Microbial production of small peptide: pathway engineering and synthetic biology

Small peptides are a group of natural products with low molecular weights and complex structures. The diverse structures of small peptides endow them with broad bioactivities and suggest their potential therapeutic use in the medical field. The remaining challenge is methods to address the main limitations, namely (i) the low amount of available small peptides from natural sources, and (ii) complex processes required for traditional chemical synthesis. Therefore, harnessing microbial cells as workhorse appears to be a promising approach to synthesize these bioactive peptides. As an emerging engineering technology, synthetic biology aims to create standard, well-characterized and controllable synthetic systems for the biosynthesis of natural products. In this review, we describe the recent developments in the microbial production of small peptides. More importantly, synthetic biology approaches are considered for the production of small peptides, with an emphasis on chassis cells, the evolution of biosynthetic pathways, strain improvements and fermentation.     

Progress and challenges in engineering cyanobacteria as chassis for light-driven biotechnology

Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic phototrophs that, in addition to being excellent model organisms for studying photosynthesis, have tremendous potential for light-driven synthetic biology and biotechnology. These versatile and resilient microorganisms harness the energy of sunlight to oxidise water, generating chemical energy (ATP) and reductant (NADPH) that can be used to drive sustainable synthesis of high-value natural products in genetically modified strains. In this commentary article for the Synthetic Microbiology Caucus we discuss the great progress that has been made in engineering cyanobacterial hosts as microbial cell factories for solar-powered biosynthesis. We focus on some of the main areas where the synthetic biology and metabolic engineering tools in cyanobacteria are not as advanced as those in more widely used heterotrophic chassis, and go on to highlight key improvements that we feel are required to unlock the full power of cyanobacteria for future green biotechnology.     

紫杉醇生物合成途径中羟化酶的研究进展

紫杉醇是一种从红豆杉植物中提取的具有显著抗癌效果的萜类化合物,但在红豆杉中含量很低,难以满足日益增长的临床需求。近年来,利用合成生物学技术建立新的紫杉醇来源途径已成为研究热点。目前,紫杉醇合成相关酶基因大部分已被克隆和鉴定,但其中羟化酶基因的发现与应用仍是目前研究的热点和难点。本文对紫杉醇生物合成途径研究进展进行了综述,对其中羟化酶的克隆及功能研究体系进行了重点深入分析,最后探讨了本领域未来的研究方向并对其前景进行展望,以期为紫杉醇合成途径中未知羟化步骤的羟化酶基因克隆,以及利用合成生物学技术实现紫杉醇的大量生产提供依据。     

Recent Technologies for Genetic Code Expansion and their Implications on Synthetic Biology Applications

Genetic code expansion (GCE) enables the site-specific incorporation of non-canonical amino acids as novel building blocks for the investigation and manipulation of proteins. The advancement of genetic code expansion has been benefited from the development of synthetic biology, while genetic code expansion also helps to create more synthetic biology tools. In this review, we summarize recent advances in genetic code expansion brought by synthetic biology progresses, including engineering of the translation machinery, genome-wide codon reassignment, and the biosynthesis of non-canonical amino acids. We highlight the emerging application of this technology in construction of new synthetic biology parts, circuits, chassis, and products.     

Uridine natural products: Challenging targets and inspiration for novel small molecule inhibitors

Nucleoside derivatives, in particular those featuring uridine, are familiar components of the nucleoside family of bioactive natural products. The structural complexity and biological activities of these compounds have inspired research from organic chemistry and chemical biology communities seeking to develop novel approaches to assemble the challenging molecular targets, to gain inspiration for enzyme inhibitor development and to fuel antibiotic discovery efforts. This review will present recent case studies describing the total synthesis and biosynthesis of uridine natural products, and de novo synthetic efforts exploiting features of the natural products to produce simplified scaffolds. This research has culminated in the development of complementary strategies that can lead to effective uridine-based inhibitors and antibiotics. The strengths and challenges of the juxtaposing methods will be illustrated by examining select uridine natural products. Moreover, structure–activity relationships (SAR) for each natural product-inspired scaffold will be discussed, highlighting the impact on inhibitor development, with the aim of future uridine-based small molecule expansion.     

