2020年中国蜘蛛分类年报

本文总结了2020年发表的中国蜘蛛新分类单元和中国分类学者发表的国外蜘蛛新分类单元。基于国内标本, 2020年共发表中国蜘蛛223个新分类单元, 其中中国学者在12种期刊的56篇文章中命名了1新亚科、12新属和201新种, 国外学者命名了9新种, 合计210新种。云南是发现新种数量最多的省份, 占全国发现新种总数的38.1%。基于缅甸等12个国家标本, 2020年中国分类学者发表了外国蜘蛛95个新分类单元, 包括2新科、7新属和86新种。本文还总结了过去5年中国分类学者对全球蜘蛛分类的贡献, 2016‒2020年有1位中国学者发表771个新分类单元。     

广东省稻田生态系统中蜘蛛群落多样性研究

采用吸虫器法对稻田生态系统中的稻田与非稻田生境中的蜘蛛群落多样性进行了系统调查，共采集到捕食性蜘蛛81种，隶属于15个科、44个属。其中稻田与非稻田生境有40个共有种。八斑鞘蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛、类水狼蛛是稻田生境与非稻田生境所共有的3种优势种蜘蛛。     

中国狼逍遥蛛属1新种2新纪录种记述（蜘蛛目：逍遥蛛科）

记述分布于内蒙古的逍遥蛛科蜘蛛1新种:武川狼逍遥蛛Thannatus wuchuanensis sp.nov和2中国新纪录种:北极狼逍遥蛛Thanatus arctivus Thorell,1872;草原狼逍遥蛛Thanatus stepposus Logunov,1996.     

内蒙古繁缕属的分类研究

本文是在内蒙古现行政范围内,记载了17种、3变种、1变型,其中发现新种1个——S.bistyla Y.Z.Zhao,内蒙古的新分布记录2种——S.amblyosepala Schrenk.、S.petraea Bunge。此外,文中指出,《东北草本植物志》第3卷中把S.jaluana Nakai并入S.fili-caulis Makino是不妥当的,这是两个明显不同的种。     

中国学者在越南发现大量蜘蛛新物种

2010年2月26日,动物分类学权威刊物Zootaxa发表了中国科学院动物研究所李枢强实验室报道的21种蜘蛛新种。在越南北部3个国家公园中,通过1年多的持续调查,共发现23种隙蛛亚科蜘蛛,其中21种被证实是科学上新发现的新物种。据悉,其它2个已知种也是中国学者近年才报道的。     

丘陵地区果园及其边界蜘蛛群落结构的动态研究

2001年4月～10月用陷阱法对莱阳丘陵苹果园、桃园和二者边界进行了定点调查,初步鉴定该区游猎性蜘蛛群落有8科19种,其中优势种依次为狼蛛科Lycosidae、逍遥蛛科Philodromidae、蟹蛛科Thomisidae和平腹蛛科Gnaphosidae。对3个生境的蜘蛛群落研究表明,（1）各生境各季节蜘蛛群落组成不同;蜘蛛群落多样性、丰富度均有差异。（2）早春季节蜘蛛主要栖息在边界;随边界植株的长高,蜘蛛迁向两侧的苹果园和桃园中,其生态位开始分离。（3）农事操作后,边界可作为蜘蛛的保护场所聚集部分蜘蛛。通过对蜘蛛群落多样性的分析,提出了应将每年的5月和8月作为蜘蛛的重点保护时期,尤应加强边界的保护。     

甘肃数种蟹蛛（蜘蛛目：蟹蛛科）记述

记述采自甘肃文县和武都县的蟹蛛科蜘蛛５种,其中包括３新种和２种雌蛛新发现。     

山西历山国家级自然保护区蜘蛛名录

在经过多年野外调查、采集、室内显微鉴定的基础上,本课题组将采自山西历山国家级自然保护区已定名的蜘蛛种类名录整理于下,共包括18科45属71种,其中包括2个大陆新记录种,1个山西新纪录科,9个山西新纪录属,26个山西新记录种.     

中国格蛛属三种蜘蛛的描述(蜘蛛目,球蛛科)

描述了3种中国格蛛,其中有两新种:亚洲格蛛Coscinida asiatica Zhu et Zhang,1992;湖南格蛛Coscinida hunanensis sp.nov.;石门格蛛Coscinida shimenensis sp.nov..文中记述了3种蜘蛛的分类学特征,并附有详尽的鉴别特征图.     

