向海湿地丹顶鹤迁徙动态及其栖息地保护研究

基于1997～2003年间吉林省通榆县向海湿地春季丹顶鹤数量和分布数据,分析了丹顶鹤的迁徙动态及其与栖息地生态环境变化之间的关系．结果表明,1997～2003年间,每年春季丹顶鹤的种群数量分别为32、25、64、92、72、59和14只;丹顶鹤迁达向海的最早年份为2002年(3月12日),最晚年份为2001年(3月28日),大多年份于3月中旬到达向海;其产卵时间最早的年份为2000年(4月1日),最晚年份为2003年(5月10日),大多年份于4月上旬开始产卵;在分布上,以2000年丹顶鹤分布点最多(15个),1998年和2003年分布点较少(2个)．表明丹顶鹤的迁徙动态随湿地水文条件的改变而变化．据此提出了利用洪水资源保护和恢复丹顶鹤等珍稀水禽栖息地的技术与对策．     

松针鞘瘿蚊在黑松冠层的空间分布特征与脱瘿节律研究

为掌握松针鞘瘿蚊Thecodiplosis japonensis幼虫在黑松冠层的分布特征和脱瘿节律,本文采用标准株调查法,调查了松针鞘瘿蚊幼虫在冠层的不同方位的虫口密度.采用陷阱法,调查了不同时期越冬幼虫的下树数量.结果表明,在黑松树冠的顶梢、上层、中层、下层,松针受害率分别为67.42％、68.59％、52.22％和...     

小麦族鹅观草属三个物种的关系研究

通过形态学特征比较、种间杂交、染色体组配对和繁育学资料,探讨鹅观草属拟披碱草组纤毛草系中的三个物种毛叶鹅观草、纤毛鹅观草和竖立鹅观草间的亲缘关系。结果表明毛叶鹅观草与纤毛鹅观草、竖立鹅观草存在一定的生殖障碍,纤毛鹅观草和竖立鹅观草不存在生殖障碍。建议将毛叶鹅观草作为纤毛鹅观草的亚种,而竖立鹅观草作为纤毛鹅观草的变种处理较为适宜。     

A new horsehair worm, Chordodes formosanus sp. n. (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from Hierodula mantids of Taiwan and Japan with redescription of a closely related species, Chordodes japonensis

A new species of horsehair worm, Chordodes formosanussp. n., is described and compared to a closely related species, Chordodes japonensis. Although both species possess the same six cuticular structures of areoles on the surface, the significantly longer filaments on the female crowned areoles can be used as diagnostic characters for the new species. The different taxonomic status of these two species was also confirmed after analyzing the partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequence, and the mantid hosts, which are respectively limited to the genus Tenodera for Chordodes japonensis and Hierodula for Chordodes formosanussp. n. In addition, the immature stages of eggs and larvae of the new species are also described and discussed in detail.     

Saussurea pseudograminea sp. nov. (Asteraceae) from the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau,China

Morphological characteristics, as well as ultrastructure of pollen grains, chromosome numbers and karyotype analysis have been used to establish a new species of Saussurea from the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau. The new species, Saussurea pseudograminea Y. F. Wang, G. Z. Du et Y. S. Lian is easily distinguished from the similar S. graminea Dunn by having 2–3 capitula, involucre 0.7–1.2 cm in diameter, smaller pollen grains, pollen surface with larger and denser spines, achenes 4.0–5.5 mm long, 32 chromosomes, and a karyotype formula 2n = 2x = 32 = 18m + 10sm + 4st, whereas S. graminea has solitary capitula, involucre 1.2–2.0 cm in diameter, larger pollen grains, pollen surface with smaller and sparser spines, achenes 3–4 mm long, 28 chromosomes and a karyotype formula 2n = 2x = 28 = 6m + 20sm + 2st. The new species is distributed in Dianzhangou, Awanchang, and Gamaliang mountain regions of Maqu county in Gansu province.     

Ectopic expression of AINTEGUMENTA in Arabidopsis plants results in increased growth of floral organs.

AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) was previously shown to be involved in floral organ initiation and growth in Arabidopsis. ant flowers have fewer and smaller floral organs and possess ovules that lack integuments and a functional embryo sac. The present work shows that young floral meristems of ant plants are smaller than those in wild type. Failure to initiate the full number of organ primordia in ant flowers may result from insufficient numbers of meristematic cells. The decreased size of ant floral organs appears to be a consequence of decreased cell division within organ primordia. Ectopic expression of ANT under the control of the constitutive 35S promoter results in the development of larger floral organs. The number and shape of these organs is not altered and the size of vegetative organs is normal. Microscopic and molecular analyses indicate that the increased size of 35S::ANT sepals is the result of increased cell division, whereas the increased sizes of 35S::ANT petals, stamens, and carpels are primarily attributable to increased cell expansion. In addition, 35S::ANT ovules often exhibit increased growth of the nucellus and the funiculus. These results suggest that ANT stimulates cell growth in floral organs.     

Dendrobium tamenglongense sp. nov. (Orchidaceae) from Manipur,India

Dendrobium tamenglongense R. Kishor, Y. N. Devi, H. B. Sharma, J. Tongbram & S. P. Vij sp. nov. from Manipur, India is described and illustrated as a new species. The new species differs from D. jaintianum in having larger and glabrous leaves with acute apices, green sepal apices, a 1–3‐flowered inflorescence, smaller and non‐fragrant flowers and a 3‐lobed labellum with fimbriate midlobe.     

Nuclear genome codes for chloroplast ribosomal proteins in Acetabularia. I. Isolation and characterization of chloroplast ribosomal particles

A method is described for the isolation of chloroplast ribosomes from Acetabularia cells in yields sufficient for the characterization of these particles. Ribosomal particles sedimenting with 70S, 56S, 44S, and 30S have been obtained. The monoribosome sediments with 70S and dissociates into a larger 44S and a smaller 30S subunit. The sedimentation behaviour of the particles as well as the equilibrium between monoribosomes and their subunits is not influenced by the centrifugation step as could be revealed by formaldehyde fixation.     

Ribosome-dependent conversion of polyA-containing heterogenous nuclear RNA into smaller RNA molecules.

The polyA-containing heterogenous nuclear RNA fraction separated from total rat liver nRNA by gel filtration on Sepharose 4B followed by affinity chromatography on polyU-Sepharose and containing predominantly the 45S components becomes enzymatically bound to homologous 80S ribosomes and polyribosomes at 0 degree C. If 80S ribosomes or polyribosomes with bound poly-a-containing HnRNA are subjected to a further incubation at 37 degree C, the original 45S RNA is gradually converted into smaller RNA species of 10- 35S which remain bound to the particle. This ribosome-dependent cleavage of larger HnRNA species into smaller RNA molecules may represent the ultimate step of mRNA maturation.     

A comparison of the ribosomal proteins of Drosophila ovary, adult, and embryo

Summary The proteins in the 80S ribosomes of Drosophila melanogaster ovaries and adults have been characterized by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When ribosomal proteins of ovaries and adults were compared with those from embryos, all 3 tissues showed a similar number of proteins. In addition, qualitatively, the electrophoretograms of proteins extracted from the ribosomes of these 3 tissues were found to be indistinguishable. However, apparent quantitative differences in certain acidic proteins were observed between tissues. Using ribosomes from embryos as a standard for comparison, ribosomes from adult flies that were more than 14 days old appeared to have relatively larger amounts of acidic protiens S7 and S9, and relatively smaller amounts of acidic proteins S14 and S25/S27. The transition period occured during the ninth to thirteenth day of adult fly development. Significant differences were not detected between ovarian and embryonic acidic ribosomal proteins. In contrast to the differential ratio of acidic proteins in ovaries, adults, and embryos, a similar distribution of basic proteins was found in these tissues.     

扎龙保护区散养与野生丹顶鹤巢址选择比较

为了探讨扎龙保护区散养与野生丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)巢址选择的异同,2009年3～5月在扎龙国家级自然保护区内用生境因子测定法对散养丹顶鹤与野生丹顶鹤巢址选择进行比较。独立样本t-检验(independent-samples t-test)结果表明,散养丹顶鹤和野生丹顶鹤在巢址选择中,植被高度、植被密度、巢周围苇丛面积及巢距人为干扰地距离均存在着显著差异。说明野生丹顶鹤对巢址选择具有严格要求,倾向于选择人为活动较少,植被高度较高,植被密度和巢周围苇丛面积较大的生境中筑巢;散养丹顶鹤对生境要求不高。     

