肺泡巨噬细胞对肺表面活性物质分泌的调控

为了观察肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)对肺表面活性物质(PS)分泌的影响,本实验以激活的AM培养上清液对离体非灌流肺进行持续灌洗,观察肺内PS含量的变化。结果表明,由调理酵母多糖(OPZ)激活的AM上清液,能使肺磷脂释放量(PL)和肺磷脂释放指数(b)增大,与激活物(OPZ)对照组及细胞对照组比较,有显著差异,P<0.01。用消炎痛预处理AM 30min后,再用OPZ激活AM,PL值和b值减少;而用细胞松弛素B预处理AM30min后,再用OPZ激活AM,则PL值和b值增大。以上两组与对照组比较,P<0.01。这表明激活AM增强肺PS分泌的作用能被消炎痛所抑制,而被细胞松弛素所增强,提示激活AM增强肺PS分泌可能是以前列腺素为中介的。激活AM能使PS分泌增加,这对于在生理和病理情况下稳定肺泡表面张力和增强肺的防御机能有重要意义。     

雌二醇对成年大鼠肺表面活性物质分泌的影响

采用离体非灌流肺模型,观察了雌二醇(E_2)对成年大鼠肺表面活性物质(PS)分泌的影响,并探讨了前列腺素(PG)在其中的作用。结果显示:E_2(10~(-6)mol/L)可使肺磷脂释放指数和肺磷脂释放量增多,分别为对照组的150.0％(P<0.05)及160.7％(P<0.01),表明E_2可促进成年大鼠PS的分泌;PG合成抑制剂消炎痛(10~(-5)mol/L)可以抑制E_2促进肺磷脂释放的效应,表明PG在E_2促进PS分泌中起介导作用。以上结果提示E_2可能参与成年动物PS分泌的调控。     

PPAR-γ激动剂罗格列酮能抑制纤维连接蛋白诱导的肺成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞转化

目的:探讨PPAR-γ激动剂罗格列酮能否抑制纤维连接蛋白(Fibronectin,Fn)诱导的肺成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞转化及其可能机制.方法:在包被Fn的培养皿上培养肺成纤维细胞,在不应用和应用罗格列酮的条件下,在不同的给药浓度下,采用免疫细胞化学、Western blot等技术检测相关蛋白的表达情况.结果:罗格列酮能够抑制Fn诱导的肺成纤维细胞a-SMA的表达(p<0.05).a-SMA表达量会随着给药浓度增加而降低(p<0.05).PPAR-γ的表达量在低浓度(2.5～20μ mol/L)下,会随着给药浓度的增加而增加(P<0.05).罗格列酮能降低成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞转化过程中ILK的表达(p<0.05).结论:PPAR-γ激动剂罗格列酮能够抑制Fn诱导的肺成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞转化.     

脂联素在高糖孵育血管内皮细胞中的表达调节

目的:探讨脂联素(APN)在高糖孵育血管内皮细胞中的表达调节及意义.方法:用不同浓度葡萄糖(5.5、11、22及33mM)孵育人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs),2天后收集细胞和上清液.用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测细胞中APN、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)和过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体γ(PPARγ)的mRNA表达,用ELISA方法检测细胞上清液中APN和TNFα分泌情况.结果:随培养液中葡萄糖浓度的升高,HUVECs中APN的mRNA表达及上清中APN蛋白含量降低(p<0.05),TNFα的mRNA表达及上清中TNFα蛋白含量增加(p<0.05),HUVECs中PPARγ的mRNA表达降低(p<0.05),且组间比较差异均有统计学意义(p<0.05).结论:高糖诱导血管内皮细胞保护性细胞因子APN表达分泌下降,可能是高糖诱导的血管内皮细胞功能损害的重要机制之一.     