新疆、青海、内蒙古3省区被子植物分布新记录

该文报道了中国新疆、青海、内蒙古3个省区的植物新分布记录,包括2个省级新分布记录属和6个省级新分布记录种。其中陌上菜属（Lindernia Allioni）为新疆新记录属;薄果荠属（Hornungia Borb Reichenbach）为内蒙古新记录属。短茎岩黄芪（HedysarumsetigerumTurczaninowexFischeretC. A. Meyer）、帕米尔四齿芥（TetracmepamiricaVassilcz.）和陌上菜[Lindernia procumbens (Krocker) Borbas]为新疆新记录种;密毛肋果沙棘（Hippophae neurocarpa subsp. stellatopilosa Y. S.Lianetal.exSwensonetBartish）为青海新记种;薄果荠[Hornungiaprocumbens (Linnaeus)Hayek]和粗穗赖草（Leymus crassiusculus L. B. Cai）为内蒙古新记录种。凭证标本存放于内蒙古大学植物标本馆（HIMC）中。     

The characteristics of the anxiolytic action of benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine tranquilizers in different tests of anxiety]

In experiments on rats the presence or absence was studied of the phenomenon of potentiation of anxiolytic action, estimated by the time of the animal stay in the light part of the chamber in tests of avoidance of "the lighted ground" or "menacing situation" at combined application of the pairs of substances of benzodiasepine and non-benzodiasepine series (elenium, indoter, campiron and campironin). Spectra of their neurochemical activity were determined in experiments on neurones of isolated spinal ganglia of rats with intracellular biopotentials records. It has been established that GABA-potentiating action of indoter and elenium, dopamine-negative action of campiron and campironin are significant in their anxiolytic action in the states of alarm of aversive genesis of different modalities. Serotoninmimetic effect of non-diasepine tranquilizers is of functional significance in the test of avoidance of "the lighted ground", but not of the "menacing situation". It is suggested that differences of neurochemical mechanisms of anxiolytic action of the tested tranquilizers testify to different neurochemical profiles of the neuronal "matrices" of the studied states of alarm.     

Study of role of inhibitory interneurons in mechanisms of regulation of sensory synapses formed by thalamic and cortical inputs on pyramidal cells of the dorsolateral amygdala nucleus

The work deals with study of role of inhibitory interneurons in the process of regulation of sensory currents converging on soma of pyramidal cells of the dorsolateral amygdala nucleus as well as of role of these interneurons in mechanism of regulation of plasticity of amygdala synapses. It has been shown that the part of the spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents recorded on the dorsolateral amygdala pyramidal cells is relatively high and amounts to about a half of the total amount of the recorded events. Analysis of the evoked postsynaptic responses has shown the interneurons to regulate activity and duration of these responses due to the postsynaptic membrane hyperpolarization as a result of activation of GABA_A-receptors. Also studied was role of interneurons in providing mechanisms of the long-term potentiation of the synaptic responses evoked by stimulation of cortical and thalamic inputs. Block of effect of interneurons with help of picrotoxin has been shown to lead to an increase of evoked potentiation of synaptic responses.     

The functional testing of the interhemispheric asymmetry in the spatial organization of rabbit cortical potentials]

Interhemispheric asymmetry was studied of spatial-temporal potentials organization (STPO) of the cortex in non-fixated animals in the states of deep rest, behavioural activity and in the transition period between them. Despite the intrahemispheric differences of the STPO in each of these states, interhemispheric divergences in the character of reconstructions of momentary topograms of the cortical potentials, recorded at 24-channels leading, are limited by 35% of the epoch analysis time. Comparison of the dynamics of intrahemispheric changes of topograms of cortical potentials in the left and right hemispheres in the states of rest and activity revealed a narrowing of temporal period of the absence of resemblance in reconstructions of successive topograms of the left and right hemispheres in comparison with transition processes. In the phase of rest the interhemispheric conjugation of spatial reconstructions in topograms became lowered mainly because of the disturbances of monotony of changes of their reliefs in one of the hemispheres in turn. In the active phase, deviations from STPO of the cortex, characteristic of the state of rest, were met more frequently in the right hemisphere; in that case oscillations of the topograms general mean level connected with the activity of non-specific activating subcortical brain system acquired a significant role in regulation of interhemispheric relations. Presence of interhemispheric resemblance of reconstructions of topograms reliefs in the active phase, despite the tendency to its lowering in comparison with the rest, testifies to the contribution also of the intracortical processes to the interhemispheric spatial synchronization of the cortical potentials in this state.     

