Modification of landing conditions at contact via flight

Weight-bearing tasks performed by humans consist of a series of phases with multiple objectives. Analysis of the relationship between control and dynamics during successive phases of the tasks is essential for improving performance without sustaining injury. Experimental evidence regarding foot landings suggests that the distribution of momentum among segments at contact influences stability during interaction with the landing surface. In this study, we hypothesized that modification of control in one subsystem, in our case shoulder torque, during the flight phase of an aerial task would enable the performer to maintain behavior of other subsystems (e.g.lower extremity kinematics) and initiate contact with momentum conditions consistent with successful task performance. To test this hypothesis, an experimentally validated multilink dynamic model that incorporated modifications in shoulder torque was used to simulate the flight phase dynamics of overrotated landings. The simulation results indicate that modification in shoulder torque during the flight phase enables gymnasts to maintain lower extremity kinematics and initiate contact with trunk angular velocities consistent with those observed during successful landings. These results suggest that modifications in the control logic of one subsystem may be sufficient for achieving both global and local task objectives of landing.     

Validation of lumbar spine loading from a musculoskeletal model including the lower limbs and lumbar spine

Low back mechanics are important to quantify to study injury, pain and disability. As in vivo forces are difficult to measure directly, modeling approaches are commonly used to estimate these forces. Validation of model estimates is critical to gain confidence in modeling results across populations of interest, such as people with lower-limb amputation. Motion capture, ground reaction force and electromyographic data were collected from ten participants without an amputation (five male/five female) and five participants with a unilateral transtibial amputation (four male/one female) during trunk-pelvis range of motion trials in flexion/extension, lateral bending and axial rotation. A musculoskeletal model with a detailed lumbar spine and the legs including 294 muscles was used to predict L4-L5 loading and muscle activations using static optimization. Model estimates of L4-L5 intervertebral joint loading were compared to measured intradiscal pressures from the literature and muscle activations were compared to electromyographic signals. Model loading estimates were only significantly different from experimental measurements during trunk extension for males without an amputation and for people with an amputation, which may suggest a greater portion of L4-L5 axial load transfer through the facet joints, as facet loads are not captured by intradiscal pressure transducers. Pressure estimates between the model and previous work were not significantly different for flexion, lateral bending or axial rotation. Timing of model-estimated muscle activations compared well with electromyographic activity of the lumbar paraspinals and upper erector spinae. Validated estimates of low back loading can increase the applicability of musculoskeletal models to clinical diagnosis and treatment.     

鸣禽与人类发声器官及发声行为神经控制通路的比较

与人类语言学习或形成一样,鸣禽鸣唱也是一种发声学习行为,二者具有一定的相似性,例如发声学习过程均需听觉反馈的参与,幼年期具有更强的发声学习能力,可对复杂的声学结构和音节序列进行控制等。尽管鸣禽和人类的发声器官在结构上有很大差异,但二者发声的物理机制仍表现出很强的相似性。虽然相比于其他哺乳动物,鸣禽和人类的亲缘关系很远,但通过对比发声行为产生的基础通路——脑干先天发声控制通路,以及与发声学习相关的更高神经水平的发声运动和学习通路脑区位置、相互联系、功能及基因表达谱,提示鸣禽鸣唱和人类语言的神经控制具有一定的进化相似性。这些共同特征使得鸣禽成为了研究发声学习的理想模型。本文对鸣禽与人类的发声器官及发声行为的神经控制通路进行了比较,并对鸣禽模型在人类失语症治疗研究中潜在的应用前景进行了展望,以期为研究人类语言学习的神经机制及语言障碍的治疗带来理论参考和借鉴。     

我国人与犬、猫共患病防控存在的主要问题与对策建议

随着社会经济的发展、城市化进程的加速及人们生活水平的不断提高,越来越多的宠物走进了人们的家庭,在人类社会生活中发挥了积极作用。但同时,宠物也是人兽共患病的重要传染源和传播媒介。与人类关系最为密切的犬、猫在人兽共患病的防控中具有重要的意义。在已报道的200多种主要的人兽共患病中,与宠物犬、猫有直接或间接关系的有70余种。随着宠物犬猫数量的大幅攀升和宠物业的飞速发展,我国人与犬猫共患病可能会出现逐步高发的趋势,疫病防控工作面临着许多问题。为了完善宠物管理制度,建立有效的防疫监督体系,对人与犬猫共患病实行有效的防控,本文就完善法律法规、形成综合管理机制,加强卫生监督、强化无害化处理、培养专业人才以及广泛开展宣传教育等6个方面提出了相关建议。     

外来植物病虫害的危害性、传播途径及防治对策

论述外来植物病虫害的危害性和入侵传播途径,并提出相应的防治对策。     

洞庭湖区洪涝灾害的时空分布与防灾减灾对策

洞庭湖是长江流域的第二大湖 ,它吞吐长江 ,接纳四水 ,总库容 1 .8× 1 0 10 m3,年平均迳流量 3.0 1 8× 1 0 11m3,是鄱阳湖的 3倍 ,黄河的 5倍 ,太湖的 1 0倍。洞庭湖区 ,以它不到湖南全省 1 /6的人口和耕地 ,每年生产出占全省总产量 2 0 %以上的粮食和80 %以上的棉花 ,30 %以上的油料和 40 %以上的水产品 ,每年为国家提供 2 .5× 1 0 9kg以上的商品粮 ,1 .5× 1 0 9kg商品棉 ,2 .5× 1 0 8kg商品油和 1 50 0万头商品猪 ,是全国的重点商品粮、棉和水产基地。在地理位置上 ,该区位于长江产业带主轴线和京广、浙赣、枝柳铁路重点开发的二级轴…