Description and phylogenetic relationships of Rodentolepis gnoskei n. sp. (Cyclophyllidea: Hymenolepididae) from a shrew Suncus varilla minor in Malawi

Rodentolepis gnoskei n. sp. is described based on specimens obtained from a lesser dwarf shrew Suncus varilla minor collected in the Nyika National Park, Malawi. The new species is one of the smallest hymenolepidids known from African shrews and is morphologically closest to two other miniature hymenolepidids from African shrews, Staphylocystis loossi and S. khalili. The new species differs from both of them by a much smaller strobila size and fewer proglottids. The rostellar hooks in the new species are more numerous and smaller in size than in S. loossi. The rostellar hooks in R. gnoskei n. sp. are almost three times shorter than hooks in S. khalili. The hook shape in both S. loossi and S. khalili is substantially different from that in the new species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that the new species is close to Rodentolepis fraterna, a parasite of rodents. The new species clearly differs from R. fraterna by the much shorter strobila, larger hooks, relatively longer cirrus sac, rate of proglottid development, the number of eggs per proglottid and parasitism in shrews. Although the new species fits the current diagnosis of Rodentolepis, its generic allocation is provisional and will likely be revised in the future because the type species of Rodentolepis, R. straminea, belongs to a different well supported clade. Thus, a new genus needs to be established for the lineage that includes R. fraterna and R. gnoskei n. sp. However, this systematic rearrangement is not recommended until Staphylocystis pistillum, the type species of Staphylocystis, is included in future phylogenetic analyses. Rodentolepis gnoskei n. sp. is the first tapeworm species reported from shrews in Malawi and the first species of cestode reported from S. varilla minor and any member of Suncus in Africa.     

Effects of different-shaped tissue expanders on transluminal pressure, oxygen tension, histopathologic changes, and skin expansion in pigs

This study, performed on domestic pigs, was designed to show whether the shape and size of a tissue expander influences the amount of surface area increase. When a defect is irregular, a larger custom-fitted implant is more efficient than several smaller expanders. Oval implants gained 5 percent more skin using 50 percent less time and almost 20 percent less intraluminal pressure, while U-shaped implants yield 2.2 percent more skin in 10 percent less time with 35 to 50 percent less pressure when compared with several smaller implants covering the same surface area. Transcutaneous TpO2 measurements and histologic evaluation revealed no significant difference between all implant shapes. These results show that less time, pressure, and volume are needed in a larger implant to gain the same surface area as would be attained from several smaller implants, thus sparing the patient more discomfort, trauma, and risk of infection by reducing the number of filling domes and hence the number of fillings.     

Proteolytic conversion of rat thymus DNA polymerase alpha to a more active form.

The relationship between two DNA polymerase alpha species from mammalian tissues has been resolved with the isolation of a protease from rat thymus which converts the larger alpha polymerase (7.3S) to a smaller (5.4S) size. The proteolytic activity is present only in the chromatin fraction and the limited proteolysis is accompanied by an increase in activity of the DNA polymerase, possibly consistent with a biological control function for this phenomenon.     

鹅观草属三个种的形态变异与核型的研究

本文通过对鹅观草属的三个种:鹅观草(Roegneria kamoji Ohwi)、纤毛鹅观草(R. ciliars (Trin.) Nevski)和竖立鹅观草(R. japonensis(Honda)Keng)的形态学比较和核型分析研究了该三个种的系统关系。R. kamoji与R. ciliaris、R. japonensis形态上的差异明显,而后二个种差异甚小,难以进行划分。R. kamoji的核型公式为:2n=6x=42=30m+8sm+4SAT;R. ciliaris为:2n=4x=28=18m+6sm+4SAT;R. japonensis为:2n=4x=28=18m+6sm+4SAT。t-测验的结果表明R. ciliaris与R. japonensis的核型无显著差异。因此笔者认为R. ciliaris和R. japonensis应合并为一种系内的分类群。     

Interactions between body size,abundance, seasonality,and phenology in forest beetles