肺表面活性物质的会成代谢

肺表面活性物质(PS),主要是由肺II型细胞产生的,是能降低肺泡表面张力的一种由脂质、蛋白质和糖基组成的复合物。本文重点介绍PS的生物合成途径与调节因素;PS各组成成份的生理功能;PS的分泌与影响因素;PS分泌后在肺泡内转化、清除的生理过程以及PS的肺泡内半衰期和更新时间。     

缺氧对家兔肺泡表面活性物质中各磷脂组分的影响

肺泡表面活性物质中各磷脂组分对缺氧的反应是不同的。急性缺氧时,肺泡冲洗液中溶血卵磷脂、神经鞘磷脂、磷脂酰乙醇胺及磷脂酰甘油均下降(p<0.05);间断适应性缺氧后,基本回复到缺氧前水平。而急性缺氧时,肺组织中除磷脂酰乙醇胺变化不明显外,其它各成分均有明显增加(p<0.05)。间断缺氧时,肺组织中各脂质成分持续下降。该变化可能与肺组织中ATP等能量物质在缺氧时代谢异常有关。从肺泡冲洗液的脂质分析结果来看,适当地以间断减压作缺氧适应,能有效地解除急性缺氧对肺泡表面磷脂含量的抑制作用。     

葡萄糖和胰岛素对血管内皮细胞中microRNA-21的表达影响

目的:研究miRNA-21和程序性细胞死亡因子4(PDCD4)在不同浓度葡萄糖或胰岛素培养血管内皮细胞中的表达情况,探讨miRNA-21对内皮细胞凋亡功能的影响。方法:用不同浓度D-葡萄糖(5.5、11、22及33mM)和胰岛素(0、1、10、50、100及1000nM)分别干预人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs),2天后收集细胞用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测细胞中miRNA-21及PDCD4的mRNA表达情况,用蛋白印迹方法检测PDCD4在细胞中的表达变化。结果:与5.5mM葡萄糖对照组相比,高葡萄糖浓度组(11、22及33mM)中HUVECs的miRNA-21随着葡萄糖浓度的增加表达明显降低(p<0.01);PDCD4的蛋白表达增加(p<0.05),但PDCD4的mRNA表达无差异(p>0.05)。与0nM胰岛素组相比,10、50、100、1000nM胰岛素组细胞中miRNA-21表达下降(p<0.05),PDCD4的蛋白表达增加(p<0.01),1000nM组miRNA-21表达降低程度和PDCD4的蛋白表达增加程度最为明显(p<0.05),但不同浓度胰岛素对PDCD4的mRNA表达无差异(p>0.05...     

高压氧预处理对急性减压所致的大鼠肺组织细胞凋亡及Bcl-2/Bax表达的影响

目的:探讨高压氧预处理对减压病大鼠肺组织细胞凋亡的影响相关蛋白表达的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠24只,随机分为3组,正常对照组(NC group)、HBO预处理组(HBOP group)、减压组(DCS group),每组8只。连续进行HBO预处理5天后进行减压病模型制备,取左侧肺组织进行湿干重比值测定,右侧肺组织用于病理实验;HE染色观察肺组织病理学改变,免疫组织化学法标记Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3与MMP-9阳性细胞表达,并对bcl-2/bax值进行分析。结果:减压组肺组织Bax、Caspase-3与MMP-9阳性细胞数明显增加(P0.05),而Bcl-2阳性细胞表达减少(P0.05);高压氧预处理组与减压组相比,Bax、Caspase-3与MMP-9阳性细胞数明显减少(P0.05),而Bcl-2阳性细胞表达增加(P0.05);大鼠肺组织减压组与高压氧预处理组Bcl-2/Bax值较对照组明显降低(P0.05);与减压组相比,高压氧预处理组明显升高(P0.05)。结论:HBO预处理可以减轻减压对肺组织的病理损伤,减轻肺泡和支气管上皮细胞的变性坏死,抑制细胞凋亡,从而起到对减压病的保护作用。     

