血糖浓度变化与消化间期综合肌电周期的关系

在狗的十二指肠浆膜面埋植银-氯化银双极电极,记录空腹时的肌电活动,观察血糖浓度变化与消化间期综合肌电(IDMEC)周期的关系。实验结果表明:(1)血糖浓度随 IDMEC周期的不同时相而变动,Ⅰ相最高,Ⅱ相次之,Ⅲ相最低(P<0.01)。(2)静脉注射酚妥拉明或心得安后。血糖浓度随 IDMEC 周期的波动均消失。(3)切除双侧迷走神经干后,血糖浓度略有升高,随 IDMEC 的周期性波动依然存在。(4)分别阻断肾上腺素α、β受体及切除迷走神经后,不影响 IDMEC 的周期性活动,但可使周期延长,各相所占时程百分比发生变化。以上结果证明,空腹情况下血糖浓度随 IDMEC 周期的不同时相而变动,交感神经和迷走神经具有一定的调节作用。     

红霉素对狗胃肠道电活动的影响

以移行性综合肌电(MMC)作指标,研究红霉素(EM)消化道副作用与平滑肌电活动的关系。结果发现,在狗消化间期,静脉注射EM50～400μg/kg,在3～7min内即诱发剂量依赖性早发MMCⅢ相。此早发Ⅲ相起于胃、十二指肠,向小肠尾端移行,其锋电发生率、Ⅲ相持续时间和移行速度等均与自发Ⅲ相类似。胃、十二指肠内分别注射EM500μg/kg,经24.5±7.5min和23.7±2.2min才诱发移行性Ⅲ相。双侧膈上迷走神经切除后,EM仍诱发早发Ⅲ相,但其移行速度减慢(p<0.01),阿托品能阻断EM诱发Ⅲ相的发生。EM在Ⅲ相诱发后的70～250min甚至更长时间内仍使MMC周期和Ⅲ相起始紊乱,甚至完全破坏MMG,代之以超速扩布锋电簇活动。EM不影响进食后狗的胃肠电活动。因此,EM消化道反应的发生可能与其被吸收进血液后通过内在胆碱能神经启动早发Ⅲ相及其后较长后效应有关。     

血浆游离脂肪酸浓度变化与消化间期综合肌电周期的关系

用狗进行慢性实验,在十二指肠浆膜缝植三对双极电极,记录空腹时的电活动。观察血浆游离脂肪酸(FFA)浓度变化与消化间期综合肌电(IDMEC)周期性活动的关系。实验结果提示:(1)血浆FFA浓度随IDMEC周期不同时相而变动,Ⅰ相时最低,Ⅲ相时最高(P<0.01);(2)静脉注射心得安后,血浆FFA浓度降低,随IDMEC的周期波动消失;(3)静脉注射酚妥拉明后,在IDMEC的各时相中血浆FFA浓度升高,且无周期性波动;(4)切除双侧迷走神经干后,血浆FFA浓度略有降低,随IDMEC的周期波动仍然存在;(5)静脉注射心得安、酚妥拉明和切除迷走神经后,对IDMEC的周期性活动没有明显的影响。以上结果证明,在空腹情况下血浆FFA浓度随IDMEC周期的不同时相而变动,交感神经系统在这些变动中具有一定的作用。     

脑室和静脉注射吗啡对狗移行性综合肌电的影响

用10只狗作慢性实验,沿胃窦、小肠缝植8对银-氯化银双极电极,观察脑室和静脉注射吗啡对移行性综合肌电(migrating myoelectric complex,MMC)的影响。结果:(1)在十二指肠MMC周期时程的43％以后,静脉注射吗啡能诱发MMCⅢ相活动提前发生;在42％以内则无效应。(2)静脉注射3,000μg吗啡后,MMC周期延长,胃窦慢波频率减少;静脉注射300μg吗啡,对MMC周期时程和胃窦慢波频率无影响。(3 )脑室注射吗啡后,胃、小肠慢波首先发生自下而上的逆行性抑制,随之各部位峰电活动增多,十二指肠还发生痉挛性收缩的峰电活动,动物伴有呕吐的前驱症状和呕吐,MMC周期延长,胃窦慢波频率减少。(4)切断双侧膈上迷走神经后,脑室注射吗啡对胃和小肠肌电活动影响消失,但呕吐及其前驱症状仍然发生。     

狗小肠部分切除对移行性综合肌电的影响

将9只狗的小肠总长度的30％,50％及75％的上端分别切除,观察其对移行性综合肌电(MMC)发生规律和红霉素诱发MMCⅢ相的影响。结果发现,所有小肠部分切除的狗,残余小肠的慢波节律均较小肠完整时相应部位明显减慢;75％上端小肠切除的狗,MMC活动消失。小肠完整的狗,静脉注射红霉素均能使MMCⅢ相提前发生;30％上端小肠切除的狗,红霉素仅在一半的实验中可诱发MMCⅢ相,50％及75％上端切除后,红霉素不能诱发MMCⅢ相。但静脉注射吗啡后在所有动物模型上均能诱发MMCⅢ相。提示小肠MMC的周期活动需要空肠以上小肠的存在,红霉素仅在小肠上端能诱发MMCⅢ相。     

胃壁肾上腺素能受体作用的分析

选用46只 Wistar 大鼠,分别观察了酚妥拉明和心得安对迷走神经完整和切断迷走神经大鼠胃内压的影响。结果为:酚妥拉明对迷走神经完整大鼠的胃内压没有影响,但能使切断迷走神经大鼠的胃内压明显下降,心得安可使去迷走神经和迷走神经完整大鼠的胃内压均升高,且两者无明显差异。结果表明:(1)支配胃的肾上腺素能神经紧张性作用主要表现为抑制;(2)β-受体可能仅位于胃平滑肌上,且介导抑制作用;(3)依赖迷走神经发挥作用的 α-受体介导抑制作用,而胃壁平滑肌上的 α 受体介导兴奋作用。     

