大鼠脑mRNA在爪蟾卵母细胞内表达的电压门控钙通道的电压箝研究

本工作用电压箝记录方法研究了爪蟾卵母细胞经注射大鼠脑mRNA后表达的电压门控钙通道。钙通道的特性由通过钙通道的钡离子流(I_(Ba))来描述。本研究采用的卵母细胞均取自被鉴定的爪蟾。这些爪蟾卵母细胞内源性I_(Ba)大多为零,或小于15nA。将从出生后10d的大鼠全脑中提取的mRNA微量注入这些卵母细胞。在注射mRNA后的5d内,I_(Ba)逐渐增大。在mRNA注射后第三天,由大鼠脑mRNA表达的电压依赖性I_(Ba)最大值一般超过100nA。作为对比,在注射从胚胎大鼠脑提取的mRNA的卵母细胞,几乎测不到电压依赖性I_(Ba)的表达。我们研究了由大鼠脑mRNA表达的I_(Ba)的电压依赖性激活及失活特性和I_(Ba)的药理。发现镧系金属离子(La~(+3),Nd~(+3),Sm~(+3),Eu~(+3),Gd~(+3),Dy~(+3),Er~(+3)在微摩尔浓度数量级即能有效抑制I_(Ba)。L-型钙通道配体nifedipine和Bay K 8644在浓度100μmmol/L时,抑制I_(Ba),而另一dihydropyridine类配体(±)-nimodipine在相同浓度却增加I_(Ba)。     

注射热损伤大鼠纹状体mRNA的爪蟾卵母细胞对多巴胺的反应

将从正常大鼠和热损伤大鼠的中枢纹状体提取的poly(A) mRNA ,注入非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达。用电生理方法检测多巴胺诱发的膜电位和电流的变化 ,分析热损伤对中枢多巴胺受体表达的影响。结果表明 ,注射大鼠纹状体mRNA后 ,卵母细胞的静息电位与注射前没有变化 ,但多巴胺能诱发膜电流。经验证 ,此受体电流的主要载流离子是Cl-。注射热损伤大鼠纹状体mRNA的卵母细胞对多巴胺反应的敏感性降低 ,与正常大鼠组相比有显著性差异。因此可以断定 ,热损伤对大鼠纹状体中多巴胺受体的基因表达产生了明显的影响 ,并可能有离子通道的参与。     

HCN通道在爪蟾卵母细胞中的功能表达

目的:建立爪蟾卵母细胞表达的HCN通道的细胞模型,研究其生物学特性,并为药物评价建立细胞模型。方法:将HCN1及HCN2的互补DNA(c DNA)体外转录为互补RNA(c RNA)后,分别注射至去除滤泡膜的非洲爪蟾卵母细胞中,表达1~3 d后采用双电极电压钳技术记录其电流。结果:在爪蟾卵母细胞表达的HCN1及HCN2通道的同聚体细胞模型上,记录到了超极化激活的内向阳离子电流,此电流被称为Ih电流,可被HCN通道特异性阻断剂Cs Cl所阻断;在1 mmol/L的Cs Cl作用下,HCN通道产生的电流幅度显著减小,在-140 m V水平,HCN1电流幅度减少率为83.4%±9.5%(n=5,P0.001),HCN2产生的电流幅度减少率为99.7%±0.6%(n=4,P0.001)。结论:建立了表达HCN1及HCN2通道的爪蟾卵母细胞模型,为研究HCN通道生物学特点以及药物评价奠定了基础。     

红藻氨酸和GABA受体在中华大蟾蜍卵母细胞的表达

本文报道了利用中华大蟾蜍卵母细胞作为外源性膜蛋白的表达及其功能特性研究的模式系统。将大鼠脑的mRNA微量注入蟾蜍卵母细胞(每个卵母细胞注射50ng),在19℃下经48h以上培养后,由外源mRNA表达的大鼠脑的红藻氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸受体被整合到了卵母细胞膜上。红藻氨酸(5×10~(-5)mol/L)和γ-氨基丁酸(10~(-4)mol/L)所诱导的膜电流分别达到294.0±6.4nA(n=5)和309.5±4.9nA(n=4)。红藻氨酸浓度在10~(-3)mol/L时,其诱导的膜电流达最大值。进而,注射mRNA的卵母细胞,~(36)Cl~-流入速度比对照组高一倍多。这些结果表明,中华大蟾蜍卵母细胞,如同爪蟾卵母细胞一样,能表达具有功能的外源膜蛋白(受体蛋白和离子运输蛋白)。     

