杜仲内生菌的分离及产PDG菌株的筛选

从树龄达7a以上杜仲皮中分离得到122株内生菌,其中真菌75株,细菌47株,经摇瓶培养后分析各菌株产松脂醇二葡萄糖苷(PDG)的能力,结果发现有8株菌能产生PDG,最高产量可达13.387 mg/L。经初步鉴定,这8株菌分属于5属,即茎点菌属(Phloma)、腐霉属(Pythium)、卵形孢霉属(Oospora)、球黑粉霉属(Tolypospori-um)、砖红镰孢霉属(Lateritium)。     

龙眼内生菌的分离与脂肪酸鉴定

对‘福眼’龙眼果实的内生菌进行分离纯化和脂肪酸鉴定,结果表明,在龙眼果实中检测到分属于肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、果胶杆菌属(Pectobacterium)、克吕沃尔菌属(Kluyvera)和沙门氏杆菌属(Salmonella)的内生细菌,以及分属于枝孢霉属(Cladosporium)、柱顶孢霉属(Scytalidium)、外瓶霉属(Exophiala)的内生真菌。     

核辐射污染区真菌的分布及多样性研究

为揭示中国辐射污染区真菌多样性,了解辐射污染对辐射区土壤中真菌群落分布的影响。以中国辐射污染区某污染源为圆心,在其半径50 km范围内采集各类样品54份,依据其辐射剂量合并为高、中、低三组9份样品,采用不同处理方法及多种培养基对辐射区内真菌进行了分离筛选。共分离出真菌209株,通过形态学观察和鉴定,确定其分属于交链孢霉(Alternaria)、离蠕孢属(Bipolaris)、茎点霉属(Phoma)、Westerdykella、短梗霉属(Aureobasidium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)、根霉属(Rhizopus)、Kernia、毛壳属(Chaetomium)、葡萄穗霉属(Stachybotrys)、座孢霉属(Myrothecium)、镰孢属(Fusarium)、小克银汉霉属(Cunninghamella)、红酵母属(Rhodotorula)、隐球酵母属(Cryptococcus),共计16个属,其中曲霉属、隐球酵母属、青霉属和镰孢霉属菌株为主要菌群,分别占分离株的22.5%、19.1%、17.2%和11.0%。同时发现,辐射污染区真菌的群落丰富度及多样性明显受辐射污染程度的影响,各类菌株的分布呈现一定的分布规律。本研究首次分析了中国辐射污染区真菌的分布和多样性,并收集了大量辐射污染区真菌资源,为进一步研究该区域真菌耐辐射特性及探讨真菌耐辐射机理提供参考。     

石油降解菌的分离鉴定及石油污染土壤的细菌多样性

从石油污染的土壤中分离筛选到28株石油降解菌,经鉴定分别为短杆菌属、假单胞菌属、邻单胞菌属和微球菌属;对4个石油不同程度污染的土壤样品中嗜油微生物分布状况进行分析,发现污染严重的土壤样品中嗜油菌的数量相对较多;用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和切胶测序相结合的方法对4个土壤样品中的细菌多样性进行分析,结果显示在受污染的土壤中,My cobacterium和B acillus在污染程度较低的样品中分布的较为集中,F lavobacterium和A zosp ira在污染程度较高的样品中丰度较高。属于B eta p roteobacterium类群的细菌在受污染的土壤中占有优势,同时还有一些不可培养的菌群存在。气质联用(GC-M S)分析结果表明石油污染程度及污染物中芳香烃类的含量对细菌多样性有着显著影响。在石油污染程度高,芳香烃类含量高的样品中细菌的多样性相对较低。     

降解直链烷基苯磺酸钠真菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)污染土壤中分离到12株能降解LAS的真菌。经鉴定,它们分属于青霉属(Prnicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、帚霉属(Scopulariopsis)和头孢霉属(Cephalosporium)。研究了Aspergillus f-11降解LAS酶活诱导生成的条件及降解LAS的特点。还利用液相色谱对真菌和细菌降解LAS的产物进行了比较。     

龙胆VA菌根真菌的分离和鉴定

采用湿筛法和单孢接种技术,从东北龙胆根际土壤中分离到能在东北龙胆组培苗上形成VA菌根的真菌孢子和孢子果呆,依其显微形态特征对部分菌株进行鉴定,大多属于球囊霉属（Glomus）中的漏斗孢球囊霉（Glomusmosseae）和地球囊霉（G．geosporum）     

