稻田多种蜘蛛对褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)捕食量的数学模型及关联度研究

应用灰色系统理论研究了4种蜘蛛(拟水狼蛛、食虫瘤胸蛛、粽管巢蛛、菱头跳蛛)与褐飞虱共存系统捕食量的数学模型.对此模型的分析可以了解各天敌不同数量或者密度与褐飞虱不同密度组合下对褐飞虱捕食量的影响.应用该模型还可以预测相应时期的捕食量大小,所得预测值与实际值几乎一致.同时利用关联度来分析了系统中对褐飞虱捕食量影响最大的因素以及各蜘蛛与褐飞虱捕食量关联程度的大小.     

粽管巢蛛和拟水狼蛛对稻纵卷叶螟和稻褐飞虱捕食作用研究

应用二次正交旋转组合设计方法建立粽管巢蛛和拟水狼蛛对稻纵卷叶螟和稻褐飞虱捕食作用的数学模型。结果表明,粽管巢蛛是稻纵卷叶螟的重要天敌,粽管巢蛛和拟水狼蛛均是稻褐飞虱的重要天敌。当稻褐飞虱密度较高时,随着蜘蛛密度的增加,由于蜘蛛之间的干扰作用,导致稻褐飞虱被捕食量下降。     

稻田多种蜂蛛对褐飞虱（Nilaparvata lugens）捕食量的数学模型及关联度研究

应用灰色系统理论研究了4种蜘蛛（拟水狼蛛、粽管巢蛛、菱头跳蛛）与褐飞虱共存系统捕食量的数学模型,对此模型的分析可以了解各天敌不同数量或者密度与褐飞虱不同密度组合下对褐飞虱捕食量的影响,应用该模型还可以预测相应时期的捕食量大小,所得预测值与实际值几乎一致,同时利用关联度来分析了系统中对褐飞虱捕食量影响最大的因素以及各蜘蛛与褐飞虱捕食量关联程度的大小。     

真水狼蛛的生物学和田间种群动态研究

真水狼蛛在湖北武汉1a发生3个不完整的世代,以第2代历期最短,第3代(越冬代)历期最长。主要以亚成蛛越冬。雌、雄均可多次交配。真水狼蛛1生最多可产4个卵袋,平均2.8个,含卵量较大(平均90粒)。雌蛛有较强的护卵、护幼习性。卵的孵化率较高,平均孵化率为91.36％。真水狼蛛共蜕皮6次,有7个龄期。性比各个世代均为雌蛛多于雄蛛。真水狼蛛捕食叶蝉、飞虱等多种水稻害虫,捕食量与龄期、蜕皮和性别有关。真水狼蛛在6月5日左右开始由田埂向稻田内迁移,1a有2个发生高蜂,分析了影响真水狼蛛种群动态因素。     

稻田主要捕食性天敌的栖境生态位与捕食作用分析

本文进行了稻田捕食性天敌与稻飞虱的栖境生态位调查,并应用正交试验设计、添加试验法和排除试验法研究了?物种的栖境生态位与各天敌捕食作用的关系,结果表明：在5种灭敌与2种害虫共存系统中,天敌对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal捕食量的正主效应大小依次为： 粽管巢蛛 Clubiona aponicola、青翅蚁形隐翅虫Paederus fuscipes、前齿肖蛸Tetragnatha praedonia、食虫沟瘤蛛 Ummeliata insecticeps,拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus的负主效应值最大(随狼蛛密度增大捕食量下降);对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphlocrcis medinalis Guenee捕食量正主效应大小依次为： 粽管巢蛛、肖蛸、青翅蚁形隐翊虫。多物种共存系统中,狼蛛、微蛛、跳蛛主要捕食飞虱;肖蛸主要捕食稻纵卷叶螟;管巢蛛对两种害虫均具有较好的控制作用。这与各物种的生态位宽度值相一致。当飞虱密度在每穴10一30头时,多物种共存系统优良的生物序是拟水狼蛛、食虫瘤胸蛛、青翅蚁形隐翅虫各为l头,棕管巢蛛2头,此时天敌的控制作用最大。添加法和排除法试验结果表明在具-定数量的多物种共存系统中,再增加天敌密度不一定能增加猎物的被捕食数,其直接的生物学原因是种间种内干扰(包括种间种内残杀)     

Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在水稻-褐飞虱-拟水狼蛛食物链中转移与富集

采用ELISA方法检测了2个转cry1Ab基因水稻（Bt水稻）品系KMD1和KMD2不同生育期叶鞘内Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的含量及其通过褐飞虱和拟水狼蛛的转移和富集情况。结果表明,这2个品系中抽穗期和黄熟期叶鞘内Cry1Ab的含量均显著低于苗期、分蘖期和孕穗期,KMD1和KMD2中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白可以通过食物链转移到Bt水稻非靶标害虫褐飞虱及其天敌拟水狼蛛体内。褐飞虱在KMD1或KMD2上取食2 d后,体内均含有Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白,但连续取食2、4、6、8和10 d后,其体内含量并未因取食时间的延长而呈现明显增加的趋势。当拟水狼蛛捕食以KMD1或KMD2为食的褐飞虱时,在捕食2、4、6、8和10 d后,其体内均可检测到Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白,其含量并未随捕食时间的延长而明显上升,但均显著高于相应时间褐飞虱体内的含量。可见,该蛋白可通过水稻转移至褐飞虱,再转移至拟水狼蛛,并存在明显的富集现象,而这种富集并不随蜘蛛捕食时间的延长而加强。拟水狼蛛捕食以KMD1或KMD2为食的褐飞虱时,其捕食量未受到显著影响,其中肠酶粗提物对Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白具有明显的降解作用。     

多物种共存系统中3种蜘蛛对褐飞虱的控制作用

选择稻田生态系统中天敌蜘蛛优势种食虫沟瘤蛛（Oedothorox insecticeps)、拟水狼蛛（Pirata subpiraticus)、粽管巢蛛（Clubiona japonicola)和水稻主要害虫飞虱（Nilaparvata lugenis)组成多物种共存系统,运用二次通用旋转组合设计统计方法探讨多种蜘蛛对1种稻虫的控制作用,分析天敌之间以及天敌与害虫之间的相互作用关系,得出了天敌对害虫的捕食量模型2个。对模型进行主次分析表明,害虫自身密度的大小对天敌的捕食量影响较大。天敌中对捕食量作用最大的是粽管巢蛛,其次是拟水狼蛛,食虫沟瘤蛛的作用稍小。分析天敌间的交互作用表明,天敌个体大、活动能力强、生态位窄及其重叠值高、捕食量大,它们的种内种间干扰程度也大,特别是粽管巢蛛的种内干扰、拟水狼蛛和粽管巢蛛的种间干扰作用十分明显。最后讨论了天敌蜘蛛能有效控制害虫的最大密度,以及在该害虫密度下各种天敌密度的最佳组合。     

水对稻田蜘蛛捕食功能的影响

采用脉冲抽样法调查,将两年的田间飞虱每日被捕食量与捕食性天敌密度的资料分为有水和无水两组,分析了两种条件下飞虱被捕食量、被捕食百分率与蜘蛛密度、飞虱平均拥挤度的关系,并在室内模拟有水和无水分别进行了拟水狼蛛(Pirata subpiraticus)和食虫瘤胸蛛(Oedothorax insecticeps)对褐飞虱（Nilaparvata lugens Stal)的捕食功能反应。结果表明：飞虱被捕食百分率随飞虱平均拥挤度增加而呈递减趋势;在同一飞虱平均拥挤度时,有水时飞虱被捕食量大于无水;有水时飞虱被捕食量与水狼蛛密度呈二次抛物线型关系,水狼蛛密度在每穴1．4头时,飞虱被捕食量最大;无水时飞虱被捕食量与水狼蛛密度呈线型关系;两种条件下飞虱被捕食量与微蛛密度的关系不明显。室内功能反应同样证实了水狼蛛在有水时的捕食量大于无水,前者比后者高1．5倍,而食虫瘤胸蛛无明显差异。     

