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1.
Yankuo Li Zhigang Jiang Chunwang Li Cyril C. Grueter 《International journal of primatology》2010,31(4):609-626
The distribution of food resources in time and space may affect the diet, ranging pattern, and social organization of primates.
We studied variation in ranging patterns in a group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) over winter and summer in response to variation in their diet in the Qingmuchuan Nature Reserve, China. There was a clear
diet shift from highly folivorous in winter to highly frugivorous in summer. The home range was 8.09 km2 in summer and 7.43 km2 in winter, calculated via the 95% kernel method. Corresponding to the diet shift, the focal group traveled significantly
longer distances in summer (mean 1020 ± 69 m/d) than in winter (mean 676 ± 53 m/d); the daily range was also significantly
greater in summer (mean 0.27 ± 0.02 km2/d) than in winter (mean 0.21 ± 0.01 km2/d). There was no significant variation in home range size between winter and summer, and the monkeys did not use geographically
distinct ranges in summer and winter. However, overlap in the actual activity area and core range between winter and summer
was only 0.13 km2, representing 4.4% of the summer core area and 5.3% of the winter core area. Differences were apparent between summer and
winter ranging patterns: In summer, the group traveled repeatedly and uninterruptedly across its home range and made 3 circles
of movement along a fixed route in 31 d; in winter, the activity area was composed of 3 disconnected patches, and the focal
group stayed in each patch for an average of 8 successive days without traveling among patches. Winter range use was concentrated
on mixed evergreen and deciduous forest patches where leaves and fruits were available, whereas the summer range pattern correlates
significantly positively with the distribution of giant dogwood (Cornus controversa) fruits. Thus it appears that the diet shift of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys between winter and summer caused the monkeys to
use their home range in different ways, supporting the hypothesis that food resources determine primate ranging patterns. 相似文献
2.
Space use and territoriality influence population structure and dynamics and is therefore an important aspect in understanding
the ecology of animals. We investigated spatial and temporal space use of wolverines (Gulo gulo) in northern Scandinavia. We estimated home ranges of 24 radio-marked individuals (17 females and seven males). Male home
ranges (mean 669 km2; SE = 211) were significantly larger than female home ranges (mean 170 km2; Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney; P = 0.001) and encompassed or included parts of up to five different females. Home range sizes of reproducing (170 km2; SE = 51) and barren (171 km2; SE = 63) adult females did not differ. Wolverines in Scandinavia exhibit intrasexual territoriality, with male home ranges
totally exclusive and female home ranges either exclusive or with little home range overlap. Overlap between wolverine territories
is most likely explained by intrasexual tolerance and kinship. 相似文献
3.
The raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides, a medium-sized canid, is a representative of the East Asian fauna and has been introduced to Europe during the years 1928–1953.
Today, this alien carnivore is a widespread species in Eastern Europe, Finland and Germany. In our study, we determined home
range sizes of raccoon dogs in an agricultural landscape in Northeast Germany between 2001 and 2004 by very high frequency
radio tracking. Those data are useful for estimation of predator densities in respect to conservation of biodiversity and
also to develop models for disease and parasite transmission. Yearly average home range sizes were calculated as 95% fixed
kernel: 1.83 km2 ± 1.54 and as 50% fixed kernel (=core areas): 0.50 km2 ± 0.49. We documented seasonal differences in home range sizes as well as overlapping of home ranges from 0.65% up to 67%.
Some individuals’ home ranges recorded during the same season showed a clear shifting between different years. Abandoned badger
dens, located in the core areas of raccoon dogs home ranges, were important during the whole year and particularly used in
the winter period. Therefore, distribution of those dens had some influence on the spatial distribution of raccoon dogs in
the study area. Based on mean annual home range size, we estimated the mean local population density during winter as 1.1
individuals per square kilometre and during summer as 4.90 individuals per square kilometre. 相似文献
4.