致癌剂DEN、促癌剂巴豆油对大鼠肝α_1抑制因子3基因表达的影响

本文对致癌剂二乙基亚硝胺(DEN)和促癌剂巴豆油对大鼠肝α_1-抑制因子3(α_1- I_s)基因表达的影响进行了观察。结果表明:在腹腔注射DEN(200mg/kg·b.w.)后2h,α_1- I_3 RNA水平即显著下降;4h左右有所回升,约为正常水平的四分之一;然后又下降至极低水平,并一直保持该水平至24h。同时,c-myc RNA在2h则被诱导,约为正常水平的2-3倍;之后,即在4至24h内虽有波动,但基本处于正常水平。在腹腔注射巴豆油(18mg/kg.b.w.)后1h,α_1-I_3RNA水平即下降,约为正常水平的1/8,此后有所回升,约为正常水平的1/3-1/4;在同样条件下,ODC和C-fos RNA能被巴豆油诱导而增加。我们以前的工作表明,在大多数(75％,12/16)由DEN所诱发的大鼠肝癌中,α_1- I_3RNA水平显著下降,且基因结构发生了变化。综合这些结果,说明α_1- I_3基因或与该基因表达有关的蛋白调控因子可能是致癌剂DEN或促癌剂TPA的作用靶分子。该基因表达异常的意义及机理正在深入研究中。     

纳米细菌感染大鼠前列腺组织中细胞因子的检测及意义

目的:检测纳米细菌(nanobacteria,NB)感染SD大鼠前列腺致组织中细胞因子的变化,为Ⅲ型前列腺炎病因学研究提供实验依据.方法:成年雄性SD大鼠40只,随机均分为2组:对照组、模型组,各20只.对照组和模型组分别由尿道逆行注入生理盐水、NB,建立动物模型.在4周、8周后将对照组、模型组动物各处死10只,观察前列腺组织中细胞因子(IL-1β、TNF-α、TL-6)的变化及病理变化.结果:4周后所有模型组动物前列腺组织呈慢性炎症改变,8周后持续存在.细胞因子在4周后升高IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6均升高,同对照组比较,有明显差异(p<0.05).8周后,IL-1β、TNF-α、水平稍有下降,IL-6仍维持高水平,同对照组比较,仍有明显差异(p<0.05).结论:NB感染能引起大鼠前列腺组织炎性细胞因子的升高,造成慢性炎症.NB可能是Ⅲ型前列腺炎的病因.     

肉豆蔻曲代替麸煨肉豆蔻组成方新二神丸的止泻作用研究

目的 基于脾肾阳虚泄泻小鼠模型探讨肉豆蔻曲配伍组成新二神丸的止泻作用。方法 将KM小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、二神丸Ⅰ组(盐补骨脂+麸煨肉豆蔻)、二神丸Ⅱ组(盐补骨脂+肉豆蔻曲)、二神丸Ⅲ组(盐补骨脂+肉豆蔻生品)、盐补骨脂组、肉豆蔻曲组,采用“氢化可的松+番泻叶”的复合造模方法建立脾肾阳虚泄泻小鼠模型,观察各组小鼠一般体征、各脏器病理变化,检测小鼠各脏器指数、小肠推进率、胃残留率、血清胃动素(MTL)、胃泌素(GAS)、肾上腺酮(CORT)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、睾酮(T)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)水平,对粪便微生物进行16S rDNA测序及信息分析。结果 造模后,与正常组相比,模型组小鼠体重减轻,活动量减少,小肠推进率显著升高,胃残留率、各脏器指数均显著降低,血清GAS、CORT、TSH、T水平均显著下降,MTL、TNF-α、IL-β水平均显著上升,肠道菌群物种多样性降低;给药后,各给药组小鼠上述指标和症状均有不同程度改善,且二神丸Ⅱ组整体上优于二神丸Ⅰ组、二神丸Ⅲ组、盐补骨脂组及肉豆蔻曲组。结论 肉豆蔻曲与盐补骨脂配伍使用对脾肾阳虚泄泻的作用效...     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病脑脊液和血浆IL-1β和TNF-α水平的检测及临床意义

目的:检测缺新生儿氧缺血性脑病(HIE)脑脊液和血浆白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平,探讨IL-1β和TNF-α水平与HIE严重程度之间的关系.方法:采用ELISA法测定HIE组(28例)和对照组(13例)新生儿出生后24h内脑脊液和血浆IL-1β和TNF-α水平.结果:HIE组脑脊液和血浆IL-1β和TNF-α水平均明显高于对照组(p<0.01或者0.05),其脑脊液和血浆IL-1β水平比是4.05,TNF-α水平比是2.15.重度HIE组脑脊液IL-1β和TNF-α水平较轻和中度HIE组明显升高(p<0.01或者0.05).脑脊液IL-1β水平与HIE分度相关性(r=0.68,P<0.01)较脑脊液TNF-α水平与HIE分度相关性好(r=0.42,p<0.01).结论:新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病脑脊液和血浆IL-1β和TNF-α水平均升高.较高的脑脊液和血浆IL-1β水平比和TNF-α水平比暗示这些因子产生于缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿的受损脑组织.脑脊液IL-1β水平与HIE分度相关性较TNF-α水平好.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.