低Ca~(2 )对豚鼠心室乳头肌电缆特性的影响

应用常规细胞内微电极技术和一支细胞外玻璃吸引电极,观察低Ca~(2 )对豚鼠心室乳头肌电缆特性及动作电位传导速度的影响。实验结果表明,1/6正常Ca~(2 )浓度(0.3mmol/L)溶液灌流时,与正常对照相比,空间常数减小23.9％(p<0.01),细胞内纵向电阻增大37.1％(p<0.01),动作电位传导速度减小16.1％(p<0.01)。单纯缺氧时,与正常对照相比,空间常数减小29.4％(p<0.01),膜时间常数减小30.1％(p<0.01),细胞内纵向电阻增大100％(p<0.01),动作电位传导速度减小28％(p<0.01)。低Ca~(2 )(0.6mmol/L)加缺氧时,上述变化更加明显,与正常对照相比,空间常数减小39.4％(p<0.01),膜时间常数减小25.8％(p<0.05),细胞内纵向电阻增大140.9％(p<0.01),动作电位传导速度减小37.7％(p<0.01)。     

实验性高空减压病肺微循环障碍及消炎痛的预防效果

本文报导山羊实验性高空减压病肺微环障碍及其病理生理改变,并观测消炎痛对该病的预防效果。测定血气、肺泡一动脉氧分压差(A-aDO_2),肺分流率(QS/QT)、肺血管外水量/无血干肺重(PEWV/BFDL),血浆量变化率(△PV)及肺的组织学检查等项指标。结果表明:患重症高空减压病及因此而致死的山羊可发生复合性肺微栓塞(气栓,脂肪栓,血小板栓及自细胞聚集);并伴有肺充血、肺血管周围“袖套”样水肿及PEWV/BFDL增加,表明存在肺微血管滤出增加及间质性肺水肿,偶可发现局灶性肺泡水肿,动脉氧张力(PaO_2)降低主要与QS/QT增加有关,二者呈负的直线相关。高空减压病山羊可迅速发生血浆量减少、血液浓缩及血小板数减少。消炎痛有预防山羊高空减压病的良好效果,表现为:发病数减少,症状减轻;肺血管内白细胞聚集受抑制及血小板栓形成减少,肺微循环改善,QS/QT及PaO_2均正常化;减轻了血浆丧失并促使其更快恢复,防止血液浓缩,有利于血容量及血粘度保持正常。     

Identification of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins (annexins) from guinea pig alveolar type II cells

A new group of calcium-regulating proteins, called annexins or Ca⁺⁺-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins (PLBP), have been detected in different species, organs and cell types. In the present study, we have identified and quantitated PLBP from guinea pig lung, lavage fluid and alveolar type II cells to elucidate the possible role of PLBP in lung surfactant biogenesis and secretion. Lungs were lavaged and type II cells from lavaged lung were isolated by elastase digestion and purified by centrifugal elutriation. For the quantitative identification of PLBP, we performed ELISA assays and Western blot analysis by using an antiserum raised in guinea pigs against a pure rabbit lung 36 kDa PLBP. The lavage fluid, cytosol from lung and type II cells contained 784,167 and 435 ng per mg protein, respectively, of PLBP. The SDS-PAGE electrophoretic pattern and Western blot confirmed that all lung samples have band corresponding to a 36 kDa protein. This indicates that both alveolar type II cells and lavage fluid have higher levels of PLBP than whole lung cytosol.     

Differential effects of glucocorticoid on expression of surfactant proteins in a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line