应用单克隆抗体评价拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的控制作用

应用褐飞虱的单克隆抗体 4 B8研究了 1999年浙江大学华家池校区农场汕优 6 3单季晚稻田中拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的捕食作用。采用盘拍法的调查结果表明 ,褐飞虱、拟环纹豹蛛种群数量高峰期均在水稻生长后期 (9月中旬 ) ,最大种群密度分别为12 6头 /丛和 1.83头 /丛。对每次捕获的每头拟环纹豹蛛样品的抗体夹心 EL ISA检测结果表明 ,拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱单克隆抗体的阳性反应率与田间褐飞虱的生物量及拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的占有量显著相关。定量评估结果表明 ,在此密度条件下 ,拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的最大捕食率仅为 2 .2 8%。拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的平均捕食量、总捕食量和捕食率与田间褐飞虱的生物量显著相关。总捕食量、捕食率与拟环纹豹蛛种群密度极显著相关     

利用分子探针法研究稻田蜘蛛集团对褐飞虱的捕食作用

为褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens（Stal）的绿色防控提供理论参考依据,于2011年和2012年在调查了浙江富阳不同品种稻田褐飞虱和蜘蛛的发生密度后,利用荧光定量PCR分子探针技术分析了9科27种3 807头蜘蛛对褐飞虱的捕食作用。研究结果表明,在水稻Oryza sativa L.不同生育期,稻田总的褐飞虱和蜘蛛密度等参数值均随调查时间呈规律性变化,且在调查时间点间出现了显著性差异（P<0.05）;各科蜘蛛对褐飞虱的捕食阳性率均随水稻生育期的发展呈增加趋势,整体上,狼蛛科Lycosidae、皿蛛科Linyphiidae、球腹蛛科Theridiidae、肖蛸科Tetragnathidae、跳蛛科Salticidae和园蛛科Araneidae捕食率在DAT21,DAT35和DAT77,DAT91之间有显著性差异（P<0.05）;2012年两品种稻田的褐飞虱和蜘蛛密度等参数值均显著高于2011年的值,两年间汕优63（SY63）稻田的褐飞虱和蜘蛛密度均显著高于IR64的密度;2012年各科蜘蛛对褐飞虱的捕食阳性率显著高于2011年的值（P<0.05）,且狼蛛科和球腹蛛科对褐飞虱的捕食阳性率在两品种间存在显著性差异（P<0.05）;稻田4种蜘蛛优势种拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bosenberg & Strand)、八斑球腹蛛Theridion octomaculatum (Boes. et Str.）、食虫瘤胸蛛Oedothorax insecticeps (Boes. et str.)和锥腹肖蛸Tetragnatha maxillosa (Thoren)的捕食阳性率均随褐飞虱种群密度的增加而增加,该捕食功能反应曲线可用非线性模型P=aN/(1+bN)拟合;除锥腹肖蛸外,其它3种的捕食功能反应曲线均呈饱和状态;拟环纹豹蛛捕食褐飞虱的DNA残留量显著高于八斑球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和食虫瘤胸蛛的残留量（P<0.05）。本研究结果充分说明稻田各蜘蛛类群对不同生育期、不同品种水稻的褐飞虱均具有较强的捕食作用,是生物防治策略中的重要因素,应加强田间蜘蛛的保护工作和增强自然天敌的控害功能。     

蜘蛛对稻纵卷叶螟和白背飞虱的选择捕食作用

讨论蜘蛛的主要种群拟水狼蛛、食虫瘤胸蛛、粽管巢蛛对稻纵卷叶螟、白背飞虱的选择捕食特性。由结果可见：猎物被捕食量与参试种群编码值（密度）的数量关系可由二次多项式模型技术。当取每科水稻上有稻纵卷叶螟５头,白背飞虱１０头,拟水狼蛛２头,粽管巢蛛２头,食虫瘤胸蛛２头时,蜘蛛种群对白背飞虱有较大的选择捕食比率。     

单季稻田的蜘蛛群落及其与褐飞虱的相关性研究

通过对南京地区４种不同类型单季稻田蜘蛛群落的结构及其与褐飞虱的相关性研究,结果表明,该地区蜘蛛群落由１０科２１种组成,其中草间小黑蛛、食虫瘤胸蛛、拟水狼蛛为优势种。物种丰富度、多样性化防田低于生防田,而均匀性则施药田大于不施药田。不同移栽时间的稻田,丰富度、多样性、均匀性迟栽田低于早栽田。蜘蛛与褐飞虱各发育阶段的相关性分析表明,蜘蛛与褐飞虱长翅成虫相关性好,而与低龄若虫相关性差;蜘蛛与褐飞虱的相关性主要由褐飞虱田间第１次若虫高峰时的蜘蛛量和蛛虱比决定,模拟的回归方程为：ｒ＝ － ０．１９９７＋ ０．００７５６ｘ１＋ ０．３３７１ｘ２（Ｆ＞ Ｆ０．０２３）。     

