a muscular layer. For the first time receptors are detected in the proximal part or the ductus ejaculatorius. The accessory gland produces a proteinaceous secretion.Spermatozoa were observed in the female rami and spermatheca. Only in the latter were elongated, capacitated spermatozoa seen.     

Immunohistochemical localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide and bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide in nerve fibers of the rat,guinea pig and pig female genital organs

Summary The localization and distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) immunoreactivity were studied in the rat, guinea pig and pig female genital organs with indirect immunohistochemical technique. In the rat, guinea pig and pig. CGRP and GRP immunoreactivities were localized in nerve fibers of the uterus, ovary and oviduct. Generally, CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were intensely stained, while GRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers exhibited moderate immunoreactivity. The number of GRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in these organs was lower in comparison with that of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers. The pattern of distribution of these nerve fibers was very similar in different genital organs of all species studied. In the uterus of rat, guinea pig ang pig, CGRP-and GRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers and nerve bundles were observed in the muscular membrane and around blood vessels. Some delicate CGRP-and GRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were also present in the submucous layer of the uterus. In the oviduct. CGRP-and GRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen in the muscular membrane, around blood vessels and in the submucous layer. In the ovary, CGRP-and GRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were distributed in medullary stroma, in close contact with blood vessels and between follicles of different stages of development.     

Immunohistochemical localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide and bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide in nerve fibers of the rat, guinea pig and pig female genital organs

The localization and distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) immunoreactivity were studied in the rat, guinea pig and pig female genital organs with indirect immunohistochemical technique. In the rat, guinea pig and pig, CGRP and GRP immunoreactivities were localized in nerve fibers of the uterus, ovary and oviduct. Generally, CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were intensely stained, while GRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers exhibited moderate immunoreactivity. The number of GRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in these organs was lower in comparison with that of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers. The pattern of distribution of these nerve fibers was very similar in different genital organs of all species studied. In the uterus of rat, guinea pig and pig, CGRP- and GRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers and nerve bundles were observed in the muscular membrane and around blood vessels. Some delicate CGRP- and GRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were also present in the submucous layer of the uterus. In the oviduct, CGRP- and GRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen in the muscular membrane, around blood vessels and in the submucous layer. In the ovary, CGRP- and GRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were distributed in medullary stroma, in close contact with blood vessels and between follicles of different stages of development.     

柄天牛属八种(亚种)雌性生殖器的比较研究(鞘翅目,天牛科,天牛亚科)

记述了柄天牛属8个种(亚种)的雌性生殖器,比较研究了该属雌性生殖器的结构特点.结果表明:柄天牛属雌性生殖器在骨杆形状、受精囊管长短等方面存在不同程度的差异;通过雌性生殖器特征对比,黄颈柄天牛、暗胸柄天牛、红腹柄天牛三者虽然存在一定差异,是否应作为同一种依据不足,故仍保留亚种地位.     

Expression of cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (CSD) in male reproductive organs of mice

Cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (CSD) is the rate-limiting biosynthetic enzyme of taurine, but it is still controversial whether the male reproductive organs have the function to synthesize taurine through CSD pathway. The present study was thus undertaken to detect CSD expression in male mouse reproductive organs by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The results show that CSD is expressed both at the mRNA and protein levels in the testis, epididymis and ductus deferens. The relative levels of both CSD mRNA and protein increase from the testis to the epididymis and to the ductus deferens. Immunohistochemical results demonstrate that the main cell types containing CSD are Leydig cells of testis, epithelial cells and some stromal cells throughout the efferent ducts, epididymis and ductus deferens. These results suggest that male genital organs have the function to produce taurine through the CSD pathway, although quantifying the relation of CSD expression to taurine synthesis and the exact functions of taurine in male genital organs still need to be elucidated in future studies.     

Nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibers and neurons in the genital tract of the female mouse

Nitric oxide (NO) is generated intracellularly from L-arginine by the action of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The present investigation demonstrates immunoreactivity against NOS and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase activity in nerve cells and fibers of the reproductive system of the female mouse. The density of nerve fibers staining for NOS varied among different genital organs. The ovary and Fallopian tube were devoid of NOS-positive nerves. The uterine horns received sparse innervation by NOS-containing nerve fibers. The most abundant NOergic innervation was found in the uterine cervix and vagina, where the nerve fibers ran parallel to the smooth muscle bundles and beneath the epithelium; they also accompanied intramural blood vessels. The vaginal muscular wall contained single or groups of NOS-reactive nerve cells. Clusters of NOS-containing neurons were located in Frankenhäuser's ganglion at the cervico-vaginal junction. NO may therefore act as a transmitter in the nervous control of the female reproductive tract.     

Complex genital system of a haplogyne spider (Arachnida, Araneae, Tetrablemmidae) indicates internal fertilization and full female control over transferred sperm

The female genital organs of the tetrablemmid Indicoblemma lannaianum are astonishingly complex. The copulatory orifice lies anterior to the opening of the uterus externus and leads into a narrow insertion duct that ends in a genital cavity. The genital cavity continues laterally in paired tube-like copulatory ducts, which lead into paired, large, sac-like receptacula. Each receptaculum has a sclerotized pore plate with associated gland cells. Paired small fertilization ducts originate in the receptacula and take their curved course inside the copulatory ducts. The fertilization ducts end in slit-like openings in the sclerotized posterior walls of the copulatory ducts. Huge masses of secretions forming large balls are detectable in the female receptacula. An important function of these secretory balls seems to be the encapsulation of spermatozoa in discrete packages in order to avoid the mixing of sperm from different males. In this way, sperm competition may be completely prevented or at least severely limited. Females seem to have full control over transferred sperm and be able to express preference for spermatozoa of certain males. The lumen of the sperm containing secretory balls is connected with the fertilization duct. Activated spermatozoa are only found in the uterus internus of females, which is an indication of internal fertilization. The sperm cells in the uterus internus are characterized by an extensive cytoplasm and an elongated, cone-shaped nucleus. The male genital system of I. lannaianum consists of thick testes and thin convoluted vasa deferentia that open into the wide ductus ejaculatorius. The voluminous globular palpal bulb is filled with seminal fluid consisting of a globular secretion in which only a few spermatozoa are embedded. The spermatozoa are encapsulated by a sheath produced in the genital system. The secretions in females may at least partly consist of male secretions that could be involved in the building of the secretory balls or play a role in sperm activation. The male secretions could also afford nutriments to the spermatozoa.     

The female postabdomen and genitalia of the basal moth family Heterobathmiidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera): Structure and phylogenetic significance

Female Heterobathmia have the segments behind VIII forming a compact ‘terminal unit’ with a large saddle-shaped dorsal plate and a membranous ventroposterior surface bearing the separate gonopore and anus. While females of most of the nine known species are overall similar, Heterobathmia valvifer is unique amongst lepidopterans in possessing paired ventral appendages (‘ovipositor valves’) arising from the intersegmental groove following segment VIII; evidence from musculature contradicts an interpretation of these appendages structures as ‘true’ ovipositor valves. The ventroposterior wall of the terminal unit in H. valvifer bears paired sclerites, possible homologues of the ‘ventral rods’ in basal Lepidoptera-Glossata. In Heterobathmia megadecella sclerites on paired longitudinal elevations in comparable positions probably are/include homologues of these sclerites. Their similarity with paired sclerotizations in the corresponding region of hydrobiosid caddisflies is noted. A prominent frame-like sclerotization in the genital chamber, located in front of the spermathecal duct origin, is present only in H. megadecella.Putative heterobathmiid autapomorphies include an enlarged ‘subgenital plate’ on venter VIII, absence of apophyses on segment VIII, shortened apophyses on the terminal unit, multilobed accessory glands (but their ‘type 1’ secretory epithelium is plesiomorphic at this level), a conspicuous papilla in the chamber cuticle bearing the opening of the ductus bursae on its apex, and inwards-pointing spines in the ductus bursae. A variably developed thickening of the anterior genital chamber intima is another putative family autapomorphy, while an extreme thickening of the posterior intima seen in Heterobathmia pseuderiocrania is not of general occurrence in heterobathmiids. A sistergroup relationship between Heterobathmiidae and Glossata is supported by their fully developed ‘2-compartment section’ of the spermathecal duct and losses of some likely lepidopteran groundplan muscles.     