C. Hebeisen J. Fattebert E. Baubet C. Fischer 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2008,54(3):391-401
We estimated wild boar abundance and density using capture–resight methods in the western part of the Canton of Geneva (Switzerland)
in the early summer from 2004 to 2006. Ear-tag numbers and transmitter frequencies enabled us to identify individuals during
each of the counting sessions. We used resights generated by self-triggered camera traps as recaptures. Program Noremark provided
Minta–Mangel and Bowden’s estimators to assess the size of the marked population. The minimum numbers of wild boars belonging
to the unmarked population (juveniles and/or piglets) were added to the respective estimates to assess total population size.
Over the 3 years, both estimators showed a stable population with a slight diminishing tendency. We used mean home range size
determined by telemetry to assess the sampled areas and densities. Mean wild boar population densities calculated were 10.6 individuals/km2 ± 0.8 standard deviation (SD) and 10.0 ind/km2 ± 0.6 SD with both estimators, respectively, and are among the highest reported from Western Europe. Because of the low proportion
of marked animals and, to a lesser extent, of technical failures, our estimates showed poor precision, although they displayed
similar population trends compared to the culling bag statistics. Reported densities were consistent with the ecological conditions
of the study area. 相似文献
5.
Hideshi Ogawa Gen’ich Idani Jim Moore Lilian Pintea Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar 《International journal of primatology》2007,28(6):1397-1412
We conducted ecological studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Ugalla area, western Tanzania. Ugalla is one of the driest habitats of chimpanzees and the Ugalla River is the eastern
boundary of chimpanzee distribution. Most of Ugalla is occupied by savanna woodlands dominated by deciduous trees of Brachystegia and Julbernardia. Chimpanzees tended not to make nests in riverine forests in plains, but in small patchy forests dominated by Monopetalanthus richardsiae and valley forests dominated by Julbernardia unijugata on slopes in mountainous areas. We estimated population density of chimpanzees to be 7–9 × 10−2 individuals/km2 based on nest censuses, suggesting that 2–3 × 102 individuals inhabited the 3352 km2 area of Ugalla. The size of the largest nest cluster (n=23) suggests that 1 unit group (community) comprised 30–35 individuals.
In the daytime, chimpanzees formed small feeding parties (mean 2.0 individuals), but larger ones in the evening (mean 4.8
individuals and 5.2 individuals based on fresh nest clusters). The pattern might reduce the predation risk from large nocturnal
carnivores such as lions and leopards. The sleeping sites may function as both a safe sleeping site and a meeting point for
chimpanzees with a huge home range that may have difficulty in finding other members of their unit group. 相似文献
6.
Peter J. Fashing Felix Mulindahabi Jean-Baptiste Gakima Michel Masozera Ian Mununura Andrew J. Plumptre Nga Nguyen 《International journal of primatology》2007,28(3):529-550
With group sizes sometimes >300 individuals, the Angolan black-and-white colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) population
in Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda is an intriguing exception to the tendency for folivores to live in smaller groups than expected
relative to body size. Researchers have hypothesized that the unusually high quality of foliage at Nyungwe allows colobus
there to avoid intragroup feeding competition, releasing constraints on the formation of large groups (Fimbel et al., 2001). We collected data on the activity and ranging patterns of a >300-member Nyungwe colobus group and compared our results
to those from smaller groups in other black-and-white colobus (Colobus spp.) populations. Colobus at Nyungwe spent far more
time feeding and moving (62%) and far less time resting (32%) than black-and-white colobus at any other site. The annual home
range of the Nyungwe colobus was also many times larger (95% minimum convex polygon: 20.7 km
2
; 95% fixed kernel: 24.4 km
2
) than those for other populations. We terminated our research after the group engaged in an unprecedented migration among
black-and-white colobus by moving 13 km south of their former range. Our results suggest that intragroup scramble competition
may be more intense than originally believed within the large colobus groups at Nyungwe and that long periods of resource
renewal may be necessary after a large colobus group passes through an area, thereby potentially helping to explain their
wide ranging patterns. We discuss the socioecological convergence between the Nyungwe colobus and Chinese snub-nosed monkeys
(Rhinopithecus spp.) and suggest directions for future research on the unique black-and-white colobus population at Nyungwe.
相似文献
Peter J. FashingEmail: |
7.