西双版纳热带雨林中丛枝菌根真菌的初步研究*

对西双版纳热带雨林中30个科的42种植物根系的丛枝菌根真菌定居情况进行了调查,并从这些植物的根际土壤中分离鉴定了分属于无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)、球囊霉属(Glomus)和硬囊霉属(Sclerocystis)的25种丛枝菌根真菌。对热带雨林土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度（spore density）、物种丰富度（species richness）以及已鉴定种的出现频率进行统计分析发现：热带雨林土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度在每100g土壤116~1560个之间,平均478个;物种丰富度在2~7之间,平均为4.5;无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属真菌是热带雨林土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的优势类群。     

连作花生田根际土壤优势微生物的分离和鉴定

【目的】从不同连作年限的花生田根际土壤中分离优势微生物并进行鉴定,为研究花生连作后优势微生物的变化奠定基础。【方法】采用土壤稀释分离法从不同连作年限花生根际土壤中分离优势细菌、真菌和放线菌,结合菌株形态特征、培养性状、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析对细菌、放线菌进行鉴定,通过形态特征、培养特征和分子鉴定方法对优势真菌进行鉴定。【结果】从连作花生田根际土壤中分离鉴定出7种优势细菌、7种优势真菌和7种优势放线菌。7种优势细菌分别为Leifsonia xyli、氯酚节杆菌(Arthrobacterchlorophenolicus)、黄色微杆菌(Microbacterium flavescens)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas sp.)、巴斯德菌属(Pasteurella sp.)、简单芽孢杆菌(Bacillus simplex)和巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)。7种优势真菌分别为枝状枝孢菌(Cladosporium cladosporioides)、产紫青霉(Penicillium purpurogenum)、哈茨木霉有性型(Hypocrea lixii)、Exophiala pisciphila、微紫青霉(Penicillium janthinellum)、曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)和大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)。7种优势放线菌分别为紫红链霉菌(Streptomyces violaceoruber)、华丽黄链霉菌(Streptomyces flaveus)、Streptomyces panaciterrae、不产色链霉菌(Streptomyces achromogenes)、假浅灰链霉菌(Streptomyces pseudogriseolus)、纤维素链霉菌(Streptomyces cellulosae)和金色链霉菌(Streptomyces aureus)。【结论】本研究是第一次系统的从连作花生根际土中分离鉴定优势微生物,种植花生后根际土壤中优势微生物的种类发生了明显变化,但变化没有规律。     

药用植物根系土壤可培养粘细菌的分离鉴定

[目的]对药用植物根系土壤可培养粘细菌进行分离与鉴定,探讨药用植物根系土壤粘细菌资源多样性.[方法]采集华南植物园和南岭国家森林公园22种药用植物根系土,利用辅助菌诱导分离技术分离样品中可培养粘细菌;通过菌株显微形态和菌落形态观察,结合16S rDNA基因序列分析,确定分离粘细菌菌株的系统发育地位.[结果]分离获得50株粘细菌,分属于3个科,7个属,其中粘球菌属(Myxococcus)18株,珊瑚球菌属(Corallococcus)11株,孢囊杆菌属(Cystobacter)7株,原囊菌属(Archangium)8株,标桩菌属(Stigmatella)1株,软骨霉状菌属(Chondromyces)4株,匣状球菌属(Pyxidicoccus)1株.粘球菌属和珊瑚球菌属分布最为广泛.[结论]研究发现药用植物根系土壤可培养粘细菌与土壤pH和有机碳含量等环境因子有一定的相关性.粘细菌更适宜在有机质丰富、pH近中性的环境中生长;粘球菌属和珊瑚球菌属的菌株对pH适应性较强,而粘球菌属和孢囊杆菌属的菌株对土壤有机碳含量依赖性不强,在贫瘠土壤中仍有分布.本研究对后续粘细菌资源的开发和利用提供良好的实验材料和理论基础.     

黄花蒿内生菌的分离与初步鉴定

利用平板分离法从药用植物黄花蒿(Artemisia annua Linn.)的根、茎和叶中共分离内生菌80株,其中内生真菌37株、细菌40株、放线菌3株.经菌种形态观察和染色等,初步鉴定了黄花蒿内生真菌具有5个属,包括囊孢菌(Capsule)、头孢霉(Cephalosporium)、弯孢霉(Curvularia)、曲霉...     