爪蟾卵母细胞表达猫脊髓背根神经节初级感觉神经元的速激肽受体

提取猫的背根神经节 (DRG)中的Poly(A) ⁺RNA ,注射到非洲爪蟾卵母细胞中进行表达 ,2d后通过双电极电压箝技术检测爪蟾卵母细胞对速激肽受体激动剂的反应 .NK- 1受体特异激动剂 [Sar⁹,Met(O₂ ) ¹¹]SP (Sar -SP) ,NK -2受体特异激动剂 [β- Ala⁸] neurokininA ( 4～ 1 0 ) (Ala -NKA)和神经激肽A(NKA)产生相似的内向电流 .由一个快速的锋电流和持续数分钟的振荡电流组成 .Sar- SP的反应只被NK- 1受体特异拮抗剂L- 6 6 8,1 6 9( 1 μmol/L)阻断 ,而NKA及Ala- NKA的反应则仅被NK -2受体特异拮抗剂L -6 5 8,877( 1 μmol/L)阻断 .注射猫脊髓背角Poly(A) ⁺RNA在爪蟾卵母细胞中表达的速激肽受体的反应基本相似 .这些速激肽受体的反应都具有强烈的脱敏性 .这是首次在爪蟾卵母细胞受体表达系统证明DRG神经元有速激肽NK- 1和NK -2受体 ,从而提示在伤害性初级传入末梢上可能存在速激肽突触前自身受体     

爪蟾p21活化激酶2参与卵母细胞胞质分裂过程不依赖于Cdc42

研究p21活化激酶2(p21-activated kinase2,PAK2)在卵母细胞成熟过程中的作用.以爪蟾卵母细胞为模型,分别向爪蟾卵母细胞显微注射PAK2-N端(PAK2-N-terminal,PAK2-NT)和PAK2-N端突变体(PAK2-N-terminal mutation,PAK2-NTm)mRNA,荧光显微镜下观察胚泡破裂发生.采用共聚焦显微镜,时间延迟摄影法观察正常卵母细胞、PAK2-NTmRNA注射组和PAK2-NTm mRNA注射组卵母细胞胞质分裂、极体形成及与Cdc42活性的关系.结果表明,PAK2-NTmRNA和PAK2-NTm mRNA注射组的卵母细胞与正常卵母细胞胚泡破裂发生相似,但PAK2-NTmRNA和PAK2-NTm mRNA注射组未见胞质分裂和极体形成.结果提示,PAK2参与卵母细胞胞质分裂和极体形成可能不依赖于Cdc42的调节过程.     

非洲爪蟾卵细胞膜去极化后由超极化激活的瞬间内向电流

以双微电极电压钳制技术研究了未成熟非洲爪蟾卵细胞膜的离子流,发现在较长时间的去极化（－３０ｍｖ,５秒）前脉冲后由超极化引出的一个内向电流,其潜伏期约为０．５秒,经过０．４秒左右到达高峰,随近经０．８秒左右完全回复。其幅值随超极化程度增强而增大,其翻转电位接近氯平衡电位,并随胞外ＣＬ－浓度改变而变化。降低胞外ＣＬ－浓度使其幅值增大。降低胞外Ｎａ＾＋浓度对其无明显影响,提示此内几电流可能是氯离子流。以     

HERG通道在爪蟾卵母细胞的持续表达与电流变化

目的:探索一个HERG通道在爪蟾卵母细胞持续稳定表达HERG通道的方法,研究表达培养不同时期卵母细胞膜静息电位和通道电流特性的变化.方法:用含HERG片段的pSP64载体质粒体外转录制备的mRNA注射表达于卵母细胞,用双电极电压钳技术记录通道电流.结果:①本方法可成功在卵母细胞持续表达与HERG通道电生理特性一致的功能性通道,并可在10～15 d内稳定用于电生理记录.②在培养的第3、6和9 d细胞膜静息电位负值逐渐升高,在第12 d又开始降低.异源表达的HERG通道内向整流的最大电位在第3、6和9 d逐渐向正向转移,在第12 d又回复,激活曲线的半最大激活电压(V1/2)在培养的第3、6和9 d逐渐向负向转移,在第12 d又逐渐回复,其改变和膜静息电位的变化趋势一致.结论:本研究提供了一种HERG基因在爪蟾卵母细胞长期持续表达的方法,并为HERG通道的分子位点和药物作用研究在不同实验条件电生理实验数据的差异提供依据.     

p21活化蛋白激酶2在卵母细胞成熟中的作用

研究p21活化蛋白激酶2（p21-activated kinase 2,PAK2）在爪蟾卵母细胞成熟中的作用。利用特异性抑制PAK2活性的PAK2-N端（PAK2-N terminal,PAK2-NT）片段显微注射爪蟾卵母细胞。荧光显微镜下比较PAK2-NT mRNA注射组和未注射对照组卵母细胞胚泡破裂发生。共聚焦显微镜下,时间延迟摄影法观察两组卵母细胞胞质分裂过程中肌动蛋白和纺锤体的变化。与未注射PAK2-N端mRNA的对照组卵母细胞相比,注射组卵母细胞胚泡破裂发生无异常,但未见胞质分裂发生和极体形成。结果提示PAK2可能参与爪蟾卵母细胞胞质分裂过程。     