Dave Parrott Anthony Prickett Stéphane Pietravalle Thomas R. Etherington Mark Fletcher 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2012,58(1):23-33
Walked spotlight transect surveys with distance sampling were used to estimate regional population densities of badger (Meles meles), fox (Vulpes vulpes) and brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in south-west England (Cornwall, Devon, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire) and Wales (Pembrokeshire, Borders, North Wales).
All regions were surveyed during spring 2006 with English regions re-surveyed in autumn 2006. In each region, surveys were
conducted in a random sample of 19.6 km2 areas (mean areas per region: spring = 19, autumn = 25). Within each survey area, a semi-random transect was established
in each of a random sample of fields (open habitat almost exclusively pasture). Transects were subsequently walked at night
with spotlights (mean transects per survey area: spring = 21, autumn = 21). Each area was surveyed twice during a season.
Total transect length per region ranged from 137 to 193 km in spring and 230 to 250 km in autumn. The mean density of species
per region was: badger 1.5–4.8 km−2, fox 1.0–4.0 km−2, hare 0.4–4.6 km−2. The study has provided baseline estimates of regional densities against which any future equivalent surveys can be compared.
It has also illustrated the practical application of large-scale walked distance sampling to surveys of British mammals. 相似文献
8.
Riddhika Kalle Tharmalingam Ramesh Qamar Qureshi Kalyanasundaram Sankar 《Acta theriologica》2011,56(4):335-342
Density of tiger Panthera tigris and leopard Panthera pardus was estimated using photographic capture–recapture sampling in a tropical deciduous forest of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, southern
India, from November 2008 to February 2009. A total of 2,000 camera trap nights for 100 days yielded 19 tigers and 29 leopards
within an intensive sampling area of 107 km2. Population size of tiger from closed population estimator model Mb Zippin was 19 tigers (SE = ±0.9) and for leopards Mh Jackknife estimated 53 (SE = ±11) individuals. Spatially explicit maximum likelihood and Bayesian model estimates were 8.31
(SE = ±2.73) and 8.9 (SE = ±2.56) per 100 km2 for tigers and 13.17 (SE = ±3.15) and 13.01 (SE = ±2.31) per 100 km2 for leopards, respectively. Tiger density for MMDM models ranged from 6.07 (SE = ±1.74) to 9.72 (SE = ±2.94) per 100 km2 and leopard density ranged from 13.41 (SE = ±2.67) to 28.91 (SE = ±7.22) per 100 km2. Spatially explicit models were more appropriate as they handle information at capture locations in a more specific manner
than some generalizations assumed in the classical approach. Results revealed high density of tiger and leopard in Mudumalai
which is unusual for other high density tiger areas. The tiger population in Mudumalai is a part of the largest population
at present in India and a source for the surrounding Reserved Forest. 相似文献
9.
The aim of the study was to estimate home range areas and distance of movement away from a squaretail coralgrouper (Plectropomus areolatus) spawning aggregation site located within a small-scale 1.5 km2 Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Pohnpei, Micronesia. Fifteen P. areolatus were acoustically tagged and re-located within a ca. 50 km2 search area over a 4-month period that included reproductive and non-reproductive months. All relocated fish were found in
areas of moderate to high coral cover either on the fore reef or inside the lagoon in home ranges of 0.048 ± 0.018 km2 (μ ± S.E.). Variability in home range area (0.004–0.12 km2) and distance of movement from aggregation sites following spawning (0.02–23.0 km; 5.3 ± 3.6 km, μ ± S.E.) was observed,
but did not appear to be sex specific. Five of the six relocated individuals were found within 0.02–6.1 km of the aggregation.
This evidence and that from recent tag-recapture studies of epinephelids suggest that a substantial proportion of individual
P. areolatus spawning populations reside within close proximity to their respective aggregation sites. Reproductive populations could
be protected by MPAs of moderate scale (10 s of km2) that include aggregation sites, migratory corridors and adjacent home range habitats. 相似文献
10.