桔园内多种天敌对桔全爪螨的控制作用

本文应用二次回归旋转组合实验设计统计方法,对桔园内主要天敌食螨瓢虫(Stethorus che-ngi)、长须螨(Agistemus exsertus citri)、尼氏钝绥螨(Amblyseius nichols)和普通钝绥螨(Amb-lyseius vulgaris)对桔全爪螨(Panongchus citri)的控制作用,以及天敌与天敌之间、天敌与害螨之间的相互作用进行了研究。得出了这4种天敌对桔全爪螨的捕食量模型。并对模型进行主效分析,表明桔全爪螨自身密度的大小对天敌的总捕食量影响最大。在这4种天敌中对总的捕食量影响最大的是食螨瓢虫,其次为长须螨,尼氏钝绥螨再次之,普通钝绥螨的影响最小。对各天敌间交互作用的分析表明,天敌个体大、活动能力强、捕食量大,他们的种内种间干扰程度也大,特别是食螨瓢虫种内种间干扰十分明显。其次为长须螨,而尼氏钝绥螨和普通钝绥螨的种内种间干扰较弱,在密度较低时,他们还表现出相互促进的作用。最后本文还讨论了这4种天敌能有效地控制桔全爪螨的最大密度,以及在该密度下各种天敌密度的最佳组合。     

The Influence of Structural Complexity on Fish–zooplankton Interactions: A Study Using Artificial Submerged Macrophytes

Aquatic macrophytes produce considerable structural variation within the littoral zone and as a result the vegetation provides refuge to prey communities by hindering predator foraging activities. The behavior of planktivorous fish Pseudorasbora parva (Cyprinidae) and their zooplankton prey Daphnia pulex were quantified in a series of laboratory experiments with artificial vegetation at densities of 0, 350, 700, 1400, 2100 and 2800 stemsm^–2. Swimming speeds and foraging rates of the fish were recorded at different prey densities for all stem densities. The foraging efficiency of P. parva decreased significantly with increasing habitat complexity. This decline in feeding efficiency was related to two factors: submerged vegetation impeded swimming behavior and obstructed sight while foraging. This study separated the effects of swimming speed variation and of visual impairment, both due to stems, that led to reduced prey–predator encounters and examined how the reduction of the visual field volume may be predicted using a random encounter model.     

Predator density and competition modify the benefits of group formation in a shoaling reef fish

Synthesis Predation risk experienced by individuals living in groups depends on the balance between predator dilution, competition for refuges, and predator interference or synergy. These interactions operate between prey species as well: the benefits of group living decline in the presence of an alternative prey species. We apply a novel model‐fitting approach to data from field experiments to distinguish among competing hypotheses about shifts in predator foraging behavior across a range of predator and prey densities. Our study provides novel analytical tools for analyzing predator foraging behavior and offers insight into the processes driving the dynamics of coral reef fish. Studies of predator foraging behavior typically focus on single prey species and fixed predator densities, ignoring the potential importance of complexities such as predator dilution; predator‐mediated effects of alternative prey; heterospecific competition; or predator–predator interactions. Neglecting the effects of prey density is particularly problematic for prey species that live in mixed species groups, where the beneficial effects of predator dilution may swamp the negative effects of heterospecific competition. Here we use field experiments to investigate how the mortality rates of a shoaling coral reef fish (a wrasse: Thalassoma amblycephalum), change as a result of variation in: 1) conspecific density, 2) density of a predator (a hawkfish: Paracirrhites arcatus), and 3) presence of an alternative prey species that competes for space (a damselfish: Pomacentrus pavo). We quantify changes in prey mortality rates from the predator's perspective, examining the effects of added predators or a second prey species on the predator's functional response. Our analysis highlights a model‐fitting approach that discriminates amongst multiple hypotheses about predator foraging in a community context. Wrasse mortality decreased with increasing conspecific density (i.e. mortality was inversely density‐dependent). The addition of a second predator doubled prey mortality rates, without significantly changing attack rate or handling time – i.e. there was no evidence for predator interference. The presence of a second prey species increased wrasse mortality by 95%; we attribute this increase either to short‐term apparent competition (predator aggregation) or to a decrease in handling time of the predator (e.g. through decreased wrasse vigilance). In this system, 1) prey benefit from intraspecific group living though a reduced predation risk, and 2) the benefit of group living is reduced in the presence of an alternative prey species.     

