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The concept of episodic memory 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Baddeley A 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2001,356(1413):1345-1350
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The influence of emotional valence (positive, negative or neutral) of realistic images on the functioning of visual working memory (WM) was studied in adults (n = 40) and adolescents (n = 17). In adults, emotional coloring of stimuli increased the reaction time and decreased the accuracy of WM task performance. This effect was more pronounced for negative than for positive valence: the minimal reaction time was observed for the neutral stimuli, the maximal for the negative emotional stimuli, and significant differences in the reaction time were found between all three types of images. The accuracy was lower for negative stimuli than for either positive or neutral stimuli. Compared with adults, adolescents of age 14–16 showed lower indices of the performance accuracy and rate with neutral and positive stimuli in the WM task. In this group, no significant influence of the emotional valence of visual stimuli on the accuracy of WM task performance was found. 相似文献
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The human hippocampus and spatial and episodic memory 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
Finding one's way around an environment and remembering the events that occur within it are crucial cognitive abilities that have been linked to the hippocampus and medial temporal lobes. Our review of neuropsychological, behavioral, and neuroimaging studies of human hippocampal involvement in spatial memory concentrates on three important concepts in this field: spatial frameworks, dimensionality, and orientation and self-motion. We also compare variation in hippocampal structure and function across and within species. We discuss how its spatial role relates to its accepted role in episodic memory. Five related studies use virtual reality to examine these two types of memory in ecologically valid situations. While processing of spatial scenes involves the parahippocampus, the right hippocampus appears particularly involved in memory for locations within an environment, with the left hippocampus more involved in context-dependent episodic or autobiographical memory. 相似文献
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This article describes a methodology that implements a Markov decision process (MDP) optimization technique in a real time fed-batch experiment. Biological systems can be better modeled under the stochastic framework and MDP is shown to be a suitable technique for their optimization. A nonlinear input/output model is used to calculate the probability transitions. All elements of the MDP are identified according to physical parameters. Finally, this study compares the results obtained when optimizing ethanol production using the infinite horizon problem, with total expected discount policy, to previous experimental results aimed at optimizing ethanol production using a recombinant Escherichia coli fed-batch cultivation. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 317-327, 1997. 相似文献
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V. D. Tsukerman 《Biophysics》2016,61(2):316-325
In this review, three essentially important processes in the development of cognitive behavior are considered, viz., knowledge of a spatial environment by means of physical activity, coding, and the calling of the existential context of episodic memory and imitation learning based on the mirror neural mechanism. The data show that the parietal and frontal systems, which are involved in learning by imitation, allow a developing animal to obtain skills of management and motive synergies in perisomatic space, as well as to understand the intentions and the purposes of the observed actions of other individuals. At the same time the widely distributed parietal and frontal and entorhinal–hippocampal system mediates spatial knowledge and the solution of the navigation tasks that are important for the creation of the existential context of episodic memory. 相似文献
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《Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série III, Sciences de la vie》1998,321(2-3):175-177
Recent studies have led to the proposal that working memory operates not as a gateway between sensory input and long-term memory but as a workspace. The core of argument is that access to acquired knowledge and prior learning occurs before information becomes available to working memory. This proposition is a way to accomodate Baddeley's multiple component working memory model and the view that considers that working memory is nothing other than temporary activations of representations and procedures in long-term memory. However, this ‘workspace’ conception of working memory raises the question of the relationships between the central executive system and long-term memory. 相似文献
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The contribution of the parietal cortex to episodic memory is a fascinating scientific puzzle. On the one hand, parietal lesions do not normally yield severe episodic-memory deficits; on the other hand, parietal activations are seen frequently in functional-neuroimaging studies of episodic memory. A review of these two categories of evidence suggests that the answer to the puzzle requires us to distinguish between the contributions of dorsal and ventral parietal regions and between the influence of top-down and bottom-up attention on memory. 相似文献
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Moscovitch M Nadel L Winocur G Gilboa A Rosenbaum RS 《Current opinion in neurobiology》2006,16(2):179-190
The processes and mechanisms implicated in retention and retrieval of memories as they age is an enduring problem in cognitive neuroscience. Research from lesion and functional neuroimaging studies on remote episodic, semantic and spatial memory in humans is crucial for evaluating three theories of hippocampal and/or medial temporal lobe-neocortical interaction in memory retention and retrieval: cognitive map theory, standard consolidation theory and multiple trace theory. Each theory makes different predictions regarding first, the severity and extent of retrograde amnesia following lesions to some or all of the structures mentioned; second, the extent of activation of these structures to retrieval of memory across time; and third, the type of memory being retrieved. Each of these theories has strengths and weaknesses, and there are various unresolved issues. We propose a unified account based on multiple trace theory. This theory states that the hippocampus is needed for re-experiencing detailed episodic and spatial memories no matter how old they are, and that it contributes to the formation and assimilation of semantic memories and schematic spatial maps. 相似文献
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Rationale
Khat consumption has increased during the last decades in Eastern Africa and has become a global phenomenon spreading to ethnic communities in the rest of the world, such as The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. Very little is known, however, about the relation between khat use and cognitive control functions in khat users.Objective
We studied whether khat use is associated with changes in working memory (WM) and cognitive flexibility, two central cognitive control functions.Methods
Khat users and khat-free controls were matched in terms of sex, ethnicity, age, alcohol and cannabis consumption, and IQ (Raven''s progressive matrices). Groups were tested on cognitive flexibility, as measured by a Global-Local task, and on WM using an N-back task.Result
Khat users performed significantly worse than controls on tasks tapping into cognitive flexibility as well as monitoring of information in WM.Conclusions
The present findings suggest that khat use impairs both cognitive flexibility and the updating of information in WM. The inability to monitor information in WM and to adjust behavior rapidly and flexibly may have repercussions for daily life activities. 相似文献11.