Sensitive Procedure for Detecting Residual Viable Virus in Inactivated Rabies Vaccine

A procedure for testing inactivated rabies vaccines of tissue culture origin for residual viable virus is reported in which the vaccine to be tested is passed in primary hamster kidney cell culture (PHK) before mouse inoculation. In preliminary experiments, titrations of rabies virus in which each dilution was passed in PHK before inoculating mice yielded titers 100 to 10,000 times higher than the titers obtained for the same virus by direct mouse inoculation. This rabies virus amplification procedure was evaluated by testing 18 lots of inactivated rabies vaccine of tissue culture origin. No viable virus was found in these vaccine lots when tested by direct intracerebral inoculation of mice. Eight of these 18 lots were found to contain viable virus, however, when tested by passage in PHK cell culture. The significance of low levels of viable virus in rabies vaccines is discussed. It is recommended that the amplification procedure described in this report be used in the safety testing of rabies vaccines of tissue culture origin and that it be evaluated for use in testing other rabies vaccines of low tissue content.     

Thermo-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing microbes for multi-functional biofertilizer preparation

In order to prepare the multi-functional biofertilizer, thermo-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing microbes including bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi were isolated from different compost plants and biofertilizers. Except Streptomycesthermophilus J57 which lacked pectinase, all isolates possessed amylase, CMCase, chitinase, pectinase, protease, lipase, and nitrogenase activities. All isolates could solubilize calcium phosphate and Israel rock phosphate; various isolates could solubilize aluminum phosphate, iron phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. During composting, biofertilizers inoculated with the tested microbes had a significantly higher temperature, ash content, pH, total nitrogen, soluble phosphorus content, and germination rate than non-inoculated biofertilizer; total organic carbon and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio showed the opposite pattern. Adding these microbes can shorten the period of maturity, improve the quality, increase the soluble phosphorus content, and enhance the populations of phosphate-solubilizing and proteolytic microbes in biofertilizers. Therefore, inoculating thermo-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing microbes into agricultural and animal wastes represents a practical strategy for preparing multi-functional biofertilizer.     

Isolation and characterization of a syncytium-inducing, macrophage/T-cell line-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate that readily infects chimpanzee cells in vitro and in vivo.

Fresh human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates from patients with AIDS were screened for infectivity in chimpanzee peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to identify strains potentially able to generate high virus loads in an inoculated animal. Only 3 of 23 isolates obtained were infectious in chimpanzee cells. Of these three, only one (HIV-1DH12) was able to initiate a productive infection in PBMC samples from all 25 chimpanzees tested. HIV-1DH12 tissue culture infections were characterized by extremely rapid replication kinetics, profound cytopathicity, and tropism for chimp and human PBMC, primary human macrophage, and several human T-cell lines. An infection was established within 1 week of inoculating a chimpanzee with 50 50% tissue culture infective doses of HIV-1DH12; cell-free virus was recovered from the plasma at weeks 1, 2, and 4 and was associated with the development of lymphadenopathy. Virus loads during the primary infection and at 6 months postinoculation were comparable to those reported in HIV-1-seropositive individuals.     

Restoration of the mycobiome of the endangered Hawaiian mint Phyllostegia kaalaensis increases its resistance to a common powdery mildew

Beneficial microbes such as plant mutualistic fungi, hold the promise of ameliorating challenges faced in native plant conservation such as disease management. As an alternative to costly chemical pest control, conservation efforts could potentially harness the benefits of plant mutualistic fungi to aid in defense and disease resistance, but there are few tests of this notion. We set out to test the efficacy of controlling a common foliar pathogen, the powdery mildew Neoerysiphe galeopsidis, by inoculating the endangered Hawaiian plant species Phyllostegia kaalaensis with potentially beneficial members of its wild-type mycobiome. We tested whether inoculating plants with above or belowground fungal mutualists, or both, led to increased disease resistance in the host. We found that while all treatments reduced average disease incidence, colonization by the foliar yeast Moesziomyces aphidis was the only treatment to do so significantly. These results provide an exciting new strategy for plant conservation practices.     

A novel technique for propagation of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda blades in suspension cultures via monospores

The present methods for propagation of Porphyra blades in suspension cultures are inadequate for commercial production. A novel method for propagation of P. yezoensis blades in suspension cultures was tested. Blades were asexually propagated via monospores in suspension by cutting blades of various sizes into differently sized tissue sections and inoculating these in fresh medium. After 2–3 weeks, the sections completely disintegrated, producing monospores followed by a dense suspension culture of blades. This technique shows great promise for producing multiple crops from one initial blade inoculum, increasing production, and simplifying the propagation of this non-fragmenting alga in land-based tank mariculture. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于液—固交替培养的水曲柳快速微繁系统研究