Synthetic biology,genome mining,and combinatorial biosynthesis of NRPS-derived antibiotics: a perspective

Combinatorial biosynthesis of novel secondary metabolites derived from nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) has been in slow development for about a quarter of a century. Progress has been hampered by the complexity of the giant multimodular multienzymes. More recently, advances have been made on understanding the chemical and structural biology of these complex megaenzymes, and on learning the design rules for engineering functional hybrid enzymes. In this perspective, I address what has been learned about successful engineering of complex lipopeptides related to daptomycin, and discuss how synthetic biology and microbial genome mining can converge to broaden the scope and enhance the speed and robustness of combinatorial biosynthesis of NRPS-derived natural products for drug discovery.     

酿酒酵母中胆固醇生物合成与优化的研究进展

胆固醇是动物体内积累的主要甾醇化合物,在维持细胞膜功能、合成甾体激素、生产甾体药物中间体等方面具有重要的生物学意义和医学应用价值。传统动物组织提取胆固醇的方法费时费力并存在严重的环境污染问题,而甾醇分子结构的复杂程度也限制了其化学全合成。近些年,人们利用合成生物学方法构建的微生物细胞工厂已成功用于萜类、甾醇类等天然产物的开发与合成。文中综述了胆固醇微生物细胞工厂的研究进展,包括胆固醇生物合成途径的解析、底盘菌株的选择、异源基因元件的挖掘与优化、相关代谢通路的调控等方面,并讨论了当前研究面临的问题,以期为胆固醇的高效生物合成提供参考。     

Making small molecules in plants: A chassis for synthetic biology-based production of plant natural products

Plant natural products have been extensively exploited in food,medicine,flavor,cosmetic,renewable fuel,and other industrial sectors.Synthetic biology has recently emerged as a promising means for the cost-effective and sustainable production of natural products.Compared with engineering microbes for the production of plant natural products,the potential of plants as chassis for producing these compounds is underestimated,largely due to challenges encountered in engineering plants.Knowledge in pl...     

复杂天然产物合成人工生物系统的设计与构建

天然产物是人类疾病预防和治疗药物的最重要来源。合成生物学技术的蓬勃发展为天然产物的开发注入了全新的活力。文中重点介绍了如何利用合成生物技术进行复杂天然产物合成人工生物系统的设计与构建,包括与此相关的生物元件理性设计、生物元件挖掘、途径装配与集成,模块的组装与系统的适配等内容。     

Engineering Translation Components for Genetic Code Expansion

The expansion of the genetic code consisting of four bases and 20 amino acids into diverse building blocks has been an exciting topic in synthetic biology. Many biochemical components are involved in gene expression; therefore, adding a new component to the genetic code requires engineering many other components that interact with it. Genetic code expansion has advanced significantly for the last two decades with the engineering of several components involved in protein synthesis. These components include tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, new codons, ribosomes, and elongation factor Tu. In addition, biosynthesis and enhanced uptake of non-canonical amino acids have been attempted and have made meaningful progress. This review discusses the efforts to engineer these translation components, to improve the genetic code expansion technology.     

罗汉果甜苷V的合成生物学研究进展

罗汉果甜苷V是罗汉果甜苷中含量和甜度均较高的成分,具有止咳祛痰、抗癌、抗氧化、调节血糖等诸多药理活性,成为兼具治疗功能的天然非糖甜味剂,具有广阔的市场前景。然而目前有限的生物资源和较高的提取成本,限制了它的广泛应用。合成生物学的快速发展为植物天然产物的生产提供了一种新思路,通过构建罗汉果甜苷V的微生物细胞工厂,将实现其低成本、规模化生产。文中介绍了罗汉果甜苷V的结构及药理活性,重点综述了罗汉果甜苷V的合成生物学研究进展,并探讨了当前研究所面临的挑战,以期为罗汉果甜苷V生物合成的进一步研究提供参考。     

