腺苷在低氧适应家兔脑血流调节中的作用

本研究观察了腺苷在低氧适应家兔脑血流(CBF)调节中的作用。结果表明:缺氧时适应组CBF改变不明显,对照组CBF明显增加;缺氧时适应组脑腺苷的含量明显低于对照组,而脑腺苷酸的含量明显高于对照组;适应组脑微血管对腺苷的反应与对照组相近。提示缺氧时低氧适应家兔CBF改变不明显,同低氧适应后脑腺苷含量较低、腺苷酸含量较高有关。     

急性低氧与间断低氧适应对家兔局部血流分布的影响

本实验目的在于探讨急性低氧和间断低氧适应对局部血流分布的影响。我们将26只家兔分为急性低氧,低氧适应和常氧对照三组。在麻醉状态下用放射性标记的蟾蜍红细胞分别测定左心室、双侧肾、双侧肾上腺的血流量;并分区测定了大脑皮质、海马、丘脑下部、脑干的局部脑血流。吸入10％低氧混合气1小时后,急性低氧组脑局部、左心室、肾上腺的血流显著高于对照。经2周间断低氧适应后,低氧适应组脑局部(脑干除外)、左心室、肾上腺的血流下降。两组动物低氧时的肾血流变化不明显。结果提示,2周间断低氧适应能改变局部血流分布,血流的再分布有利于改善机体的抗低氧能力。     

低氧对大鼠颈动脉体培养细胞膜电位及输入阻抗的影响

本文采用离体培养的大鼠颈动脉体主细胞(glomus cell)的细胞群体和单细胞的标本,观察了不同程度的低氧对细胞膜电位(MP)和输入阻抗(Ri)的影响。在常氧(20％O_2,5％CO_2,75％N_2)条件下培养的细胞(常氧细胞)暴露在常氧中测得的MP和Ri值为对照值。当常氧细胞暴露在低氧(10％O_2,5％CO_2,85％N_2)时,MP幅度有的增加(超极化),有的减少(去极化),MP值增加和减少的细胞数各占细胞总数的百分比大体相同,当暴露在100％N_2中时,MP增加的细胞百分数明显高于MP减少的细胞百分数。在低氧条件下培养的细胞(低氧细胞),暴露在常氧中测得的MP和Ri值与对照值比较无显著性差别,但是,当低氧细胞暴露在低氧中时MP和Ri的值均明显增加(MP:P<0.01,Ri:P<0.05)。结果提示:颈动脉体的glomus细胞可能在感受pO_2变化中起重要作用。     

家兔缺氧后脑中血管活性肠肽含量的变化

本实验采用雄性青紫蓝家兔32只,随机分为急性缺氧组(模拟海拔5000m,2h)、低氧适应组(模拟海拔5000m,2周)和对照组。用放射免疫分析法分别测定了海平和模拟缺氧后大脑皮层、下丘脑和海马三个部位血管活性肠肽含量的变化。测定结果表明,急性缺氧组所测三个部位的血管活性肠肽含量较海平对照均有增高,其中下丘脑的含量自对照的12.1±1.1ng/g增至21.1±2.9ng/g(p<0.05),海马的含量自35.7±2.6ng/g增至45.9±1.7ng(p<0.01)。适应组三个部位的血管活性肠肽含量虽略高于对照,但均无统计学意义。这一结果与前人报道的在相应低氧条件下脑血流变化规律是吻合的。因此我们推测血管活性肠肽在缺氧条件下对脑血流的调节可能起重要作用。     

低氧预适应小鼠皮层Bcl-2和Caspase-3的表达变化

本文旨在探讨小鼠皮层Bcl-2和Caspase-3在低氧预适应脑保护中的作用.将Bib/c近交系小鼠随机分为对照组、低氧组和低氧预适应组,用免疫荧光和激光共聚焦显微镜等技术测定皮层顶叶Bcl-2和Caspase-3表达荧光强度和阳性细胞计数.结果显示,低氧组和低氧预适应组Bcl-2表达均显著高于对照组,低氧预适应组又显著高于低氧组.低氧组和低氧预适应组Caspase-3表达均显著高于对照组,但低氧预适应组显著低于低氧组.结果表明,低氧预适应过程中,小鼠皮层脑区通过Bcl-2高表达和Caspase-3低表达抵御皮层细胞凋亡,从而参与脑保护机制.     