F. Riget E. Jeppesen F. Landkildehus T. L. Lauridsen P. Geertz-Hansen K. Christoffersen H. Sparholt 《Polar Biology》2000,23(8):550-558
Landlocked Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) populations in sub-Arctic and Arctic Greenland lakes were sampled with multi-mesh-sized survey gillnets. The study covered
a range of small shallow lakes (0.01 km2, maximum depth <3.3 m) to large deep lakes (43 km2, maximum depth >200 m). Arctic charr were found in one to three different forms in lakes with maximum depths >3 m. A dwarf
form occurred in all lakes inhabited by Arctic charr and was the only form in lakes with maximum depths <8 m. In deeper lakes
with maximum depths >20 m and a surface area <0.5 km2, larger charr were found, although in low numbers, the length-frequency distribution being unimodal with a tail towards large
sizes. In lakes with a maximum depth >20 m, large-sized charr were more abundant, and the length-frequency distribution of
the population was bimodal, with a first mode around 10–12 cm and a second mode around 26–37 cm. In a single large and deep
lake, a distinct medium-sized pelagic zooplankton-eating charr form occurred. Maximum size of individual charr was significantly
positively correlated with lake maximum depth and volume, and the mean size of large-sized charr was significantly positively
correlated with lake volume. Our study indicates that the charr population structure became more complex with increasing lake
size. Moreover, the population structure seemed to be influenced by lake-water transparency and the presence or absence of
three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).
Accepted: 31 January 2000 相似文献
11.
Elizabeth C. White Jean-Thoussaint Dikangadissi Edmond Dimoto William B. Karesh Michael D. Kock Nathacha Ona Abiaga Ruth Starkey Tharcisse Ukizintambara Lee J. T. White Katharine A. Abernethy 《International journal of primatology》2010,31(4):627-645
The predicted relationship between home-range size and group mass in primates developed by Clutton-Brock and Harvey (1977) has proved extremely robust in describing the use of space by most primate species. However, mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) are now known to have an extreme group mass in the wild, far larger than that of the species used originally to generate
that relationship, and so it was unknown whether this relationship would be robust for this species. We investigated the home-range
size and use of a wild horde of ca. 700 mandrills in Lopé National Park, Gabon, using radiotelemetry. The total area the horde used over a 6-yr period [100%
minimum convex polygon (MCP)] was 182 km2, including 89 km2 of suitable forest habitat. Mandrills used gallery forests and isolated forest fragments with high botanical diversity far
more intensively that the continuous forest and completely avoided savanna and marsh. Peeled polygons and fixed kernel contours
revealed multiple centres of use, with the horde spending more than half its time in <10% of the total documented range, typical
of a frugivore using a patchy environment. Home-range size and internal structure varied considerably between years, but total
home range fitted the predicted relationship between group mass and home range size, despite being an outlier to the dataset.
We discuss the conservation implications of the species’ space requirements, in light of current pressures on land use in
their range. 相似文献
12.
A. Q. Hurtado A. T. Critchley A. Trespoey G. Bleicher-Lhonneur 《Journal of applied phycology》2008,20(5):551-555
Kappaphycus striatum var. sacol was grown in two separate studies: (1) at two stocking densities, and (2) at four different depths, each for three different
durations of culture (30, 45 and 60 days) in order to determine the growth rate of the seaweed and evaluate the carrageenan
content and its molecular weight. The results demonstrated that stocking density, duration of culture and depth significantly
(P < 0.01) affected the growth rate, carrageenan content and molecular weight of K. striatum var. sacol. Decreasing growth rate was observed at both stocking densities and at four depths as duration of culture increased. A lower
stocking density (500 g m−1line−1) showed a higher growth rate for the shortest durations, i.e. 30 days, as compared to those grown at a higher density. Likewise,
decreasing growth rate was observed as depth increased, except at 50 cm after 60 days of culture. A 45-day culture period
produced the highest molecular weight at both stocking densities (500 g m−1line−1 = 1,079.5 ± 31.8 kDa, 1,000 g m−1line−1 = 1,167 ± 270.6 kDa). ‘Sacol’ grown for 30 days at 50 cm (1,178 kDa) to 100 cm (1,200 kDa) depth showed the highest values
of molecular weight of carrageenan extracted. The results suggested that K. striatum var. sacol is best grown at a stocking density of 500 g m−1line−1, at a depth of 50–100 cm, and for a duration of 30 days in order to provide the highest growth rate, carrageenan content
and molecular weight. 相似文献
13.