以茎部木质化、叶片老化、顶芽休眠的水曲柳组培苗为材料,开发了一种液体—固体交替培养的水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.）快速高效的再生系统,该技术通过液体悬浮培养在短时间内使腋芽萌发,并在固体培养中腋芽离体再生获得新的组培苗。在补充不同植物生长调节剂的WPM液体和固体培养基上,可以诱导水曲柳腋芽萌发并伸长成苗。发现在添加了0.6 mg·L^-1 TDZ的WPM液体培养基中暗培养,7~15 d之内可促使水曲柳腋芽100%萌发,将萌发的嫩芽切下后接种到0.05 mg·L^-1 TDZ和0.6 mg·L^-1 BA的WPM固体培养基中光照培养,腋芽在1~2个继代内可以伸长成苗,苗平均高为2.64 cm,增殖系数达到4.04。将生根的苗移栽,50 d后存活率为90%。该技术的建立有助于水曲柳的大规模繁殖,并且液体—固体交替循环培养,简单、可控、易操作,适用于不同的生产条件,减少成本。     

Chitinase production in pine callus (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L.): a defense reaction against endophytes?

In shoot tip-derived tissue cultures of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), browning and subsequent degeneration of the culture is accompanied by lipid peroxidation and lignification of cells, which are characteristic features of a plant defense reaction. Since chitinases are enzymes acting primarily in plant defense, their expression was studied in pine callus in order to elucidate the defense reaction. Chitinases were present diversely in tissue cultures originating from shoot tips and embryos of P. sylvestris, in contrast to Pinus nigra embryogenic callus, where production of chitinases or browning was not detected. Because endophytic microbes had earlier been detected in buds of Scots pine, their subsequent presence in the tissue cultures was considered a potential cause of the defense reaction. Therefore, the presence of endophytes in the tissue cultures was examined by in situ hybridization. Endophytes were found to colonize heavily in 45% of the tissue cultures of P. sylvestris and to form biofilms, while the P. nigra callus was not found to contain any microbes. The endophytes seemed to propagate uncontrollably once a tissue culture of P. sylvestris was initiated. Regardless of the high level of chitinase production in the callus, the control of the endophytes presumably becomes inadequate during the tissue culture of P. sylvestris.     

Isolation of Phytate-Hydrolysing Microbial Strains From Traditional Waste Water of Rice Fermentation and Liquid Cattle Feeds

Traditional fermentation systems employed by rural people of India were initially screened for phytate-hydrolysing microbes on solid medium supplemented with calcium phytate. It was followed by enzyme assay of culture filtrates to differentiate the phytase-producing microbes. Three new microbial genera are added to the list of phytase-producing organisms.     

Rapid, Direct Tissue Culture Test for Toxigenicity of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

A method for testing toxigenicity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in tissue culture is described. The technique, called the colony overlay test (COT), involves inoculating material from an isolated colony of C. diphtheriae to a small area on the surface of an agar medium which overlays a monolayer of toxin-susceptible HeLa cells. If toxin is produced during incubation at 37 C, it diffuses to the tissue monolayer and destroys the cells below the inoculation site. Twenty-four hours after inoculation, organisms are killed and tissue cells are fixed with formaldehyde. The agar overlay is then removed, and the monolayer is stained with crystal violet. Toxin-affected areas fail to stain or stain poorly. A second plate with antitoxin incorporated in the overlay serves as a control for specificity. Forty-eight strains of C. diphtheriae were tested by the COT, guinea pig, and in vitro, gel diffusion tests. The COT is as specific as the other two tests, is easy to read, and can be used to test large numbers of isolates for toxin action more conveniently than by animal inoculation.     

Stimulation by conditioned medium of L-929 fibroblasts, E. coli lipopolysaccharide,and muramyl dipeptide of candidacidal activity of mouse macrophages

A simple, quantitative assay method for microbicidal activity of phagocytic cells was devised using normal mouse peritoneal macrophages as effector cells and Candida parapsilosis as target cells. The macrophages were seeded in 96-multiwell tissue culture plates and infected with serially diluted Candida cells. Outgrowth of Candida cells in each well was estimated after a 48-hr incubation period. The maximum number of microbes killed on macrophage monolayers was then determined. The conditioned medium of L-929 cells (L-CM) influenced the fungicidal activity of the macrophages a great deal. An addition of L-CM, to 20% of the culture medium, stimulated the killing activity more than 128-fold, compared with no addition of L-CM. In the medium containing the L-CM macrophages spread very well on the plastic with several dendritic processes, whereas cells spread poorly and gradually cytolysed in the medium lacking L-CM. It was found that muramyl dipeptide at 100 μg/ml and E. coli lipopolysaccharide at 1–10 μg/ml stimulated the activity 4 to 16 times. An application of this method to destroying other kinds of microbes, measuring the activity of other phagocytes, and screening immunomodulators was discussed.