The male reproductive system of Costelytra zealandica (White)(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae)

Abstract

The morphology and histology of the male internal reproductive organs of Costelytra zealandica show many similarities to other Scarabaeoidae, and are particularly close to other Melolonthinae and to Rutelinae. Testes follicles of C. zealandica have the usual structure for Melolonthinae with basal lobes surrounding the ends of the vasa efferentia. Epithelial cells of the vasa efferentia, vasa deferentia, and vesiculae seminales have similar densely basophilic cytoplasm but muscle layers are best developed around the latter. Accessory glands lack muscle and are not differentiated histologically into regions but do differ from their reservoirs. The ejaculatory duct has a cuticular intima and is differentiated into anterior and posterior regions. Both are surrounded by a muscular sheath which expands in the posterior region to enclose fluid. This forms a hydraulic mechanism for everting the internal sac during intromission. The parameres hook into the female’s genital chamber during copulation and have no pincer action. Probable homologies are listed between muscles of the external genitalia and anus of C. zealandica and other Scarabaeoidea.     

Morphogenesis of the genital system of Passerilepsis crenata (Cestoidea: Hymenolepididae)

The consecutive development of the genital organs in proglottides of the mature st obile of Passerilepis crenata was studied. The organs of the male and female genital systems, excluding testes and efferent ductules, are laid as a common genital anlage, which later become subdivided into three departments. On the basis of the degree of development of the genital organs zonation of the worm's strobile has been specified.     

迁粉蝶雌性生殖系统结构研究

解剖和描述了迁粉蝶Catopsilia pomona(Fabricius)的雌性生殖系统结构。结果表明:迁粉蝶外生殖器包括交配囊及其附属结构、导精管、后表皮突和肛突;内生殖器包括1对卵巢、2根侧输卵管、1根中输卵管、受精囊、附腺、外生殖腔及产卵孔。卵巢左右对称,每个卵巢由4根多滋式卵巢管组成。同时提出卵巢发育分级指标,为害虫预测和防治提供指导性意见。     

The morphological and histological characters of the male external genitalia of the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus

External genitalia are the reproductive organs necessary for efficient copulation and internal fertilization in various mammalian species. Their morphogeneses display significant morphological and developmental differences among species. The house musk shrew, Suncus murinus (hereafter described as suncus) is a species of the order Insectivora, which has been considered as primitive and one of the earliest eutheria phylogenetically. Comparative anatomical analyses of phylogenetically different mammals will contribute to the better understanding of morphological diversity of external genitalia. This study performed various anatomical and histological analyses concerning the organization of the external genitalia of male suncus. It was shown that the external genitalia of suncus possessed a muscular structure, which we proposed as musculus ischiocavernosus dorsalis of suncus. The musculus ischiocavernosus dorsalis is originated from the inner surface of the tuber ischiadicum and was allocated adjacent to the corpus cavernosum penis. In addition, a pair of alpha-smooth muscle actin positive muscles was located bilaterally to the urethra. This unique morphology of the external genitalia of suncus males may provide a unique model system to investigate genital morphogenesis.     

Postnatal development and distribution of peptide-containing nerves in the genital system of the male rat

Summary The distribution and relative density of peptide-containing nerves was studied in the rat in order to assess the progression of neuronal changes during the postnatal development of the male genital system from the prepubertal age to adulthood. Testis, caput and cauda epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vescicles, prostate and penis from 8-, 20-, 38-, and 70-day-old rats were sectioned and were immunostained with antisera to the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and to a general neuronal marker, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). The testicular parenchyma and caput epididymis did not show any immunoreactivity. Very scattered CGRP-containing nerves were present in 8-day-old rats; numerous VIP-, CGRP-, and NPY-peptide-containing nerves were observed in the cauda epididymis, ductus deferens, accessory glands and penis of 20-day-old rats. The number of nerves increased in 35-day-old rats while no changes were observed in more adult rats. A parallel increase was seen for the immunostain for PGP 9.5. These data suggest that peptide-containing nerves appear in the genital system after birth and reach a full development before the completion of puberty. Peptide-containing nerves were visible first in the interstitial area and then spread in the muscular coat of the ducts, glands and of the blood vessels. While CGRP- and NPY-containing nerves were distributed in the vicinity of the muscle cells, VIP-containing nerves were also observed in the subepithelial regions, suggesting a possible role of this neuropeptide in the control of epithelial functions.     