Y. Melero S. Palazón E. Revilla J. Martelo J. Gosàlbez 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2008,54(4):609-617
Space use, intra-territorial habitat preferences, and factors affecting both were studied in an invading population of American
mink, Mustela vison, in two rivers of a Mediterranean region of Spain. Average linear home range was 1.19 ± 0.73 km (±SD) and core area was 0.21 ± 0.08 km
for resident males (n = 10); while for females (n = 5) they were 0.54 ± 0.14 and 0.19 ± 0.11 km, respectively. Overlapping between the home ranges of residents was low. In
no case their core areas overlapped. Home ranges were small in comparison to other study areas and in general the resident
minks were territorial. Linear home range length was related to individual weight and to the river. Weight had a positive
effect indicating a potential body condition effect, while river may be showing a habitat quality effect. Habitat preferences
were positively affected by the abundance of helophytic vegetation and negatively by the presence of human activity. Helophytic
vegetation offers both food and refuges, while human activity may represent a potential danger. Percentage of captures was
higher inside the core areas and was slightly influenced positively by abundance of helophytic vegetation. All this information
should be considered when designing and implementing measures to control the expansion of American minks. We recommend keeping
going with the trapping sessions but, given the results obtained, reducing the distance between traps down to 200 m to maximize
capturability (i.e., about doubling the trapping effort), and, when available, placing them near helophytic vegetation. In
the absence of helophytic vegetation, traps should be located near any kind of vegetation providing coverage for mink and
far from human activity. 相似文献
14.
Solovchenko A Khozin-Goldberg I Recht L Boussiba S 《Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)》2011,13(3):527-535
In order to develop a practical approach for fast and non-destructive assay of total fatty acid (TFA) and pigments in the
biomass of the marine microalga Nannochloropsis sp. changes in TFA, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents were monitored in parallel with the cell suspension absorbance.
The experiments were conducted with the cultures grown under normal (complete nutrient f/2 medium at 75 μmol PAR photons/(m2 s)) or stressful (nitrogen-lacking media at 350 μmol PAR photons/(m2 s)) conditions. The reliable measurement of the cell suspension absorbance using a spectrophotometer without integrating
sphere was achieved by deposition of cells on glass–fiber filters in the chlorophyll content range of 3–13 mg/L. Under stressful
conditions, a 30–50% decline in biomass and chlorophyll, retention of carotenoids and a build-up of TFA (15–45 % of dry weight)
were recorded. Spectral regions sensitive to widely ranging changes in carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratio and correlated changes
of TFA content were revealed. Employing the tight inter-correlation of stress-induced changes in lipid metabolism and rearrangement
of the pigment apparatus, the spectral indices were constructed for non-destructive assessment of carotenoid-to-chlorophyll
ratio (range 0.3–0.6; root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.03; r
2 = 0.93) as well as TFA content of Nannochloropsis sp. biomass (range 5.0–45%; RMSE = 3.23 %; r
2 = 0.89) in the broad band 400–550 nm normalized to that in chlorophyll absorption band (centered at 678 nm). The findings
are discussed in the context of real-time monitoring of the TFA accumulation by Nannochloropsis cultures under stressful conditions. 相似文献
15.
Food handouts from visitors to Mt. Emei, in The People’s Republic of China, have considerably increased the diversity of food
available to an indigenous population of Macaca thibetana.Some 43% of the feeding time was spent at the trail area frequented by tourists. Ranging behavior was of two kinds: wandering
around within the group’s most densely used areas and making peripheral excursions between the areas. Three kinds of trail-area
use were observed: three-group overlapping, two-group overlapping, and exclusive. M. thibetanatended to use sheltered sites for sleeping, to ensure safety and/or to keep dry in a rainy habitat. Exclusively and successively
used sleeping sites were noted. The average size of the home range per group was 3 km
2; the average population density for the entire range was 13/km2, and the biomass was 109 kg/km2. The population may be growing, a possibility that is also supported by previous analyses using data on group composition. 相似文献
16.