特征根回归法在稻田捕食性天敌捕食量分析中的应用

应用特征根回归法建立和拟水狼蛛（Pirta subpiraticus),食虫瘤胸蛛（Oedothorax insecticeps),粽管巢蛛（Clubiona japonicola)和菱头跳蛛（Bianor hotingchiehi)4种蜘蛛与竭飞虱（Nlaparvata lugens)共存系统捕食量的特征根回归模型：y=6.6600 6.3399(-0.0138X1^* 0.0895X2^* 0.0078X3^*-0.1067X4^* 0.6742X5^*)。以此模型对蜘蛛捕食量进行了模拟或预测分析,并同LS回归方法进行了比较。结果表明,特征根回归法可用于蜘蛛对褐飞虱捕食量的定量分析,比LS回归方法提高精度10％。     

鱼群中饥饿个体比例和模拟捕食风险对德玛森小岩鲷群体行为的影响

研究旨在探讨同质(所有个体均正常摄食或饥饿)或异质(由不同饥饿个体比例组成的鱼群)鱼群的隐蔽所利用及觅食行为差异,以及上述行为对模拟捕食刺激的响应。实验选取喜好集群的德玛森小岩鲷(Chindongo demasoni)幼鱼为研究对象,以设置了隐蔽所臂和食物臂的六臂迷宫为竞技场,考察不同饥饿个体比例鱼群(8尾成员,分别为8F0S、7F1S、4F4S、1F7S和0F8S, F为正常投喂个体, S为饥饿个体),在自发状态及遭遇模拟捕食刺激下在迷宫不同区域的分布和成群动态。研究发现:(1)8F0S鱼群偏好隐蔽所臂;随着鱼群饥饿个体成员比例上升,鱼群在食物臂分布呈线性增加趋势, 0F8S鱼群在隐蔽所臂和食物臂的分布已不再存在差异;(2)隐蔽所臂的鱼群成群频率随饥饿鱼比例的上升呈下降趋势,但食物臂的鱼群成群频率并未随饥饿鱼比例上升而上升,且鱼群单次持续时间和总体时间占比均不受鱼群内部饥饿个体占比的影响;(3)模拟捕食刺激导致实验鱼在隐蔽所臂分布显著上升,应激状态下几乎所有集群均发生在隐蔽所臂,且该变化不受鱼群组成的影响。研究表明:(1)在陌生环境下德玛森小岩鲷的行为策略是优先避敌,其次才是营养需求...     

Behavioral diversity of predatory arboreal ants in coffee agroecosystems

Aspects of predator assemblages that alter predator effects on prey have received extensive recent attention. Among other mechanisms, differences in behavior or resource use within predator trophic levels may enhance predator effects on prey, especially if effects of each predator species differ with environmental conditions. We address whether three common ant species (Azteca instabilis F. Smith, Camponotus textor Forel, and Crematogaster spp.) are functionally unique in coffee agroecosystems, asking if each species differs in (1) cooperative foraging behavior, (2) responses to experimentally introduced herbivores, and (3) responses to pest outbreaks. Furthermore, we examined the behaviors and effects of each ant species under different conditions by varying herbivore species, herbivore size, and herbivore density and carrying out observations in different seasons. Ant species significantly differed in foraging behaviors, in effects on individual herbivores, and in responses to pest outbreaks in terms of both type and time of response to herbivores. The behaviors and effects of each ant species differed in the dry and wet seasons and for different herbivore species and sizes. Although A. instabilis generally removed more larvae and more quickly removed larvae, this was not the case under all conditions. The data presented thus support that common ant species in coffee agroecosystems are behaviorally diverse in their responses to herbivores under different conditions. We discuss the implications of these differences in ant behaviors for enhancement of predatory function in light of both multipredator effects and in terms of the potential importance of predator diversity.