Conditioning of inhibition of sympathetic nerve discharge to stimulation of A- and C-fibres in the aortic nerve

Stimulation of either A- or C-fibres in the aortic nerve inhibits sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) recorded from the renal nerve in rabbits anaesthetized with urethane. When the test inhibition of SND to stimulation of A-fibres is preceded by conditioning stimulation of the same afferents, the test response is depressed at shorter and facilitated at longer testing intervals. Facilitation of the inhibition of SND reaches 120% of control at a testing interval of 10 s. The recovery curve of inhibition of SND to activation of A-fibres has a time course of 17 s. Following conditioning activation only depression of the test inhibition of SND to stimulation of C-fibres is seen. It reaches 46% of control at an interval of 2 s and the recovery curve of inhibition of SND to stimulation of C-fibres has a time course of about 30 s. In other series of experiments the duration of the conditioning stimulation was varied while the testing intervals were fixed. At a testing interval of 2 s the reductions of the test responses are deeper and the durations of conditioning at which plateaus of depression are reached are longer with stimulation of C- than of A-fibres. Taken together with a longer recovery curve these findings suggest a more effective control of the test inhibition of SND by C-fibres. Opposite changes in the patterns of inhibition of SND to activation of either A- or C-fibres are explained by frequency-dependent post-tetanic effects of the conditioning stimulation.     

The effect of the level of consciousness on the spatial organization of cortical activity in mental processes

In the present study the influence of the level of consciousness on spatial organization of the cortical functional activity in human psychic processes was investigated. For regulation of the level of consciousness models were used of hypnotic analgesia, automatization of intellectual actions and mental activity in hypnotic state. Evaluation of the mosaic of the cortical activity was made by parameters of spatial synchronization of the potentials with topographic mapping of crosscorrelation, spectral and coherent-phasic EEG characteristics. The obtained data allow to conclude about special role of the frontal areas of the left hemisphere in the process of realization of information. It has been shown that one of the main functions in neurophysiological structure of consciousness is the selection of signals according to dominating motivation. The frontal areas of the left hemisphere control the degree of inclusion of foci of increased activity, specific and non-specific for each type of activity, and possibly, regulate the way of transformation of the information.     

Demonstration of the synthesis of hydrocarbons in animal tissues

Incubation of tissue of homogenates of peripheral nerves, liver, and subcutaneous adipose tissue of rabbits with [1-14C]palmitic acid and intraperitoneal injection of this preparation into rats, in a dose of 20 muCi per 100 g of weight of the animals, permitted establishment of the presence of enzyme systems of biosynthesis of n-alkanes in the tissues of higher animals. Evidence of the biosynthesis of n-alkanes in the animal organism represents a new aspect of our knowledge of the metabolism of this class of compounds in animal tissues.     

Cooperative properties of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase]

The structure of the active center of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the arrangement of subunits in the tetrameric molecule is delineated. The mechanism of cooperative effects in the oligomer is considered, and the involvement of various regions of the active center and of different-subunit contact area in the realization of the cooperative phenomena is discussed. A special attention is paid to the effect of NAD+ bound to one of the subunits of the tetramer on the structure of an adjacent subunit and to the problem of the participation of the coenzyme in the creation of anion-binding sites of the enzyme. The conditions of reversible dissociation of the tetrameric apoenzyme molecule into dimers are depicted, and the role of NAD+ in the organization of the quaternary structure of the dehydrogenase is discussed. The problem of catalytic activity of the dimeric form of the enzyme is argued.     

Immunoenzyme analysis of the change in the expression of class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex under the influence of interferon preparations

The interferons (IFN's) are natural regulators of the immune response. This quality of IFN depends to a large extent on their capacity to change the expression of the antigens of the second (II) class of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. The most effective modulator of the expression of the antigens of the class II MHC is beta-IFN. The aim of this work is to explore with the aid of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) peculiarities of an action of the preparations alpha- and beta-IFN's of a man on the expression of the antigens of the second class on macrophages of mice with using monoclonal antibodies to the products of subregions I-A and I-E MHC. As a result of exploration we have the following: both preparations IFN's (leukinterferon and beta-IFN) reinforce the expression of the antigens of the second class on the macrophages of mice spleens. With combined influence preparation alpha-IFN and beta-IFN show interweakened effect on the expression of the antigens of the class MHC. Exposed regularities of the expression have the same type for products of subregions I-A and I-E H-2 of mice complex. ELISA is the sensible method of determination of a level of the expression of the antigens of the class II MHC on the cell's populations.     

Reflection of the plastic properties of 2 neurons with a common monosynaptic input in the statistical characteristics of their impulse activity

Changes of cross-correlation histograms (CCH) of impulse trains and of mean interspike intervals (ISI) of neurones N1 and N2 with a common monosynaptic excitatory or inhibitory-excitatory input from N3, at changes of efficiency of interneuronal connections, neurone excitability and summate action on them of independent random afferent synaptic inflows were studied by methods of mathematical and biomathematical modelling of neuronal interaction. It was shown that the increase of amplitude of the central peak (trough) of a normalized CCH of N1-N2 accompanied by reduction of mean ISI of N1 and N2, is either a sign of an increase of the amplitude of postsynaptic potentials of N1 and N2 elicited by impulses of the nonrecorded N3 or a sign of an increase of mean ISI of N3.