Temporal changes in food availability affect foraging success and ultimately reproductive success of animals. They include
both seasonal and annual changes. Although many researchers have investigated food availability and the corresponding ranging
behavior of primates, studies of yearly changes have been limited. We studied the effects of the fruiting of nuts of Fagus crenata, Zelkova serrata, and Torreya nucifera on the ranging behavior of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in autumn on Kinkazan Island, northern Japan, for 5 yr between 2000 and 2005 (excluding 2003). We divided the study area
(3.3 km2) into 100 × 100-m quadrats to assess the distribution of nut-rich quadrats that contained high densities of nut-producing
species. The home ranges of the monkeys contained more nut-rich quadrats than expected, and the difference was significant
for 3 of 5 yr. Autumn home-range use was also affected by the distribution of nut production, although the effect differed
by year: monkeys frequently used nut-rich quadrats in a Zelkova-year (2000) and in 1 Torreya-year (2001), whereas they nonselectively used nut-rich quadrats in 2 Fagus-years (2002 and 2005) and in another Torreya-year (2004). Thus, Japanese macaques flexibly change their autumn ranging behavior according to yearly changes in distribution
of nut production. 相似文献
17.
Yuan Zi Huo Shan Nan Xu Yang Yang Wang Jian Heng Zhang Yin Jiang Zhang Wei Ning Wu Ya Qu Chen Pei Min He 《Journal of applied phycology》2011,23(2):173-182
Due to the discharge of nutrients into the East China Sea, severe eutrophication has appeared in Hangzhou Bay. Therefore,
we cultivated Gracilaria verrucosa on a large scale in the Jinshan enclosed sea with an area of 1.72 km2 in the northern part of Hangzhou Bay to perform bioremediation. The Fengxian enclosed sea with an area of 2.3 km2 and 50 km far from Jinshan was used as the control. The results showed that the Hangzhou Bay was severely eutrophicated before
G. verrucosa cultivation. During the period of cultivation between August 2006 and July 2007, the annual growth rate of G. verrucosa was 9.42% day−1, and the sea water quality was improved from worse than grade IV to grades II–III, with the concentration of dissolved inorganic
nitrogen (DIN) and PO4-P significantly lower than that in the Fengxian enclosed sea (p < 0.01). The concentration of NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, and PO4-P after G. verrucosa cultivation was decreased by 54.12%, 75.54%, 49.81%, and 49.00%, respectively. The density of phytoplankton in the Jinshan
enclosed sea with cultivation of G. verrucosa was 6.90 –126.53 × 104 cells m−3, which was significantly lower than that in the Fengxian enclosed sea. In addition, species diversity, richness, and evenness
was significantly increased after cultivation of G. verrucosa in the Jinshan enclosed sea compared with that in the Fengxian enclosed sea. The density of Skeletonema costatum, Prorocentrum micans, and Prorocentrum donghaiense, which were the usual species of red tides at the coastal sea of China, in the Jinshan enclosed sea with cultivation of G. verrucosa was significantly lower. Based on these results, if the water quality in the Jinshan enclosed sea were to be maintained at
grade I (DIN ≤0.20 mg L−1) or II (DIN ≤0.30 mg L−1), 21.8 t or 18.0 t fresh weight of G. verrucosa need to be cultivated, respectively. These results indicated that large-scale cultivation of G. verrucosa could play a significant role in the bioremediation of Hangzhou Bay. 相似文献
18.