埃他卡林对低氧暴露大鼠脑和肺微动脉选择性扩张作用

目的:研究低氧暴露对大鼠脑和肺微动脉内皮功能的影响以及埃他卡林(Ipt)对以上微动脉的扩张作用特征。方法:将雄性SD大鼠随机分为2组,常压常氧组(control)和低氧暴露组(hypoxic),后者置于常压低氧暴露舱内(O27.8%)8 h。分离大鼠管径为(204±5)μm的脑基底动脉、肺微动脉组织,利用DMT微血管张力测定仪在6nmol/L内皮素-1(ET-1)致血管预收缩条件下,利用乙酰胆碱(ACh)考察微动脉内皮功能及观察不同浓度Ipt对脑和肺微动脉张力变化的影响。结果:与常压常氧组对比,10-5 mol/L乙酰胆碱(ACh)对低氧暴露脑肺微动脉扩张率显著降低(P0.05);新型ATP敏感性钾通道开放剂Ipt在(10-11~10-3)mol/L对低氧暴露肺微动脉呈剂量依赖性扩张作用,明显强于对常压常氧组(P0.01),在(10-11~10-3)mol/L对低氧暴露脑微动脉呈剂量依赖性扩张作用,但与常压常氧组相比无显著差异。结论:低氧暴露可导致脑基底动脉和肺微动脉内皮功能受损,Ipt具有选择性增强扩张低氧暴露肺微动脉的作用,但不影响以上条件低氧暴露后脑基底动脉的扩张作用,提示该药可应用于改善低氧暴露所致的肺微血管收缩,为Ipt发展为新型治疗肺动脉高压的药物提供理论基础。     

内质网过度应激介导低氧高二氧化碳肺动脉高压大鼠的脑损伤

本文旨在研究过度内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)在低O_2高CO_2性肺动脉高压(hypoxia hypercapnia induced pulmonary hypertension,HHPH)大鼠脑损伤中的作用。雄性SD大鼠40只,采用随机数字表法分为4组(n=10):对照组、低O_2高CO_2组、ERS通路激动剂衣霉素(tunicamycin,TM)组、ERS通路抑制剂4-苯基丁酸(4-phenylbutyric acid,4-PBA)组。对照组置于常氧环境中饲养,其余三组置于低O_2高CO_2氧舱中(8.5%~11% O_2、5%~6% CO_2)饲养4周。TM组和4-PBA组大鼠分别腹腔注射TM(0.08 mg/kg,一周两次)和4-PBA(每天80 mg/kg),低O_2高CO_2组腹腔注射等体积的生理盐水。4周后对大鼠进行手术,记录肺动脉平均压后进行心脏灌流,结束后开颅并快速取脑组织检测脑含水量,光镜下观察脑组织形态学变化,TUNEL法检测脑细胞凋亡指数,分光光度计法检测脑组织中Caspase-3酶活性,RT-PCR和Western blot检测磷酸化c-Jun氨基末端激酶(phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase JNK,p-JNK)、Caspase-12、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein,CHOP)、葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose regulated protein 78 kDa,GRP78)mRNA及蛋白表达水平。结果显示:与对照组相比,其余3组肺动脉平均压、脑含水量、细胞凋亡指数、Caspase-3酶活性、p-JNK、Caspase-12、CHOP、GRP78蛋白及mRNA均有升高(P0.05),组织形态学结构亦有明显的损伤性变化;与低O_2高CO_2组比较,TM组的肺动脉平均压、脑含水量、细胞凋亡指数、Caspase-3酶活性、p-JNK、Caspase-12、CHOP和GRP78蛋白及mRNA均有增高(P0.05),脑组织结构损伤性的变化亦有明显加重,而4-PBA组以上变化均有减轻(P0.05)。上述结果提示,过度ERS可能参与了HHPH引起的脑组织损伤,抑制ERS有望减轻脑损伤。     

低氧预适应大鼠脑脊液减轻氧糖剥夺对培养新生鼠海马神经元的损伤及可能的机制

本文旨在观察低氧预适应(hypoxic preconditioning,HPC) Wistar大鼠脑脊液对新生鼠海马神经元氧糖剥夺(oxygen glucose deprivation,OGD)损伤的影响及机制.原代培养大鼠新生鼠(出生12 h)海马神经元,随机分为正常对照组、OGD组(OGD培养1.5 h)、正常脑脊...     