Synthesis of pulmonary surfactant-associated glycoproteins of Mr 28,000-36,000 (SP-A) and Mr 42,000-46,000 (proSP-B) has been identified in a continuous cell line derived from a human lung adenocarcinoma. SP-A was detected by immunoblot analysis, ELISA assay and by [35S]methionine labelling of the cells. SP-A was secreted into the media as an endoglycosidase F sensitive glycoprotein which co-migrated with the isoforms of SP-A identified in human lavage fluid by 2D-IEF-SDS-PAGE. Hybridization of cellular RNA with SP-A-specific cDNA identified an abundant 2.2 kb mRNA species, identical to that observed in human lung. SP-A RNA and protein content were markedly inhibited by dexamethasone in a dose-dependent fashion. Under identical culture conditions, synthesis of a distinct surfactant protein, SP-B, was markedly stimulated by the glucocorticoid. The SP-B precursor was secreted into the media as heterogeneous Mr 42,000-46,000 protein, pI 4.6-5.1, and was sensitive to endoglycosidase F. Synthesis of proSP-B was enhanced by the glucocorticoid in a dose-dependent fashion and was associated with increased SP-B mRNA of 2.0 kb detected by Northern blot analysis. The cell line secreted proSP-B as Mr 42,000-46,000 glycosylated protein and did not process the precursor to the Mr 7000-8000 surfactant peptide. In summary, a human adenocarcinoma cell line has been identified which synthesizes and secretes two surfactant-associated proteins, SP-A and proSP-B. Glucocorticoid enhanced SP-B but inhibited SP-A expression in this cell line. The identification of a continuous cell line secreting surfactant proteins may be useful in the study of synthesis and secretion of these important proteins and for production of the proteins for clinical uses.     

Adenosine and leukotrienes have a regulatory role in lung surfactant secretion in the newborn rabbit

Previous studies have shown that secretion of phosphatidylcholine in cultured adult rat type II pneumocytes is stimulated by purinoceptor agonists and leukotrienes. The objective of the present study was to determine if such agents have a physiological role in the regulation of surfactant secretion. We chose the newborn rabbit as the experimental model, since in this system there is a marked increase in surfactant secretion immediately after birth. We examined the effects of an inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, two leukotriene antagonists, FPL-55712 and FPL-57231, and a P1 purinoceptor antagonist, 8-phenyltheophylline, on this increase. Newborn rabbits were delivered by Cesarean section at 30 days gestation. Some animals in each litter were killed immediately, while others were injected with test agents or solvent vehicle while still in the amniotic sacs. After breathing for 3 h in an incubator, these animals were also killed. The lungs were lavaged with saline and the phospholipid content and composition of the lung lavage liquid was measured. In control animals, there was a greater than 2-fold increase in the amounts of total phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine and in the phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio during the 3 h period of breathing. The increases in total phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine were decreased 38-62% by the antagonists, while the increase in the phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio was decreased 61-77%. These data show that the ventilation-induced increase in secretion of lung surfactant in the newborn rabbit is inhibited by leukotriene and P1 receptor antagonists and by an inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis and, when taken together with the data from the tissue culture system, support a role for leukotrienes and adenosine in the physiological regulation of surfactant secretion.     

Lung injury in the neonatal piglet caused by hyperoxia and mechanical ventilation

Neonatal lung injury from hyperoxia and mechanical hyperventilation was studied in newborn piglets hyperventilated (arterial PCO2 15-20 Torr) for 24-48 h with 100% O2 and compared with unventilated controls. Pulmonary function testing was performed, and biochemical indicators of lung injury were analyzed from tracheobronchial aspirates at 0, 24, and 48 h. Lung sections were obtained for light and electron microscopy, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for surfactant composition and activity. At 24 h significant changes in tracheobronchial aspirate albumin concentrations (up 78%) and percent of polymorphonuclear cells (up 16%) were demonstrated. At 48 h a 35% decrease in dynamic lung compliance (P less than 0.05) and a 36% increase in pulmonary resistance (P less than 0.05) were noted. Further biochemical abnormalities occurred with total cell counts increased by 271% (P less than 0.02), albumin 163% (P less than 0.05), total protein 217% (P less than 0.01), and elastase 108% (P less than 0.02). Pathological analyses revealed mild lung injury at 24 h and marked inflammation, abnormal inflation patterns, flattening of Clara cells, fibrinous exudate and edema, early collagen formation, and cell necrosis observed at 48 h. Bronchoalveolar lavage surfactant had normal biophysical activity. Results demonstrate that exposure of neonatal piglets to O2 and mechanical hyperventilation for 48 h cause severe progressive lung injury.     