非洲爪蟾卵母细胞GABAB和GABAc受体介导的电流反应

实验应用双电极电压箝技术,在具有滤泡膜的非洲爪蟾(Xenopuslaevis)卵母细胞上记录到γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyricacid,GABA)-激活电流。此GABA-激活电流的特点及有关GABA受体类型的研究和分析如下(1)在35.5%(55/155)的受检细胞外加GABA可引起一慢的浓度依赖性的外向电流。(2)GABAA受体的选择性拮抗剂bicuculline(10     

Expression of Functional Bradykinin Receptors in Xenopus Oocytes

mRNA prepared from various tissues and cultured cells was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. Three to five days after injection, the response of the oocytes to the peptide bradykinin was monitored. The oocytes were voltage clamped and the membrane currents generated on application of agonist were recorded. mRNA from NG108-15, rat uterus, and human fibroblast cell line WI38 gave similar responses to bradykinin (1 microM), with an initial inward current (10-20 nA) followed by a prolonged period of membrane current oscillations. The same pattern of response was given by total RNA from rat dorsal root ganglia. No response to bradykinin (10 microM) was recorded from oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA, although these oocytes gave peak inward currents of about 75 nA in response to serotonin (10 microM). mRNA from both NG108-15 cells and rat uterus was fractionated on sucrose gradients. This resulted in an approximately five-fold increase in the size of the response compared to that given by unfractionated mRNA. The largest responses were given by mRNA fractions with a size of approximately 4.5 kb. Data were obtained consistent with the expression of both B1 and B2 receptors by WI38 human fibroblasts and with the expression of only the B2 type of receptor by NG108-15 cells.     

Expression of epithelial Na channels in Xenopus oocytes

Epithelial Na channel activity was expressed in oocytes from Xenopus laevis after injection of mRNA from A6 cells, derived from Xenopus kidney. Poly A(+) RNA was extracted from confluent cell monolayers grown on either plastic or permeable supports. 1-50 ng RNA was injected into stage 5-6 oocytes. Na channel activity was assayed as amiloride- sensitive current (INa) under voltage-clamp conditions 1-3 d after injection. INa was not detectable in noninjected or water-injected oocytes. This amiloride-sensitive pathway induced by the mRNA had a number of characteristics in common with that in epithelial cells, including (a) high selectivity for Na over K, (b) high sensitivity to amiloride with an apparent K1 of approximately 100 nM, (c) saturation with respect to external Na with an apparent Km of approximately 10 mM, and (d) a time-dependent activation of current with hyperpolarization of the oocyte membrane. Expression of channel activity was temperature dependent, being slow at 19 degrees C but much more rapid at 25 degrees C. Fractionation of mRNA on a sucrose density gradient revealed that the species of RNA inducing channel activity had a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 17 S. Treatment of filter-grown cells with 300 nM aldosterone for 24 h increased Na transport in the A6 cells by up to fivefold but did not increase the ability of mRNA isolated from those cells to induce channel activity in oocytes. The apparent abundance of mRNA coding for channel activity was 10-fold less in cells grown on plastic than in those grown on filters, but was increased two- to threefold by aldosterone.     

注射热损伤大鼠纹状mRNA的爪蟾卵母细胞对多巴胺的反应

将从下沉大鼠和热损伤大鼠的中枢纹状体提取的ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）＾＋ｍＲＮＡ,注入非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达。用电生理方法检测多巴胺诱发的膜电位和电流的变化,分析热损伤对中枢多巴胺受体表达的影响。结果表明,注射大鼠纹状体ｍＲＮＡ后,卵母细胞的静息电位与注射 前没有变化,但多巴胺能诱发膜电流。经验证,此受体电流的主要载流离子是Ｃ１＾－。注射热务大鼠纹状体ｍＲＮＡ的卵母细胞对多巴胺反应的敏感性降低,与正常大鼠组相比     

Association of the epithelial sodium channel with Apx and alpha-spectrin in A6 renal epithelial cells.