External Anatomy of the Female Genital (Eighth) Limbs and the Setose Openings in Myodocopid Ostracodes (Cypridinidae)

The external anatomy of various cypridinid female genital (8th) limbs is described. Scanning electron microscopy shows that each female cypridinid genital limb has a medial depression and associated pore (= spermatophore pore); over all of which a male cements a spermatophore. The limb terminates laterally in a superficially smooth rounded knob bearing an additional small opening (= lateral pore). Dorsolateral to this genital limb there are grouped setae, previously called "brush organs", that are really paired, slit–like posterolateral openings, which are probably subdermally united to the female genital limbs. The "brush organs" of all myodocopid females also are likely to be the setose openings. The setose openings are probably homologous to the setose central lobe of male cypridinid copulatory limbs, but not homologous to the limb–like "brush organ" described for some podocopid males. We speculate that the eggs are fertilized via the spermatophore pore associated with the attached spermatophore, and that they are released from the slightly larger and more lateral setose openings into the brood chamber of the posterodorsal area of the bivalved carapace.     

Postnatal development and distribution of peptide-containing nerves in the genital system of the male rat. An immunohistochemical study.

The distribution and relative density of peptide-containing nerves was studied in the rat in order to assess the progression of neuronal changes during the postnatal development of the male genital system from the prepubertal age to adulthood. Testis, caput and cauda epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis from 8-, 20-, 38-, and 70-day-old rats were sectioned and were immunostained with antisera to the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and to a general neuronal marker, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). The testicular parenchyma and caput epididymis did not show any immunoreactivity. Very scattered CGRP-containing nerves were present in 8-day-old rats; numerous VIP-, CGRP-, and NPY-peptide-containing nerves were observed in the cauda epididymis, ductus deferens, accessory glands and penis of 20-day-old rats. The number of nerves increased in 35-day-old rats while no changes were observed in more adult rats. A parallel increase was seen for the immunostain for PGP 9.5. These data suggest that peptide-containing nerves appear in the genital system after birth and reach a full development before the completion of puberty. Peptide-containing nerves were visible first in the interstitial area and then spread in the muscular coat of the ducts, glands and of the blood vessels. While CGRP- and NPY-containing nerves were distributed in the vicinity of the muscle cells, VIP-containing nerves were also observed in the subepithelial regions, suggesting a possible role of this neuropeptide in the control of epithelial functions.     

The glandular units of the spermathecae of machilids (microcoryphia) : Ultrastructure and modifications during moulting

The spermathecae of 4 species of Microcoryphia (Lepismachilis targionii, Trigoniophthalmus alternatus, Machilis sp. and Machilinus rupestris) present characteristics related to the primitive phylogenetic position of these apterygote insects. They are paired organs situated in the 8th abdominal segment on each side of the rudimentary genital chamber. Each spermatheca includes 2 different tissues: (a) a simple epithelium surrounding 2 spermathecal capsules and communicating with the genital chamber by short ducts; (b) a complex glandular tissue composed of numerous functional units, each made up of several cell types — a large glandular cell with a subapical reservoir, 2 basal cells, a ductule cell and enveloping cells. One of the basal cells, called the ciliary cell, presents a dendrite-like process containing 2 apical centrioles in alignment. Several ductules of neighbouring units join together before opening in the genital chamber, independently of the ducts of the spermathecal capsules.The spermathecae undergo marked changes during moulting periods. Apolysis is followed by a partial dedifferentiation of the glandular cells, then the formation of new ductule cavities and the growth of a pseudocilium at the apex of the dendrite-like process of each ciliary cell. Afterwards, cuticular material is laid down around the pseudocilia, forming the intima of the new ductules, which results from the secretions of at least the ciliary and ductule cells. The pseudocilia degenerate before ecdysis. A comparison is made with the organogenesis of analogous organs described in different insect species.