Quantification of surfactant pool sizes in rabbit lung during perinatal development

Methods are presented for the quantitative isolation of surfactants from fetal and newborn rabbit alveolar lavage returns and post-lavaged lung tissue homogenates. The phospholipid content of both fractions progressively increased between 27 days gestation and term (31 days). The tissue-stored fraction increased approximately 16-fold (from 0.48 +/- 0.13 to 7.83 +/- 0.86 mg/g dry lung) and the alveolar fraction more than 30-fold (from 0.08 +/- 0.02 to 2.69 +/- 0.52 mg/g dry lung). Developmental changes in phospholipid composition were also observed. Tissue-stored surfactant was prepared using differential and density gradient centrifugation. Alveolar surfactant was isolated during fetal development as a high-speed pellet following a one-step differential centrifugation. There was little change in the phospholipid content of fetal alveolar lavage supernatant (range 0.12 +/- 0.04 to 0.28 +/- 0.09 mg/g dry lung). By the first postnatal day the phospholipid content of both lavage fractions significantly increased (pellet, 7.51 +/- 1.79; supernatant, 4.01 +/- 1.36 mg/g dry lung) and both were identified as surfactant. This increase in alveolar surfactant was accompanied by an approximately twofold decrease (to 3.81 +/- 1.1 mg/g dry lung) in the tissue-stored fraction. These data provide a quantitative profile of surfactant accumulation and secretion in developing rabbit lung.     

Correlation of biochemical and morphological changes induced by chemical injury to the lung

Comparison has been made of injury to the rat pulmonary alveolar parenchyma evoked by intravenous injection of N-nitrosomethylurethane, intratracheal instillation of 3-methylcholanthrene or repeated inhalation for up to 15 days of carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene or gasoline vapour. Biochemical analyses, including assessment of rates of RNA and DNA synthesis and secretion of pulmonary surfactant, were correlated with morphological changes determined by electron microscopy. Single doses of N-nitrosomethylurethane or 3-methylcholanthrene inhibited incorporation of [14C] orotate into lung RNA 1--3 days after treatment. Daily exposure for 30 min to carbon tetrachloride or trichloroethylene vapour caused less marked reduction in orotate incorporation. Ultrastructural examination revealed that 3-methylcholanthrene toxicity was characterised by cytoplasmic change including disruption of surfactant lamellaie of Type 2 pneumocytes and variable degenerative changes Type 1 pneumocytes. Eight to ten days after treatment, the morphological evidence of hypertrophy/hyperplasia and transformation of Type 2 pneumocytes correlated well with biochemical evidence of stimulated incorporation of [3H]thymidine. Inhalation of carbon tetrachloride or trichloroethylene vapour produced milder responses including occasional degenerative changes in Type 1 pneumocytes, reduced numbers of surfactant lamellae in Type 2 pneumocytes and no change in [3H]thymidine incorporation. In contrast to the gradation of injury produced by the various chemicals, all procedures caused a marked and reproducible reduction in secretion of pulmonary surfactant as determined by endobronchial lavage. Following solvent inhalation, reduced recovery of surfactant was detected within 5 days of repeated exposure and thereafter no further change in this depressed level resulted from continued exposure for a further 10 days. The data are discussed in terms of a generalised pattern of response by pulmonary alveolar tissue to chemical injury and the apparent sensitivity of surfactant secretion as an indicator of damage to the lung.     