工程大肠杆菌合成游离脂肪酸的研究进展

游离脂肪酸作为一种重要的平台化合物,其衍生产品被广泛应用到能源、化学工业中。作为更加可持续、绿色的生产策略,利用工程微生物合成游离脂肪酸是以石油基和动植物为原料生产脂肪酸类产品的重要补充。大肠杆菌作为经典的模式微生物,通过对其进行代谢工程改造,脂肪酸的积累已经从痕量提高到了约9g/L,展示了其作为脂肪酸合成菌株的巨大应用潜力。随着合成生物学技术的涌现,“感应-调控器”、体外重构、β氧化逆循环、异源合成途径的整合等思路的引入极大地加快了工程大肠杆菌脂肪酸合成的进化速率,并赋予大肠杆菌合成多种脂肪酸产品的能力。对近年来通过代谢工程和合成生物学手段改造大肠杆菌合成游离脂肪酸的研究进展进行综述,对其发展前景进行展望。     

Advancing secondary metabolite biosynthesis in yeast with synthetic biology tools

Secondary metabolites are an important source of high-value chemicals, many of which exhibit important pharmacological properties. These valuable natural products are often difficult to synthesize chemically and are commonly isolated through inefficient extractions from natural biological sources. As such, they are increasingly targeted for production by biosynthesis from engineered microorganisms. The budding yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be a powerful microorganism for heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways. S. cerevisiae's usefulness as a host organism is owed in large part to the wealth of knowledge accumulated over more than a century of intense scientific study. Yet many challenges are currently faced in engineering yeast strains for the biosynthesis of complex secondary metabolite production. However, synthetic biology is advancing the development of new tools for constructing, controlling, and optimizing complex metabolic pathways in yeast. Here, we review how the coupling between yeast biology and synthetic biology is advancing the use of S. cerevisiae as a microbial host for the construction of secondary metabolic pathways.     

毛蕊花糖苷的生物合成研究进展

毛蕊花糖苷是由咖啡酸、羟基酪醇、葡萄糖和鼠李糖组成的苯乙醇苷类衍生物,广泛存在于多种天然药用植物中,具有抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、镇痛、神经保护、改善性功能、免疫调节和改善细胞记忆等多方面的生物活性.然而,植物提取来源的毛蕊花糖苷存在含量低、环境污染问题,无法实现绿色可持续的规模化生产.利用合成生物学成功构建...     

Synthetic biology enabling access to designer polyketides

The full potential of polyketide discovery has yet to be reached owing to a lack of suitable technologies and knowledge required to advance engineering of polyketide biosynthesis. Recent investigations on the discovery, enhancement, and non-natural use of these biosynthetic gene clusters via computational biology, metabolic engineering, structural biology, and enzymology-guided approaches have facilitated improved access to designer polyketides. Here, we discuss recent successes in gene cluster discovery, host strain engineering, precursor-directed biosynthesis, combinatorial biosynthesis, polyketide tailoring, and high-throughput synthetic biology, as well as challenges and outlooks for rapidly generating useful target polyketides.     

合成生物学及其在生物技术中的应用进展

合成生物学是一门21世纪生物学的新兴学科,它着眼生物科学与工程科学的结合,把生物系统当作工程系统"从下往上"进行处理,由"单元"(unit)到"部件"(device)再到"系统"(system)来设计,修改和组装细胞构件及生物系统.合成生物学是分子和细胞生物学、进化系统学、生物化学、信息学、数学、计算机和工程等多学科交叉的产物.目前研究应用包括两个主要方面:一是通过对现有的、天然存在的生物系统进行重新设计和改造,修改已存在的生物系统,使该系统增添新的功能.二是通过设计和构建新的生物零件、组件和系统,创造自然界中尚不存在的人工生命系统.合成生物学作为一门建立在基因组方法之上的学科,主要强调对创造人工生命形态的计算生物学与实验生物学的协同整合.必须强调的是,用来构建生命系统新结构、产生新功能所使用的组件单元既可以是基因、核酸等生物组件,也可以是化学的、机械的和物理的元件.本文跟踪合成生物学研究及应用,对其在DNA水平编程、分子修饰、代谢途径、调控网络和工业生物技术等方面的进展进行综述.     