低氧预处理对新生大鼠脑低氧缺血时海马区Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响

目的：观察低氧预处理对新生大鼠脑低氧缺血时海马区Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响,探讨低氧预处理对新生大鼠脑低氧缺血损伤的保护机制。方法：7日龄新生SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、低氧缺血组（HIBD组）和低氧预处理组（HPC＋HIBD组）。采用免疫组织化学方法,检测各组脑组织海马区Bcl-2和Bax表达的变化。结果：与正常对照组、假手术组相比．HIBD组和HPC＋HIBD组海马区Bcl-2蛋白和Bax蛋白表达明显增多;与HIBD组相比,HPC＋HIBD组海马区Bcl-2蛋白表达明显增多,Bax蛋白表达明显减少。结论：低氧预处理后Bcl-2表达上调,Bax表达下调,可能是其保护随后脑低氧缺血损伤的机制之一。     

急性低氧对高原土生动物藏系绵羊血气的影响

为了探讨急性低氧时藏系绵羊(Ovis aries)的血气特点,揭示其低氧适应机制,将7只雄性藏系绵羊和5只雄性移居绵羊分别置于高低压氧舱内,测定模拟海拔0、2 300和4 500 m时各动物清醒状态下的血气指标。用热稀释法测定心输出量。使用血气分析仪和EG7血样板,测定动脉及混合静脉血的血气指标,按Ficks方法计算氧耗量。结果显示,随着模拟海拔高度的升高,藏羊和移居羊的动静脉血氧饱和度(So2)、氧分压(Po2)、二氧化碳分压(Pco2)都呈明显下降趋势(P<0.05),血红蛋白浓度(Hb)、血液pH、心输出量及氧耗量虽无明显的差异性改变,但它们在4 500 m处的绝对值是增加的。在相同海拔,藏羊的Hb明显低于移居羊(P<0.05),4 500 m时藏羊的动脉血氧饱和度(Sao2)及组织摄氧量显著高于移居羊(P<0.05)。表明藏羊在急性低氧时表现出的高Sao2及高组织摄氧量,低Hb、低pH是它适应高原低氧的生理基础。     

Influence of adenosine on cerebral blood flow during hypoxic hypoxia in the newborn piglet

This study investigated the role of adenosine in the regulation of neonatal cerebral blood flow (CBF) during moderate (arterial PO2 = 47 +/- 9 Torr) and severe (arterial PO2 = 25 +/- 4 Torr) hypoxia. Twenty-eight anesthetized and ventilated newborn piglets were assigned to four groups: 8 were injected intravenously with the vehicle (controls, group 1); 13 received an intravenous injection of 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT), a potent adenosine receptor blocker, either 4 mg/kg (group 2, n = 6, mean cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels less than 1 mg/l) or 8 mg/kg (group 3, n = 7, mean CSF levels less than 3.5 mg/l); and 7 received an intracerebroventricular injection of 10 micrograms 8-PT (group 4). During normoxia, CBF was not altered by vehicle or 8-PT injections. In group 1, 10 min of moderate and severe hypoxia increased total CBF by 112 +/- 36 and 176 +/- 28% (SE), respectively. Compared with controls, the cerebral hyperemia during moderate hypoxia was not altered in group 2, attenuated in group 3 (to 53 +/- 13%, P = NS), and completely blocked in group 4 (P less than 0.01). CBF increase secondary to severe hypoxia was attenuated only in group 4 (74 +/- 29%, P less than 0.05). CSF concentrations of adenosine and adenosine metabolites measured by high-performance liquid chromatography increased during hypoxia. Arterial O2 content was inversely correlated (P less than 0.005) to maximal CSF levels of adenosine (r = 0.73), inosine (r = 0.87), and hypoxanthine (r = 0.80).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Variations in prostaglandin E content in the arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid under conditions of hypo- and hypercapnia

A marked increase in the prostaglandin E (PGE) content in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the arterial blood of cats was observed under conditions of 3-minute hypocapnia. During 30-minute hypocapnia a restoration of the initial PGE level was seen. The PGE content in CSF increased while in the arterial blood it decreased comparatively to the control under conditions of 3-minute hypercapnia. In 30-minute hypercapnia the PGE amount in the CSF and the blood dropped in comparison with 3-minute hypercapnia being below the basal level in the blood. It is suggested that in hypocapnia PGE should limit its constrictive effect on the cerebral vessels while under conditions of hypercapnia they are to promote the realization of the cerebral vessel reaction to CO2.     