Recent molecular cloning of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) provides the opportunity to identify ENaC-associated proteins that function in regulating its cell surface expression and activity. We have examined whether ENaC is associated with Apx (apical protein Xenopus) and the spectrin-based membrane cytoskeleton in Xenopus A6 renal epithelial cells. We have also addressed whether Apx is required for the expression of amiloride-sensitive Na(+) currents by cloned ENaC. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of A6 cell detergent extracts showed co-sedimentation of xENaC, alpha-spectrin, and Apx. Immunoblot analysis of proteins co-immunoprecipitating under high stringency conditions from peak Xenopus ENaC/Apx-containing gradient fractions indicate that ENaC, Apx, and alpha-spectrin are associated in a macromolecular complex. To examine whether Apx is required for the functional expression of ENaC, alphabetagamma mENaC cRNAs were coinjected into Xenopus oocytes with Apx sense or antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. The two-electrode voltage clamp technique showed there was a marked reduction in amiloride-sensitive current in oocytes coinjected with antisense oligonucleotides when to compared with oocytes coinjected with sense oligonucleotides. These studies indicate that ENaC is associated in a macromolecular complex with Apx and alpha-spectrin in A6 cells and suggest that Apx is required for the functional expression of ENaC in Xenopus epithelia.     

Characteristics of the Na+/K+-ATPase from Torpedo californica expressed in Xenopus oocytes: a combination of tracer flux measurements with electrophysiological measurements

The Na+/K+-ATPase from electroplax of Torpedo californica was incorporated into the plasma membrane of Xenopus oocytes by microinjection of mRNA coding for the alpha- and beta-subunit of the enzyme; the mRNAs were obtained by in vitro translation of cloned cDNAs (Noguchi et al. (1988) FEBS Lett. 225, 27-32). (1) Measurements of ouabain-sensitive membrane current revealed that the Na+/K+-ATPase of Torpedo is less sensitive to ouabain than the endogenous enzyme. (2) The ouabain-sensitive membrane currents in mRNA-injected oocytes exhibit similar voltage dependence as the currents generated by the endogenous ATPase of Xenopus oocytes; in particular, the current-voltage relation exhibits a maximum and a negative slope at potentials more positive than +20 mV. (3) A maximum can also be detected if the rate of 22Na+ efflux is determined under different voltage-clamp conditions. If membrane current and rate of Na+2 efflux are determined simultaneously, a voltage-independent ratio between current and flux is obtained suggesting voltage-independent Na+-K+ stoichiometry. The data are compatible with a 3Na+-2K+ stoichiometry.     

Functional expression of urea channels in amphibian oocytes injected with frog urinary bladder mRNA.

In amphibian urinary bladder epithelium, vasopressin increases passive urea permeability, concomitant with the appearance of a facilitated urea transport. Amphibian oocytes from Xenopus laevis and Rana esculenta were microinjected with total or fractionated poly(A+) RNA isolated from frog urinary bladder epithelial cells. After several (3-5) days at 18 degrees C, the urea flux was assayed by measuring the uptake and efflux of [14C]urea in water-injected and mRNA-injected oocytes. A 2 to 3-fold increase of urea transport was detected in oocytes injected either with total mRNA or with a 6-10 kilobase mRNA fraction, when compared with water-injected oocytes. This expression of urea channels was inhibited by 0.1 mM phloretin (50% inhibition) and 0.1 mM nitrophenylthiourea (up to 70% inhibition). On the contrary, no expression was detected in brain mRNA-injected oocytes. These results show the specific functional expression of the phloretin- and NPTU-sensitive urea channel (or carrier) from frog urinary bladder epithelial cells, providing an approach for the expression cloning of these urea channels.     

Expression of RNA isolated from the water-shunting complex of a sap-sucking insect increases the membrane permeability for water in Xenopus oocytes.

The highly specialized membranes of the filter chamber found in the digestive tract of some homopteran insects could represent a favorable material for characterizing water channels. In order to demonstrate that membrane proteins of this epithelial complex serve as water channels, we have investigated the membrane permeability for water in Xenopus oocytes injected with RNA isolated from the filter chamber. Volumes of oocytes injected with filter chamber RNA were increased by 15% following a 16-min osmotic shock, while volumes of oocytes injected with RNA from midgut not of filter chamber or with water were increased only by 8.5 and 10%, respectively. This significant difference in oocyte swelling leads us to conclude that RNA isolated from the filter chamber contains mRNA coding for water channel proteins.     

Expression of Size-Selected RNA Encoding Brain Serotonin Transporter in Xenopus laevis Oocytes

The mRNA that encodes a serotonin transporter was expressed using the Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system. Poly(A)+ RNA isolated from mouse brainstem was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes, and the ability of oocytes to take up serotonin was measured 3 days postinjection. RNA-dependent serotonin uptake was sensitive to citalopram, a specific inhibitor of serotonin uptake, whereas background levels of serotonin uptake were not citalopram sensitive. Two RNA size fractions, 4.0 and 4.5 kb, were most efficient in stimulating uptake. Injection into Xenopus laevis oocytes of the 4.5-kb size fraction of mouse brainstem RNA resulted in threefold more serotonin uptake than did injection of unfractionated poly(A)+ RNA.