Towards semisynthetic natural compounds with a biaryl axis: Oxidative phenol coupling in Aspergillus niger

Regio- and stereoselective phenol coupling is difficult to achieve using synthetic strategies. However, in nature, cytochrome P450 enzyme-mediated routes are employed to achieve complete axial stereo- and regiocontrol in the biosynthesis of compounds with potent bioactivity. Here, we report a synthetic biology approach whereby the bicoumarin metabolic pathway in Aspergillus niger was specifically tailored towards the formation of new coupling products. This strategy represents a manipulation of the bicoumarin pathway in A. niger via interchange of the phenol-coupling biocatalyst and could be applied to other components of the pathway to access a variety of atropisomeric natural product derivatives.     

2013合成生物学专刊序言

合成生物学目前在全球得到迅猛发展。在此专刊中,综述了一些相关技术在合成生物学领域的进展,其中有:链霉菌无痕敲除方法、基因合成技术、DNA组装新方法、最小化基因组的方法及分析、合成生物系统的组合优化。也讨论了应用合成生物学策略优化光合蓝细菌底盘、产溶剂梭菌分子遗传操作技术、蛋白质预算(Protein budget)作为合成生物学的成本标尺。最后,用几个例子说明了合成生物学的应用,包括复杂天然产物合成人工生物系统的设计与构建、微生物木糖代谢途径改造制备生物基化学品以及构建酿酒酵母工程菌合成香紫苏醇。     

Recent advances in natural products exploitation in Streptomyces via synthetic biology

Natural products of microbial origin have proven to be the wellspring of clinically useful compounds for human therapeutics. Streptomyces species are predominant sources of bioactive compounds, most of which serve as potential drug candidates. While the exploitation of natural products has been severely reduced over the past two decades, the growing crisis of evolution and dissemination of drug resistant pathogens have again attracted great interest in this field. The emerging synthetic biology has been heralded as a new bioengineering platform to discover novel bioactive compounds and expand bioactive natural products diversity and production. Herein, we review recent advances in the natural products exploitation of Streptomyces with the applications of synthetic biology from three major aspects, including recently developed synthetic biology tools, natural products biosynthetic pathway engineering strategies as well as chassis host modifications.     

Characterization of Sphingomonas aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyzing the conversion of various aromatic aldehydes to their carboxylic acids

Natural products represent an important source of drugs in a number of therapeutic fields, e.g. antiinfectives and cancer therapy. Natural products are considered as biologically validated lead structures, and evolution of compounds with novel or enhanced biological properties is expected from the generation of structural diversity in natural product libraries. However, natural products are often structurally complex, thus precluding reasonable synthetic access for further structure-activity relationship studies. As a consequence, natural product research involves semisynthetic or biotechnological approaches. Among the latter are mutasynthesis (also known as mutational biosynthesis) and precursor-directed biosynthesis, which are based on the cellular uptake and incorporation into complex antibiotics of relatively simple biosynthetic building blocks. This appealing idea, which has been applied almost exclusively to bacteria and fungi as producing organisms, elegantly circumvents labourious total chemical synthesis approaches and exploits the biosynthetic machinery of the microorganism. The recent revitalization of mutasynthesis is based on advancements in both chemical syntheses and molecular biology, which have provided a broader available substrate range combined with the generation of directed biosynthesis mutants. As an important tool in supporting combinatorial biosynthesis, mutasynthesis will further impact the future development of novel secondary metabolite structures.