Hypercapnia and response of cerebral blood flow to hypoxia in newborn lambs

Individual effects of hypoxic hypoxia and hypercapnia on the cerebral circulation are well described, but data on their combined effects are conflicting. We measured the effect of hypoxic hypoxia on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral O2 consumption during normocapnia (arterial PCO2 = 33 +/- 2 Torr) and during hypercapnia (60 +/- 2 Torr) in seven pentobarbital-anesthetized lambs. Analysis of variance showed that neither the magnitude of the hypoxic CBF response nor cerebral O2 consumption was significantly related to the level of arterial PCO2. To determine whether hypoxic cerebral vasodilation during hypercapnia was restricted by reflex sympathetic stimulation we studied an additional six hypercapnic anesthetized lambs before and after bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglion. Sympathectomy had no effect on base-line CBF during hypercapnia or on the CBF response to hypoxic hypoxia. We conclude that the effects of hypoxic hypoxia on CBF and cerebral O2 consumption are not significantly altered by moderate hypercapnia in the anesthetized lamb. Furthermore, we found no evidence that hypercapnia results in a reflex increase in sympathetic tone that interferes with the ability of cerebral vessels to dilate during hypoxic hypoxia.     

Ventilatory and arousal responses of sleeping lambs to respiratory challenges: effect of prenatal maternal anemia.

We have examined the effects of exposure to chronic maternal anemia, throughout the final one-third of gestation, on postnatal ventilatory and arousal responses to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and combined hypoxia-hypercapnia in sleeping lambs. While resting quietly awake, lambs from anemic ewes had higher arterial PCO(2) levels than control animals during the first 2-3 postnatal wk, but pH, arterial PO(2), and arterial O(2) saturation were not different. During active and quiet sleep lambs from anemic ewes had higher end-tidal CO(2) levels than control animals when breathing room air and at the time of spontaneous arousal or when aroused by progressive hypercapnia or by combined hypoxia-hypercapnia. Ventilation and arterial O(2) saturation during uninterrupted sleep and ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia (inspiratory O(2) fraction, 10%), progressive hypercapnia, and combined hypoxia/hypercapnia were not significantly affected by exposure to maternal anemia. Our findings show that maternal anemia results in elevated PCO(2) levels in the offspring. This effect may be due, at least in part, to altered pulmonary function.     

Regional cerebral blood flow measurement in rats with radioactive microspheres

The effect of the method of heart catheterization on the measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) with radioactive microspheres was evaluated during various experimental procedures in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Catheters were inserted into the left ventricle via the right carotid or right subclavian artery or directly into the left atrium for microsphere injections. CBF was measured in cerebral cortical and subcortical tissues under control anesthetized (70 % N₂O, 30 % O₂), hypoxic or hypercapnic test conditions. Under control conditions, CBF was similar in the right vs the left cerebral hemisphere in subclavian artery and atrial catheterized rats but was greater in the left vs the right cortex in carotid catheterized animals (p<.05). During hypoxia and hypercapnia CBF increased equally in both cerebral hemispheres in atrial catheterized rats. The increase in CBF was significantly attenuated in the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to carotid catheterization during hypoxia and hypercapnia, although the percentage increase in flow was similar in both hemispheres. The results indicate the limitations of measuring regional CBF changes under experimental test conditions in rats with a ligated carotid artery and suggest that atrial catheterization is the method of choice when comparable changes in CBF are desired in both cerebral hemispheres.     

The role of prostacyclin in the hypercapnic and hypoxic cerebrovascular dilations

The cerebral blood flow (CBF H/A) and the production of a stable prostacyclin metabolite, 6-Keto PGF 1 alpha ( 6KPGF ) was studied in 5 baboons in control, hypercapnic and hypoxic conditions. In steady-state conditions CBF H/A was measured by the clearance of an intra-arterial bolus injection of 133xenon and arterial and cerebral venous blood was sampled for assay of 6KPGF by radioimmunoassay. Both hypercapnia and hypoxia significantly increased CBF H/A and both increments were abolished by indomethacin. However, only hypoxia showed an increased 6KPGF production. Thus, hypoxia, but not hypercapnia, appears to produce cerebral vasodilation by increasing prostacyclin production.     