Rolls ET Stringer SM Trappenberg TP 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2002,269(1496):1087-1093
Medial temporal lobe structures including the hippocampus are implicated by separate investigations in both episodic memory and spatial function. We show that a single recurrent attractor network can store both the discrete memories that characterize episodic memory and the continuous representations that characterize physical space. Combining both types of representation in a single network is actually necessary if objects and where they are located in space must be stored. We thus show that episodic memory and spatial theories of medial temporal lobe function can be combined in a unified model. 相似文献
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Camperi and Wang (Comput Neurosci 5:383–405, 1998) presented a network model for working memory that combines intrinsic cellular bistability with the recurrent network architecture
of the neocortex. While Fall and Rinzel (Comput Neurosci 20:97–107, 2006) replaced this intrinsic bistability with a biological mechanism-Ca2+ release subsystem. In this study, we aim to further expand the above work. We integrate the traditional firing-rate network
with Ca2+ subsystem-induced bistability, amend the synaptic weights and suggest that Ca2+ concentration only increase the efficacy of synaptic input but has nothing to do with the external input for the transient
cue. We found that our network model maintained the persistent activity in response to a brief transient stimulus like that
of the previous two models and the working memory performance was resistant to noise and distraction stimulus if Ca2+ subsystem was tuned to be bistable. 相似文献
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Yonelinas AP 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2001,356(1413):1363-1374
The examination of recognition memory confidence judgements indicates that there are two separate components or processes underlying episodic memory. A model that accounts for these results is described in which a recollection process and a familiarity process are assumed to contribute to recognition memory performance. Recollection is assumed to reflect a threshold process whereby qualitative information about the study event is retrieved, whereas familiarity reflects a classical signal-detection process whereby items exceeding a familiarity response criterion are accepted as having been studied. Evidence from cognitive, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies indicate that the model is in agreement with the existing recognition results, and indicate that recollection and familiarity are behaviourally, neurally and phenomenologically distinct memory retrieval processes. 相似文献
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Rugg MD Otten LJ Henson RN 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2002,357(1424):1097-1110
We review some of our recent research using functional neuroimaging to investigate neural activity supporting the encoding and retrieval of episodic memories, that is, memories for unique events. Findings from studies of encoding indicate that, at the cortical level, the regions responsible for the effective encoding of a stimulus event as an episodic memory include some of the regions that are also engaged to process the event 'online'. Thus, it appears that there is no single cortical site or circuit responsible for episodic encoding. The results of retrieval studies indicate that successful recollection of episodic information is associated with activation of lateral parietal cortex, along with more variable patterns of activity in dorsolateral and anterior prefrontal cortex. Whereas parietal regions may play a part in the representation of retrieved information, prefrontal areas appear to support processes that act on the products of retrieval to align behaviour with the demands of the retrieval task. 相似文献
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《Current biology : CB》2021,31(20):4499-4511.e8
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尽管近年来中国氮(N)沉降水平逐渐趋于稳定,但中国东南地区N沉降相比于其他地区仍处于较高水平。N沉降对陆地生态系统碳循环过程的影响不容忽视。微生物碳利用效率(CUE)是指微生物将吸收的碳转化为生物量碳的效率,高微生物CUE意味着高土壤有机碳存储潜力。因此,探究N沉降背景下微生物CUE的变化将有助于进一步认识陆地生态系统土壤碳存储的变化。然而,目前关于N沉降下微生物群落结构的变化如何影响微生物CUE鲜有报道。在福建省泉州市戴云山国家级自然保护区的罗浮栲林通过N添加模拟N沉降。实验共包括三个N添加处理:对照(CT,+0 kg hm-2 a-1)、低氮(LN,+40 kg hm-2 a-1)和高氮(HN,+80 kg hm-2 a-1)。测定不同处理土壤基本理化性质、微生物生物量、酶活性和CUE,并使用高通量测序对微生物群落结构和多样性进行测定。结果表明,N添加显著影响微生物CUE,随着N添加水平的增加,CUE逐渐增加;相反,土壤pH、可提取有机碳(EOC)和微... 相似文献
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