Raúl Muñoz María Hernández Ana Segura Joao Gouveia Antonia Rojas Juan Luis Ramos Santiago Villaverde 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2009,83(1):189-198
The long-term performance and stability of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 cultures, a toluene-sensitive strain harboring the genes responsible for toluene biodegradation in the archetypal plasmid
pWW0, was investigated in a chemostat bioreactor functioning under real case operating conditions. The process was operated
at a dilution rate of 0.1 h−1 under toluene loading rates of 259 ± 23 and 801 ± 78 g m−3 h−1 (inlet toluene concentrations of 3.5 and 10.9 g m−3, respectively). Despite the deleterious effects of toluene and its degradation intermediates, the phenotype of this sensitive
P. putida culture rapidly recovered from a 95% Tol− population at day 4 to approx. 100% Tol+ cells from day 13 onward, sustaining elimination capacities of 232 ± 10 g m−3 h−1 at 3.5 g Tol m−3 and 377 ± 13 g m−3 h−1 at 10.9 g Tol m−3, which were comparable to those achieved by highly tolerant strains such as P. putida DOT T1E and P. putida F1 under identical experimental conditions. Only one type of Tol− variant, harboring a TOL-like plasmid with a 38.5 kb deletion (containing the upper and meta operons for toluene biodegradation), was identified. 相似文献
19.
Susanna Huneide Thorbjrnsen Even Moland Colin Simpfendorfer Michelle Heupel Halvor Knutsen Esben Moland Olsen 《Ecology and evolution》2019,9(1):417-426
The extent to which no‐take marine reserves can benefit anadromous species requires examination. Here, we used acoustic telemetry to investigate the spatial behavior of anadromous brown trout (sea trout, Salmo trutta) in relation to a small marine reserve (~1.5 km2) located inside a fjord on the Norwegian Skagerrak coast. On average, sea trout spent 42.3 % (±5.0% SE) of their time in the fjord within the reserve, a proportion similar to the area of the reserve relative to that of the fjord. On average, sea trout tagged inside the reserve received the most protection, although the level of protection decreased marginally with increasing home range size. Furthermore, individuals tagged outside the reserve received more protection with increasing home range size, potentially opposing selection toward smaller home range sizes inflicted on fish residing within reserves, or through selective fishing methods like angling. Monthly sea trout home ranges in the marine environment were on average smaller than the reserve, with a mean of 0.430 (±0.0265 SE) km2. Hence, the reserve is large enough to protect the full home range of some individuals residing in the reserve. Synthesis and applications: In general, the reserve protects sea trout to a varying degree depending on their individual behavior. These findings highlight evolutionary implications of spatial protection and can guide managers in the design of marine reserves and networks that preserve variation in target species' home range size and movement behavior. 相似文献
20.
Jorge I. Sonnenholzner Gabriela Montaño-Moctezuma Ricardo Searcy-Bernal Alfredo Salas-Garza 《Journal of applied phycology》2011,23(3):505-513
Recently recruited urchins from the same brood, but with different initial sizes, may respond differently to similar environmental
factors. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the effects of starvation and diet on the survival, growth rates
in size and weight, and gonad index among small and large sub-adult purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Small urchins ranged from 7.3 to 7.8 mm and large urchins from 11.8 to 14.1 mm (test diameters). Two independent experiments
were performed. In the first experiment, sea urchins were fed during 22 weeks on Egregia menziesii (ad libitum) and for only 1 day month−1 (starved condition). Feeding regime significantly affected survival, somatic growth rate in size and weight, and gonad index,
with higher means in the ad libitum treatments than in starving conditions. A recurrent cannibalism event by conspecifics
occurred in small sea urchins under starving conditions. In the second experiment, sea urchins were fed during 13 weeks ad
libitum with four diets: kelp (E. menziesii), coralline algae (Bossiella orbigniana), eelgrass (Phyllospadix scouleri) and a mixed diet of the three species. Survival was not affected by diet or urchin size, but diet significantly affected
somatic growth rate in size and weight and gonad index. Kelp promoted the highest growth rate (2.23 ± 0.21 mm month−1), the mixed diet produced an intermediate growth (1.26 ± 0.21 mm month−1), while the lowest values corresponded to coralline algae and the eelgrass (0.30 ± 0.12 and 0.10 ± 0.03 mm month−1, respectively, means ± SE). The mean growth rate of small urchins (averaging all diets) was higher than in large specimens
(1.17 ± 0.37 and 0.77 ± 0.28 mm month−1, respectively). 相似文献