Body size correlates with a large number of species traits, and these relationships have frequently been used to explain patterns in populations, communities, and ecosystems. However, diverging patterns occur, and there is a need for more data on different taxa at different scales. Using a large dataset of 155,418 individual beetles from 588 species collected over 13 years of sampling in Norway, we have explored whether body size predicts abundance, seasonality, and phenology in insects. Seasonality is estimated here by flight activity period length and phenology by peak activity. We develop several methods to estimate these traits from low‐resolution sampling data. The relationship between abundance and body size was significant and as expected; the smaller species were more abundant. However, smaller species tended to fly for longer periods of the summer and peaked in midsummer, while larger species were restricted to shorter temporal windows. Further analysis of repeated sampling from a single location suggested that smaller species had increased flight period lengths in warmer years, but larger species showed the opposite pattern. The results 1) indicate that smaller species are likely to be disproportionately valuable in ecological interactions, and 2) provide potential insights into the traits influencing the vulnerability of some larger species to disturbances and climate change.     

Resource partitioning in two coexisting cladocerans,Daphnia magna and Scapheloberis kingi (Anomopoda: Daphniidae), in north-eastern Algeria

Life-history traits of two coexisting cladocerans, Daphnia magna Straus and Scapheloberis kingi Sars, inhabiting a temporary pond in north-eastern Algeria were monitored in 2013 under laboratory conditions. Their life histories were compared for differences in traits such as age and size at first reproduction, size of neonates, brood size, number of broods per female, total life span and intrinsic rate of increase (r_m). Data were recorded during their entire life cycle. Daphnia magna, the larger species, could possibly be more successful in colonising temporary habitats than S. kingi because it allocates more energy to reproduction. Scapheloberis kingi, the smaller species, starts reproduction early, resulting in a smaller brood size and a shorter life span with fewer broods. Consequently, S. kingi produces a smaller number of neonates during its lifetime and has a lower r_m. In contrast, D. magna delays reproduction but produces a larger brood size and, because it is longer-lived, produces more broods and so produces a greater number of neonates and has a higher r_m over its lifetime.     

A new aerial alga, Stichococcus ampulliformis sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) from Japan

A new aerial alga, Stichococcus ampulliformis S. Handa sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) is described based on a clone isolated from the bark of Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Knight ex Forbes) K. Koch collected from Taishaku‐kyo Gorge, Hiroshima Prefecture, south‐west Japan. This alga was examined by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and subjected to molecular phylogenetic analysis. Based on its morphological features and life‐cycle, especially short filament formation, the alga was assigned to the genus Stichococcus Nägeli. However, this alga differs from other described Stichococcus species in that it reproduces by a form of ‘budding’, producing two daughter cells of different sizes. The larger cell, enclosed within the mother cell wall, soon reaches the size of a normal vegetative cell. The smaller cell is extruded and takes longer to reach full vegetative size. A phylogenetic tree constructed using 18S rRNA sequences indicated that, within the Trebouxiophyceae, S. ampulliformis is closely related to S. bacillaris Nägeli and some species of Prasiola Meneghini.     

中国云南毛茛科毛茛属一新种——哀牢山毛茛

描述了中国云南毛莨科Ranunculaceae一新种--哀牢山毛莨Ranunculus ailaoshanicus W.T.wang。此种在体态上与圆裂毛莨R．dongrergensis Hand．-Mazz．极为相似,但以茎较低矮,无叶,花较小,花瓣较小,长圆状椭圆形,脉不明显而相区别。     

扎龙自然保护区雌性丹顶鹤血液生化指标

2004年11月至2005年9月,采用自动生化分析仪对扎龙自然保护区10只雌性成体丹顶鹤在越冬期、繁殖期和迁徙期的20项血液生化指标（总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、直接胆红素、间接胆红素、总胆红素、血糖、尿素氮、肌酐、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、肌酸肌酶、羟丁酸脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶、钙离子、无机磷和镁离子）进行了分析.结果表明：除总蛋白、球蛋白和血糖外,研究区雌性丹顶鹤血液中的其他指标均在不同时期之间表现出显著（P<0.05）或极显著差异（P<0.01).说明总蛋白、球蛋白和血糖可作为雌性丹顶鹤血液生化指标的可靠参考值,其他17项血液生化指标的年变化动态体现出雌性丹顶鹤在不同生理时期的生理特征和生态适应性.如果以这17项血液生化指标作为雌性丹顶鹤血液生化指标的参考值,就必须考虑不同生理时期对其含量的影响.