Binding of annexins to lung lamellar bodies and the PMA-stimulated secretion of annexin V from alveolar type II cells

To identify lung lamellar body (LB)-binding proteins, the fractions binding to LB-Sepharose 4B in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner from the lung soluble fractions were analyzed with Mono Q column. Four annexins (annexins III, IV, V, and VIII) were identified by partial amino acid sequence analyses as the LB-binding proteins in the lung soluble fractions. A control experiment using phospholipid (phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylglycerol/phosphtidylcholine) liposome-Sepharose 4B revealed that annexins III, IV and V were the Ca(2+)-dependent proteins binding to the column in the lung soluble fractions, while annexin VIII was not detected. Thus, annexin VIII might preferentially bind to LB. On the other hand, the only Ca(2+)-dependent LB-binding protein identified in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids was annexin V. It was further demonstrated that annexin V was secreted by isolated alveolar type II cells from rats and that the secretion was stimulated by the addition of phorbol ester (PMA), a potent stimulator of surfactant secretion. The PMA-dependent stimulation of annexin V was attenuated by preincubation with surfactant protein-A (SP-A), a potent inhibitor of surfactant secretion. As LB is thought to be an intracellular store of pulmonary surfactant, which is secreted by alveolar type II cells, annexin V is likely to be secreted together with the lamellar body.     

L-Arg对LPS诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺表面活性物质和肺泡巨噬细胞功能的影响

目的:探讨L-精氨酸(L-Arg)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺表面活性物质和肺泡巨噬细胞功能的影响。方法:舌下静脉注射脂多糖(LPS)复制肺损伤模型。健康雄性SD大鼠48只,随机分为对照组、模型组(LPS组)和L-Arg治疗组(L-Arg组)(n=16)。分别于给予LPS 3 h或6 h后给予生理盐水(对照组及LPS组,ip)和L-Arg(500 mg/kg ip)(L-Arg治疗组),治疗3 h。原位杂交法(ISH)检测肺组织中肺表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)mRNA的表达;测定肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的总蛋白(TP)。体外分离培养大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞,以LPS(终浓度10 mg/L)处理巨噬细胞,观察L-Arg对肺泡巨噬细胞的影响。结果:与对照组比较,大鼠肺损伤后SP-A mRNA表达减弱,BALF中TP增多(P<0.01)。肺损伤3 h用L-Arg治疗3 h后,SP-A mRNA阳性细胞表达明显增强,BALF中TP较LPS组相同时间点明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),肺损伤减轻。体外实验中,与正常对照组相比,LPS组细胞培养上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNFα-)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)浓度明显增高(P<0.01);L-Arg明显减少LPS所致的LDH的释放,降低TNFα-和IL-6浓度。结论:L-Arg可减轻内毒素性肺损伤,此机制可能与增强SP-AmRNA表达有关;LPS可刺激巨噬细胞分泌促炎因子和NO,L-Arg可抑制LPS对巨噬细胞的作用。     

Initial responses to ventilation of premature lambs exposed to intra-amniotic endotoxin 4 days before delivery

Preterm delivery is frequently preceded by chorioamnionitis, resulting in exposure of the fetal lung to inflammation. We hypothesized that ventilation of the antenatally inflamed lung would result in amplification of the lung injury. Therefore, we induced fetal lung inflammation with intra-amniotic endotoxin (10 mg of Escherichia coli 055:B5) 4 days before premature delivery at 130 days of gestation. Lung function and lung inflammation after surfactant treatment and 4 h of mechanical ventilation were evaluated. Inflammatory cell numbers in amniotic fluid were increased >10-fold by antenatal endotoxin exposure. Antenatal endotoxin exposure had minimal effects on blood pressure, heart rate, lung compliance, and blood gas values. The endotoxin-exposed lungs required higher ventilation pressures. Ventilation did not increase the number of inflammatory cells or the protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the endotoxin-exposed animals above that measured in endotoxin-exposed fetuses that were not ventilated. IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA in cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were increased by antenatal endotoxin exposure but not changed by ventilation. IL-1beta and IL-8 protein was increased in lung tissue by 4 h of ventilation. Very little inflammation was induced by ventilation in this premature lamb model of surfactant treatment and gentle ventilation. After lung inflammation was induced by intra-amniotic endotoxin injection, ventilation did not increase lung injury.