Hypercapnia does not affect functional residual capacity enlargement induced by chronic hypoxia

To determine whether changes in partial pressure of CO2 participate in mechanism enlarging the lung functional residual capacity (FRC) during chronic hypoxia, we measured FRC and ventilation in rats exposed either to poikilocapnic (group H, F(I)O2 0.1, F(I)CO2 <0.01) or hypercapnic (group H+CO2, F(I)O2 0.1, F(I)CO2 0.04-0.05) hypoxia for the three weeks and in the controls (group C) breathing air. At the end of exposure a body plethysmograph was used to measure ventilatory parameters (V'(E), f(R), V(T)) and FRC during air breathing and acute hypoxia (10 % O2 in N2). The exposure to hypoxia for three weeks increased FRC measured during air breathing in both experimental groups (H: 3.0+/-0.1 ml, H+CO2: 3.1+/-0.2 ml, C: 1.8+/-0.2 ml). During the following acute hypoxia, we observed a significant increase of FRC in the controls (3.2+/-0.2 ml) and in both experimental groups (H: 3.5+/-0.2 ml, H+CO2: 3.6+/-0.2 ml). Because chronic hypoxia combined with chronic hypercapnia and chronic poikilocapnic hypoxia induced the same increase of FRC, we conclude that hypercapnia did not participate in the FRC enlargement during chronic hypoxia.     

Effects of five consecutive nocturnal hypoxic exposures on the cerebrovascular responses to acute hypoxia and hypercapnia in humans.

The effects of discontinuous hypoxia on cerebrovascular regulation in humans are unknown. We hypothesized that five nocturnal hypoxic exposures (8 h/day) at a simulated altitude of 4,300 m (inspired O2 fraction = approximately 13.8%) would elicit cerebrovascular responses that are similar to those that have been reported during chronic altitude exposures. Twelve male subjects (26.6 +/- 4.1 yr, mean +/- SD) volunteered for this study. The technique of end-tidal forcing was used to examine cerebral blood flow (CBF) and regional cerebral O2 saturation (Sr(O2)) responses to acute variations in O2 and CO2 twice before, immediately after, and 5 days after the overnight hypoxic exposures. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound was used to assess CBF, and near-infrared spectroscopy was used to assess Sr(O2). Throughout the nocturnal hypoxic exposures, end-tidal Pco2 decreased (P < 0.001) whereas arterial O2 saturation increased (P < 0.001) compared with overnight normoxic control measurements. Symptoms associated with altitude illness were significantly greater than control values on the first night (P < 0.001) and second night (P < 0.01) of nocturnal hypoxia. Immediately after the nocturnal hypoxic intervention, the sensitivity of CBF to acute variations in O2 and CO2 increased 116% (P < 0.01) and 33% (P < 0.05), respectively, compared with control values. Sr(O2) was highly correlated with arterial O2 saturation (R2 = 0.94 +/- 0.04). These results show that discontinuous hypoxia elicits increases in the sensitivity of CBF to acute variations in O2 and CO2, which are similar to those observed during chronic hypoxia.     

不同缺氧时间大鼠脑组织中腺苷和血管活性肠肽含量的变化

本实验采用大鼠40只,雌雄各半,随机分为海平对照、缺氧即刻、缺氧20min和缺氧60min 4组。缺氧在低压舱中进行,模拟海拔高度为8000m。用放免和HPLC法分别测定了4组动物脑组织中腺苷、AMP和血管活性肠肽(VIP)含量的变化。结果表明,3个缺氧组腺苷水平明显高于海平对照组(66.98±4.52μg/g),以缺氧即刻组为最高(108.15±10.59μg/g,P<0.01)。脑组织中VIP含量,海平对照组为46.15±3.83pmol/g,缺氧即刻略有下降,以后逐渐上升,至缺氧60min时达67.75±3.11pmol/g,明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。推测二者与缺氧时脑血流增加有关。